The document discusses the intelligence process from identifying requirements to feedback. It consists of 7 phases: 1) Identifying requirements, 2) Collection, 3) Processing and exploitation, 4) Analysis and production, 5) Dissemination, 6) Consumption, 7) Feedback. Each phase is described in detail, highlighting issues and tensions that can arise such as an imbalance between collection and processing. The process is depicted as non-linear, with the potential to return to earlier phases based on new information or changing needs.
KGB, Active Measures, Disinformation and SubversionPeter Hammond
Cheka
A term of terror in the Soviet Union, the KGB was the Committee for State Security of the Soviet Union. Initially it was named the Cheka (Emergency Committee) and founded 20 December 1917, by the instruction of Vladimir Lenin. The Cheka was established by Felix Dzerzhinsky. The Cheka was tasked by the Soviet Politburo with arresting, torturing and executing many tens-of-thousands of dissidents, deserters, reactionaries and counter revolutionaries.
NKVD and the GULAG
In 1922 the Cheka was renamed the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs). The NKVD included the regular public police force of the USSR, including traffic police, border guards and archives. The NKVD is most notorious for running the GULAG forced labour camps, conducting mass extra-judicial executions, espionage, political assassinations and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. GULAG was the acronym for Main Administration of Corrective Labour Camps.
You have spent a ton of money on your security infrastructure. But how do you string all those things together so you can achieve your goals of reducing time to response, and early detection and prevention of events. See a live demonstration that will showcase how to operationalize those resources so that your organization can reap the maximum benefit.
Intelligence as a set of permanent institutions dates back only to the second half of the nineteenth century. But as information and news - in the dictionary meaning used in English since the middle of the fifteenth century, of 'knowledge as to events, communicated by or obtained from another, especially military' - it has always been collected as part of warfare
For a military, it can mean knowledge of the enemy and can distinguish between to defeat and to lose because information means knowledge and knowledge are power. Analysts see it as a package of information pending for clarification, and policymakers consider they should be informed so that they can meet the needs, stated or understood.
Intelligence gathers under the same umbrella the informational component of national security, internal and external policies, as well as certain aspects of international security in the case of global cross-entities (states, organizations).
This presentation is built up by gathering information from different references (Book, Articles, and Newspapers) by the author.
Intelligence Led Policing for Police Decision MakersDeborah Osborne
Intelligence-Led Policing for Decision-Makers Webinar
Audio is at http://www.blogtalkradio.com/Deborah-Osborne/2009/09/23/Intelligence-Led-Policing-for-Decision-Makers-Webinar
This webinar, designed for law enforcement managers, covers the following topics:
* Intelligence: what it is, what it is not, and what it can be
* The role of the decision-maker in the intelligence cycle
* Defining Intelligence-Led Policing and the 3 i's cycle
* The 7 stages of Intelligence-Led Policing
* Resources for learning more about Intelligence-Led Policing
The slideshow provides a comprehensive overview of the field of international security studies, offering an insight into its theoretical developments, topical issues, political applications and implications.
The slides cover a wide range of theories in the field of security studies (from the security dilemma, Cold War deterrence to the work of Copenhagen school), address a variety of security risks and threats (from conventional war to asymmetric conflicts and terrorism to the ‘new wars’) and referent objects of security (from state to human security). In addition, the new forms of security, namely energy security, cyber-security – are presented.
Brief presentation of Terrorism which includes the definition of terrorism. It is also packed with the discussion regarding terrorism both in Philippine and international setting. It also tackles the CPP-NPA-NDF which is the most famous and prominent terrorist groups in the Philippines.
Confrontation or CollaborationCongress and the Intelligen.docxmaxinesmith73660
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko,
David Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
The Intelligence and Policy Project
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
79 JFK Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Fax: (617)495-8963
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://belfercenter.org
Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
Design: Tim Duffy
The co-sponsors of this report invite liberal use of the information provided in it for educational
purposes, requiring only that the reproduced material clearly state: Reproduced from
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz, Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence
Community (Cambridge, Mass: The Belfer Center, Harvard University, June 2009).
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko, David
Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Satellite image by GeoEye.
