This document provides a compilation of articles from Studies in Intelligence that examine the relationship between the intelligence community and policymakers. The articles are grouped into the following sections:
1) The Relationship in Theory and Practice - Contains 10 articles debating the appropriate level of engagement between intelligence professionals and policymakers, discussing their different roles, needs, and perspectives.
2) Policymaker Perspectives - Contains articles expressing the views of policymakers on what they need from intelligence to support their work, including the need for close contact, feedback, understanding their specific needs and deadlines.
3) Intelligence Officer Perspectives - Contains articles written by intelligence professionals discussing serving policymakers effectively while maintaining objectivity and independence.
The compilation
Intelligence services are currently focusing on the fight against terrorism, leaving relatively little resources to monitor other security threats. For this reason, they often ignore external information activities that do not pose immediate threats to their government's interests. Extremely few external services operate globally. Almost all other services focus on immediate neighbors or regions. These services usually depend on relationships with these global services for information on areas beyond their immediate neighborhoods, and often sell their regional expertise for what they need globally. A feature of both internal and external services is that they behave like a caste.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25847.68006
Intelligence services are currently focusing on the fight against terrorism, leaving relatively little resources to monitor other security threats. For this reason, they often ignore external information activities that do not pose immediate threats to their government's interests. Extremely few external services operate globally. Almost all other services focus on immediate neighbors or regions. These services usually depend on relationships with these global services for information on areas beyond their immediate neighborhoods, and often sell their regional expertise for what they need globally. A feature of both internal and external services is that they behave like a caste.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25847.68006
Share & Share Alike? An Exploration of Secure Behaviors in Romantic Relations...Cori Faklaris
Presentation at the 2018 USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018) in Baltimore, Md., USA. (https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2018/presentation/park) Security design choices often fail to take into account users' social context. Our work is among the first to examine security behavior in romantic relationships. We surveyed 195 people on Amazon Mechanical Turk about their relationship status and account sharing behavior for a cross-section of popular websites and apps (e.g., Netflix, Amazon Prime). We examine differences in account sharing behavior at different stages in a relationship and for people in different age groups and income levels. We also present a taxonomy of sharing motivations and behaviors based on the iterative coding of open-ended responses. Based on this taxonomy, we present design recommendations to support end users in three relationship stages: when they start sharing access with romantic partners; when they are maintaining that sharing; and when they decide to stop. Our findings contribute to the field of usable privacy and security by enhancing our understanding of security and privacy behaviors and needs in intimate social relationships.
Big Data, Psychografics and Social Media Advertising - Alessandro SistiData