The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | The Harvard Kennedy School �
Dear Friend,
Your work as a lawmaker is one of the toughest and most rewarding jobs in the
country. During the course of your service on Capitol Hill, you will undoubtedly need
to consider legislation and issues relevant to national security and the Intelligence
Community. Your responsibility to oversee the Intelligence Community will not be
easy, but I am confident that you will find extraordinary opportunities to protect and
pursue America’s interests around the globe.
My friends at the Harvard Kennedy School and I strongly believe that an
understanding of the inner architecture of the Intelligence Community will allow
you to serve the country more effectively. The Community’s size and complexity,
however, often confuse and stymie lawmakers attempting to understand
intelligence issues. As the 9/11 Commission Report noted, “Few members of
Congress have the broad knowledge of intelligence activities or the know-how about technologies
employed.”
This briefing book attempts to provide you with the foundation to improve your knowledge
of intelligence issues. The memos in this book give you important basic information about the
Intelligence Community and outline the central issues you will likely encounter during your time
in Congress. Although new and unforeseen challenges will certainly arise during your tenure, the
ideas presented in this book will provide you with a general framework on many of the issues you
will encounter.
I thank you for your service.
Sincerely,
Bob Graham
Table of Contents
Background M.
KGB, Active Measures, Disinformation and SubversionPeter Hammond
Cheka
A term of terror in the Soviet Union, the KGB was the Committee for State Security of the Soviet Union. Initially it was named the Cheka (Emergency Committee) and founded 20 December 1917, by the instruction of Vladimir Lenin. The Cheka was established by Felix Dzerzhinsky. The Cheka was tasked by the Soviet Politburo with arresting, torturing and executing many tens-of-thousands of dissidents, deserters, reactionaries and counter revolutionaries.
NKVD and the GULAG
In 1922 the Cheka was renamed the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs). The NKVD included the regular public police force of the USSR, including traffic police, border guards and archives. The NKVD is most notorious for running the GULAG forced labour camps, conducting mass extra-judicial executions, espionage, political assassinations and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. GULAG was the acronym for Main Administration of Corrective Labour Camps.
You have spent a ton of money on your security infrastructure. But how do you string all those things together so you can achieve your goals of reducing time to response, and early detection and prevention of events. See a live demonstration that will showcase how to operationalize those resources so that your organization can reap the maximum benefit.
Intelligence as a set of permanent institutions dates back only to the second half of the nineteenth century. But as information and news - in the dictionary meaning used in English since the middle of the fifteenth century, of 'knowledge as to events, communicated by or obtained from another, especially military' - it has always been collected as part of warfare
For a military, it can mean knowledge of the enemy and can distinguish between to defeat and to lose because information means knowledge and knowledge are power. Analysts see it as a package of information pending for clarification, and policymakers consider they should be informed so that they can meet the needs, stated or understood.
Intelligence gathers under the same umbrella the informational component of national security, internal and external policies, as well as certain aspects of international security in the case of global cross-entities (states, organizations).
This presentation is built up by gathering information from different references (Book, Articles, and Newspapers) by the author.
Intelligence Led Policing for Police Decision MakersDeborah Osborne
Intelligence-Led Policing for Decision-Makers Webinar
Audio is at http://www.blogtalkradio.com/Deborah-Osborne/2009/09/23/Intelligence-Led-Policing-for-Decision-Makers-Webinar
This webinar, designed for law enforcement managers, covers the following topics:
* Intelligence: what it is, what it is not, and what it can be
* The role of the decision-maker in the intelligence cycle
* Defining Intelligence-Led Policing and the 3 i's cycle
* The 7 stages of Intelligence-Led Policing
* Resources for learning more about Intelligence-Led Policing
The slideshow provides a comprehensive overview of the field of international security studies, offering an insight into its theoretical developments, topical issues, political applications and implications.
The slides cover a wide range of theories in the field of security studies (from the security dilemma, Cold War deterrence to the work of Copenhagen school), address a variety of security risks and threats (from conventional war to asymmetric conflicts and terrorism to the ‘new wars’) and referent objects of security (from state to human security). In addition, the new forms of security, namely energy security, cyber-security – are presented.
Brief presentation of Terrorism which includes the definition of terrorism. It is also packed with the discussion regarding terrorism both in Philippine and international setting. It also tackles the CPP-NPA-NDF which is the most famous and prominent terrorist groups in the Philippines.
Confrontation or CollaborationCongress and the Intelligen.docxmaxinesmith73660
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko,
David Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
The Intelligence and Policy Project
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
79 JFK Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Fax: (617)495-8963
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://belfercenter.org
Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
Design: Tim Duffy
The co-sponsors of this report invite liberal use of the information provided in it for educational
purposes, requiring only that the reproduced material clearly state: Reproduced from
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz, Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence
Community (Cambridge, Mass: The Belfer Center, Harvard University, June 2009).
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko, David
Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Satellite image by GeoEye.
The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | The Harvard Kennedy School �
Dear Friend,
Your work as a lawmaker is one of the toughest and most rewarding jobs in the
country. During the course of your service on Capitol Hill, you will undoubtedly need
to consider legislation and issues relevant to national security and the Intelligence
Community. Your responsibility to oversee the Intelligence Community will not be
easy, but I am confident that you will find extraordinary opportunities to protect and
pursue America’s interests around the globe.
My friends at the Harvard Kennedy School and I strongly believe that an
understanding of the inner architecture of the Intelligence Community will allow
you to serve the country more effectively. The Community’s size and complexity,
however, often confuse and stymie lawmakers attempting to understand
intelligence issues. As the 9/11 Commission Report noted, “Few members of
Congress have the broad knowledge of intelligence activities or the know-how about technologies
employed.”
This briefing book attempts to provide you with the foundation to improve your knowledge
of intelligence issues. The memos in this book give you important basic information about the
Intelligence Community and outline the central issues you will likely encounter during your time
in Congress. Although new and unforeseen challenges will certainly arise during your tenure, the
ideas presented in this book will provide you with a general framework on many of the issues you
will encounter.
I thank you for your service.
Sincerely,
Bob Graham
Table of Contents
Background M.
Social Media Monitoring tools as an OSINT platform for intelligenceE Hacking
This whitepaper discusses how social media monitoring tools can be applied as powerful and cost effective Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) platforms; and how they can support collection and analysis of relevant and targeted information relating to counter-terrorism, criminal and political open sources.
250 words agree or disagreePlease discuss the various limitation.docxvickeryr87
250 words agree or disagree
Please discuss the various limitations involving the efficiency of the intelligence cycle. Do not make all your points about just one of the readings. Please ensure that you make appropriate use, in-text citation, and reference to available source information to support your perspective (be sure to include why you consider these issues important).
Intelligence Cycle
The Central Intelligence Agency (2013) has describe the intelligence cycle as the following:
Planning and Direction – essentially understanding what to do and how to do it
Collection – Collecting information overtly or covertly through different means
Processing – Put the collected intelligence into a report
Analysis and Production – Read and analyze the information and understand what is needed and what isn’t and produce a product in a way that will be easily read and understood by the customer (give assessments)
Dissemination – Give the final product to the requestor / customer and ensure that those who need to know receive it
National standards and guidelines vs policies and procedures of agencies
Carter, Chermak, McGarrell, Carter, and Drew (2012) indicated in their findings that
…respondents indicated that they were familiar with national standards and guidelines, they also expressed the belief that the policies and procedures within their agency have yet to reconcile with these requirements. Similarly, the respondents noted they were aware of the threats, but identified a need to build a capacity to better identify these threats and noted shortages in resources and personnel in accomplishing these goals. Also, they were aware of key civil rights and privacy issues, but respondents reported there is considerable work that needs to be done in their agencies to ensure agencies are fully compliant
Because of these setbacks, the intelligence cycle cannot be 100% efficient due to analysts attempting to understand which sets of policies to follow (will it be their respective agency’s ones or the national standards?). Also, this would also come into question as to there being any backlash if one set is followed but not the other due to the different policies. As well as agencies ensuring that civil rights and privacy issues are being protected.
Acts, Laws, and Entities
Due to different laws that exist, the efficiency of the intelligence cycle to collect information is hindered. Such acts and laws would include the USA PATRIOT Act, USA FREEDOM Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. Law enforcement agencies before were able to wiretap conversations and obtain records regarding calls, telephone numbers, etc. that could be viable into stopping terrorist plots and gave LE agencies more tools to conduct counterintelligence (FBI, n.d.). However, due to the population not liking that LE agencies could conduct such activities, more laws and acts were passed to limit LE agencies ability to conduct such activities and required them to ob.
The intelligence cycle is a set of processes used to provide useful information for decision-making. The cycle consists of several processes. The related counter-intelligence area is tasked with preventing information efforts from others. A basic model of the process of collecting and analyzing information is called the "intelligence cycle". This model can be applied, and, like all the basic models, it does not reflect the fullness of real-world operations. Through intelligence cycle activities, information is collected and assembled, raw information is transformed into processed information, analyzed and made available to users.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25665.81760
From the earliest days of nation-states, measures of power have been displayed by emphasizing the size and superiority of military force. The 16th through the early 20th century saw the increasing size of armed forces as the rest of the world began to appreciate the might and strength of the Spanish Armada, the British Royal Navy, the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the American Carrier Battle Group. The expansion of naval forces allowed countries to colonize lands, gather raw materials, and assist in their global hegemony. Following the end of World War II and the development of nuclear weapons, a transformational shift grew out of the dependency to have cutting edge military technology and the materials to develop them. The strength of nations thus became tied proportionately to the development of the military force’s innovation as well as its size.
The intelligence community has not always learned the lessons of i.docxcherry686017
The intelligence community has not always learned the lessons of its successes and failures.
Lowenthal (2012) suggests a couple of reasons for why this might be:
· First, intelligence consumers keep the intelligence community busy. Intelligence analysts and their managers rarely feel they have time to withdraw from their day-to-day work to assess the effectiveness of that work. We have already mentioned several times how analysts working in fast-paced, tactical environments are often hard-pressed managing their time to produce intelligence products, as it is, leaving little to no opportunity to learn from one’s mistakes or successes.
· Second, members of the intelligence community tend to treat their products in a take-it-or-leave-it manner. If a decision-maker chooses poorly based on a less than perfect intelligence product, then the fault falls to him or her for failing to make wise choices. Intelligence analysts take pride in their technical competence and have a tendency to resist being audited or having their work reviewed. As a consequence, self-reflection seems to occur as a reaction to a failure rather than as part of a standard operating procedure.
Intelligence Analysis: Process or Project?
We often seem to straddle the line between thinking about intelligence analysis as a process and as a project. Seeing it as a process allows us to take a more organic approach, emphasizing what Clark (2007) would call its ‘social nature’. Intelligence as a process gives primacy place to its character as a fluid, continuous activity underlying ongoing operations. It also allows us to fall into the trap of thinking that the way in which we work has no end point, excusing our professed inability to stop and assess the quality of our work. Many aspects of intelligence analysis, however, might benefit better from approaching it as a field of practice in which we manage projects.
The Project Management Institute defines a project as “a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result” (2008, p. 5). Projects are understood in contrast to processes, which are ongoing, repetitive efforts following an organization’s standard procedures. Projects are distinct from processes not only because projects result in something new, but because they involve the uncertainties of creating something new.
In criminal intelligence analysis, we already often deal with cases in our everyday lives that have specific starting points and specific ending points concluding with a specific product – hopefully a conviction in our case. Despite their resemblances, it would be fair to say that no two cases are exactly alike, which means every case results in ‘a unique product, service, or result’. When we think of cases as the result of finished projects, then we might think of criminal intelligence analysis – in so far as it contributes to cases – as projects themselves.
The Project Management Institute states that recording experiences should be a prio ...
Technologies and Policies for a Defensible Cyberspacemark-smith
Whether curious or malicious hackers, organized criminals, or national spies or soldiers, for decades, those who want to use cyberspace to attack have held nearly all the cards. Cyber attack has been, for decades, far easier than cyber defense.
Information Sharing, Dot Connecting and Intelligence Failures.docxannettsparrow
Information Sharing, Dot Connecting and Intelligence Failures:
Revisiting Conventional Wisdom
By
Russell Travers
Deputy Director, Information Sharing and Knowledge Development
National Counterterrorism Center
This paper, written in August 2009, was submitted to the Director of National Intelligence
2009 Galileo Awards Program. The Galileo Awards Program is an annual Intelligence
Community-wide competition designed to encourage and recognize innovative workforce
ideas that address current challenges and help shape the future of U.S. Intelligence.
All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed are those of the author and do not
reflect the official positions or views of the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) or
any other U.S. Government agency. Nothing in the contents should be construed as
implying U.S. Government or NCTC endorsement of the author’s views. This material has
been reviewed to prevent the disclosure of classified information.
The year is 2014. The Intelligence Community is ten years into its efforts to
implement the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA). While
change has been evident on many fronts, nothing was more closely identified with
intelligence reform than information sharing; ever since the 9/11 Commission
declared that “the biggest impediment to all-source analysis – to a greater
likelihood of connecting the dots – is the human or systemic resistance to sharing
information”1, the two had been inextricably linked. And while we were pushing
more electrons than ever before, dissatisfaction continued: in 2014, as in 2009,
no analyst in the IC had effective access to all information; analysts in many parts
of the Community complained that they couldn’t get operational traffic or law
enforcement information; we had little ability to do large scale processing of
foreign and domestic data sets; our non Federal partners were still dissatisfied
with the quality of information sharing. A dizzying array of directives had been
issued. Arbitration procedures had been established. And yet organizations
weren’t getting the information they claimed to “need.” Legitimate issues
coexisted with tripe. According to the critics, we still couldn’t connect those dots.
The reality, however, was far more complex: the only question was whether it
took a major intelligence failure to realize that fact.
This is the path we’re on. We will continue to hear claims that information sharing has
“barely improved since 9/11.” Such hyperbole is unmitigated nonsense. The robust sharing of
information between and among the key organizations has undoubtedly contributed to the fact
that we haven’t suffered a major attack. And by any objective standard, the level of sharing
1 The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States; U.S. Government Print.
OSINT Forum – Week 5For this forum, you are to answer one or mor.docxloganta
OSINT Forum – Week 5
For this forum, you are to answer
one or more
of the questions listed below. The original post must be a minimum of
250
words. Additionally, you must post two peer responses on a classmate’s original post. Responses should be a minimum of
200
words each and include direct questions.
Questions:
- How have the authors detailed the value of open sources. Discuss one or more values. Provide real-time examples to your discussion.
- Explain the importance of open source information and the intelligence cycle.
- Why should intelligence personnel who have access to classified information should not produce unclassified products on the same subjects?
- What are the downsides of open source information?
- Identify sources one can go to collect open source information. Provide details for each source identified.
Reading & Resources:
Collecting Open Source Intelligence via Tailored Information Delivery Systems
Producing Intelligence from Open Sources
NATO OSINT Handbook
(pages 1-35)
The Downside of Open Source Intelligence
Student Response #1 – Nicholas
The Intelligence cycle is what drives collection from every intelligence discipline. And that is especially true with OSINT. First there must be requirements to drive the intelligence cycle. With the requirements in place, the analysts will have an idea of what they are going to collect on, when the requirements are known they will be further scrutinized by the planning and direction phase which is led by the National Security Branch (Intelligence nd, np). Once the analyst is aware of the requirements and the planning/direction has taken place, they can now collect raw information through open source. Once the analyst gathers the information, they process and exploit it into a usable form. Once the information has been sorted and placed in a workable form, the analyst will now turn the raw information into intelligence (Intelligence nd np). Last and not least, once the information is turned into intelligence it will be put in the correct format to fit their customer’s needs. This is why the intelligence cycle is very important for open source information and the analysis of this information into intelligence. The steps above are pulled from the basic intelligence cycle, while the intelligence cycle that focuses primarily on OSINT (according to NATO) only uses planning and direction, collection, processing and exploitation, searching anonymously on the web, production, and dissemination and evaluation (Kernan 2012, 15). The steps are all similar, but the steps NATO points out for OSINT is more specific to OSINT, rather than every collection effort.
Since a lot of us have spoke about deception techniques and some of the flaws involved with OSINT, I figured I’d also add in some opinions/information about the downsides of open source information. Although OSINT is viewed valuable in most cases, reliability issues arise from proliferation on individual cites th.
Similar to Chapter 4 the intelligence process a macro look who does what for whom (20)
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Chapter 4 the intelligence process a macro look who does what for whom
1. THE INTELLIGENCE PROCESS—A
MACRO LOOK: WHO DOES WHAT
FOR WHOM?
Chapter 4
Intelligence: From Secret To Policy
By Mark Lowenthal
5th edition
2. * what is meant by a "macro look" at the intel process?
* what does the overall process entail?
* know each step, including strengths and weaknesses/problems
with each
* know how the steps interrelate and affect one another
3. THE TERM
Intelligence process refers to the steps or
stages in intelligence, from policy makers
perceiving a need for information to the
community’s delivery of an analytical
intelligence product to them.
4. The seven phases of the intelligence process
are:
1. Identifying requirements
2. Collection
3. Processing and exploitation
4. Analysis and production
5. Dissemination
6. Consumption
7. Feedback
5. Identifying requirements
Identifying requirements means defining those
policy issues or areas to which intelligence is
Expected to make a contribution, as well as
decisions about which of these issues has priority
over the others.
Some requirements will be better met by specific
types of collection; some may require the Use of
several types of collection.
6. Collection
In the United States, constant tension
exists over the allocation of resources to
collection and to processing and
exploitation, with collection inevitably
coming out the winner; the result is that
Much more intelligence is collected than
can be processed or exploited.
7. Identifying requirements, conducting
collection, and processing and
exploitation are meaningless unless the
intelligence is given to analysts who are
experts in their respective fields and can
turn the Intelligence into reports that
respond to the needs of the policy
makers.
Collection
8. The types of products chosen, the
quality of the analysis and production,
and the continuous tension between
current intelligence Products and longer
range products are major issues.
Collection
9. Collection
Most discussions of the intelligence process end
here, with the intelligence having reached the Policy
makers whose requirements first set everything in
motion. However, two important phases Remain:
1.Consumption
2.Feedback
10. Collection
Although feedback does not occur
nearly as often as the intelligence
community might desire, a Dialogue
between intelligence consumers and
producers should take place after the
intelligence has been received.
11. REQUIREMENTS
Each nation has a wide
variety of national security
and foreign policy interests.
Some nations have more
than others.
12. REQUIREMENTS
Of these interests, the priority of some is self-
evident— those that deal with large and known
threats, those that deal with neighboring or
proximate states, and those that are more
severe. But the international arena is dynamic
and fluid
13. REQUIREMENTS
For example, the Soviet Union was
the overwhelming top priority of
U.S. intelligence from 1946 to
1991, after which the country as
we knew it ceased to exist.
14. REQUIREMENTS
And now terrorism has become a concern of U.S.
national security policy since the 1970s, but the
nature of the terrorism issue changed dramatically
in 2001. So, even for issues that have long been on
the national security agenda, there are shifts in
priorities and in the intrinsic importance of the
issues.
15. REQUIREMENTS
Intelligence priorities should reflect policy
priorities. Policy makers should have well-
considered and well-established views of their
own priorities and convey these clearly to their
intelligence apparatus.
16. REQUIREMENTS
Senior policy makers often assume that their needs
are known by their intelligence providers. After all,
the key issues are apparent.
An obvious way to fill the requirements gap left by
policy makers would be for the intelligence
community to assume this task on its own.
17. REQUIREMENTS
The intelligence community thus faces two
unpalatable choices. The first is to fill the
requirements vacuum, running the risk of being
wrong or accused of having overstepped into the
realm of policy.
18. REQUIREMENTS
The second is to overlook the absence of defined
requirements and to continue collection and the
phases that follow, based on the last-known
priorities and the intelligence community’s own
sense of priorities, fully realizing that it may be
accused of making the wrong choices.
19. REQUIREMENTS
In the United States, parts of the community may
reflect the preferences of the policy makers to
whom they are most closely tied. In some cases,
there may be no final adjudicating authority,
leaving the intelligence community to do the best
that it can.
20. REQUIREMENTS
In the U. S. system, the National Security Council
(NSC) sets the policy and intelligence priorities. The
director of national intelligence (DNI) should be the
final adjudicator within the intelligence community,
but the director’s ability to impose priorities on a
day-to-day basis across the entire intelligence
community remains uncertain. All issues tend to get
shorter shrift when too many are competing for
attention.
21. REQUIREMENTS
One intellectual means of assessing requirements is to
look at the likelihood of an event and its relative
importance to national security concerns. Of great
concern will be the high likelihood and high-importance
of events. It should be easier to assess importance (which
should be based on known or stated national interests)
than it is to assess likelihood (which is itself an
intelligence judgment or estimate). (Likelihood, however,
is not a prediction.
22. In both Panel A and Panel B of Figure 4-1, the issues that fall closer to the upper right
reflect more important intelligence requirements. However, there may not be startling
clarity as to likelihood or there may be a debate as to issues’ relative importance.
[ Insert IMAGE ]
23. COLLECTION
Each nation has a wide
variety of national security
and foreign policy interests.
Some nations have more
than others.
24. This admittedly imperfect process can be portrayed as in Figure 4-3. This diagram, although better than
the CIA’s, remains somewhat one-dimensional. A still better portrayal would capture the more than
occasional need to go back to an earlier part of the process to meet unfulfilled or changing
requirements, collection needs, and so on.
25. COLLECTION
Collection is also the first—and perhaps the most
important—facet of intelligence where budgets and
resources come into play in precise terms (as opposed to
broader discussions when priorities are at issue).
Collection analysts must wade through the material—to
process and exploit it—to find the intelligence that is
really needed.
26. COLLECTION
Technical collection is extremely expensive and, because
different types of systems offer different benefits and
capabilities, the administration and Congress must make
difficult budget choices.
How much information should be collected? Or, put
another way, does more collection mean better
intelligence? The answer to these questions is
ambiguous.
27. COLLECTION
In other words, increased collection also increases the
task of finding the truly important intelligence.
For example, concerns over possible threats from cyber-
attacks likely derive little useful intelligence from imagery
as the locus of the threat cannot be captured in a photo.
28. COLLECTION
For example, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) may
put greater store in clandestine human intelligence
(espionage), in part because it is a product of CIA
activities.
Intelligence community, is that different analytical groups
may prefer different types of intelligence.
29. COLLECTION
On the one hand, the more information that is collected,
the more likely it will include the required intelligence.
Much better intelligence might be derived from signals
intelligence, which can reveal capabilities or intentions.
30. COLLECTION
The requirements depend on the nature of the issue and
on the types of collection that are available.
Not every issue requires the same types of collection
support.
COLLECTION derives directly from requirements.
On the other hand, not everything that is collected is of
equal value.
31. COLLECTION
Also, the needs of agencies vary, further complicating the
choices.
This is often referred to as the wheat versus chaff
problem.
An interesting phenomenon, found at least in the U. S.
Meanwhile, other all-source analysts may place greater
emphasis on signals intelligence.
32. PROCESSING AND EXPLOITATION
Furthermore, technical collection
systems have found greater favor in
the executive branch and Congress
than the systems and personnel
requirements for processing and
exploitation.
33. Les Aspin, chairman of the House
Armed Services Committee (1985–
1993) and later the secretary of
defense (1993–1994)
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
34. Once observed that both Congress and
the executive branch were more
interested in procurement (buying new
weapons) than operations and
maintenance (keeping already
purchased systems functioning).
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
35. PROCESSING AND EXPLOITATION
Intelligence collected by technical means
(imagery, signals, test data, and so on)
does not arrive in ready-to-use form.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
36. Collection also has support from the
companies (prime contractors and
their numerous subcontractors)
who build the technical collection
systems and who lobby for follow-
on systems.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
37. Collection is akin to procurement
and is much more appealing than
processing and exploitation.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
38. Processing and exploitation are key
steps in converting technically
collected information into
intelligence.
In the United States, collection far
outruns processing and exploitation.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
39. Processing and exploitation are in-house
intelligence community activities.
Collection advocates argue, usually
successfully, that collection is the bedrock of
intelligence, that without it the entire
enterprise has little meaning.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
40. Buying new systems was more attractive
to decision makers in both branches and,
more important, to defense contractors.
It must be processed from complex
digital signals into images or intercepts,
and these must then be
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
41. A similar circumstance, for example, exists in
formation of the defense budget.
Operations and maintenance, although
important, are less exciting and less
glamorous.
One reason for this appeal is emotional.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
42. exploited—analyzed if they are images;
perhaps decoded, and probably translated,
if they are signals.
Much more intelligence is collected than can
ever be processed and exploited.
PROCESSING AND
EXPLOITATION
43. ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION
The congressional committees that
oversee intelligence have increasingly
expressed concern about this imbalance,
urging the intelligence community to put
more money into processing and
exploitation.
44. The large and still growing disparity
between collection and processing and
exploitation results in a great amount of
collected material never being used.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
45. TPEDs refers to tasking, processing,
exploitation, and dissemination.
Advocates of processing and exploitation
therefore argue that the image or signal that
is not processed and not exploited is
identical to the one that is not collected—it
has no effect at all.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
46. Of the four parts of TPEDs, tasking and
dissemination are the least problematic for
the intelligence community or for Congress.
No proper ratio exists between collection
and processing and exploitation.
The processing and exploitation (P&E) gap is
of highest concern to Congress.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
47. downstream activities (the steps that follow
collection) are also dependent on
technology, the technology is not in the
same league, in terms of contractor profit,
as collection systems.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
48. DISSEMINATION AND CONSUMPTION
• Among the large mass of material being
collected and analyzed each day, what is
important enough to report?
• How much detail should be reported to
the various intelligence consumers?
49. To which policy makers should it be
reported—the most senior or lower
ranking ones? To many or just a few?
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
50. How quickly should it be reported? Is it
urgent enough to require immediate
delivery, or can it wait for one of the
reports that senior policy makers receive
the next morning?
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
51. How long should the report be?
What is the best vehicle for reporting
it—one of the items in the product line,
a memo, a briefing?
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
52. Are different vehicles needed for
different policy makers, based on their
preferences for consuming intelligence,
their own depth on the issue, and so on?
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
53. The intelligence community customarily
makes these decisions taking into
account a number of factors and making
the occasional trade-offs between
conflicting goals.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
54. World Wide intelligence review
The Worldwide Intelligence Review
(WIRe) is an electronically disseminated
analytical product, the successor to the
CIA’s Senior Executive Intelligence Brief
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
55. The National Intelligence Daily, both of
which were viewed as early morning
intelligence “newspapers.” WIRe articles
vary in length and detail and include
links and graphics that allow readers to
drill down for more information.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
56. Ideally, the community employs a
layered approach, using a variety of
intelligence products to convey the same
intelligence (in different formats and
degrees of detail) to a broad array of
policy makers.
ANALYSIS AND
PRODUCTION
57. FEEDBACK
The NIPF does include an evaluation
function in which the various aspects of the
process—collection, analysis, and the utility
of different intelligence products—are
assessed, including input from cabinet-level
policy makers.
58. FEEDBACK
Ideally, the policy makers should give
continual feedback to their intelligence
producers—detailing what has been useful,
what has not, which areas need continuing
or increased emphasis, which can be
reduced, and so on.
59. FEEDBACK
Communications between the policy
community and the intelligence community
are at best imperfect throughout the
intelligence process.
The failure to provide feedback is analogous
to the policy makers’ inability or refusal to
help define requirements.
60. FEEDBACK
In reality, however, the community receives
feedback less often than it desires, and it
certainly does not receive feedback in any
systematic manner, for several reasons.
61. THINKING ABOUT THE INTELLIGENCE
PROCESS
Initial collection may prove unsatisfactory and
may lead policy makers to change the
requirements; processing and exploitation or
analysis may reveal gaps, resulting in new
collection requirements; Consumers may change
their needs or ask for more intelligence.
62. THINKING ABOUT THE INTELLIGENCE
PROCESS
Given the importance of the intelligence
process as both a concept and an organizing
principle, it is worth thinking about how the
process works and how best to
conceptualize it.
63. THINKING ABOUT THE INTELLIGENCE
PROCESS
A more realistic diagram would show that at
any stage in the process it is possible— and
sometimes necessary—to go back to an
earlier step
64. THINKING ABOUT THE INTELLIGENCE
PROCESS
A policy maker asks not to convey the
possibility that the process might not be
completed in one cycle.
65.
66. This admittedly imperfect process can be portrayed as in Figure 4-3. This diagram, although better than
the CIA’s, remains somewhat one-dimensional. A still better portrayal would capture the more than
occasional need to go back to an earlier part of the process to meet unfulfilled or changing
requirements, collection needs, and so on.
67. Figure 4-4 shows how in any one intelligence process issues likely arise (the need for more collection, uncertainties in processing,
results of analysis, changing requirements) that cause a second or even third intelligence process to take place. Ultimately, one
could repeat the process lines over and over to portray continuing changes in any of the various parts of the process and the fact that
policy issues are rarely resolved in a single neat cycle. This diagram is a bit more complex, and it gives a much better sense of how
the intelligence process operates in reality, being linear, circular, and open-ended all at the same time.
68. Ad hocs
Analysis and production
Collection
Consumption dissemination
Downstream activities
Feedback
Footnote wars
Priority creep
Processing and exploitation
Requirements
Tyranny of the ad hocs
KEY TERMS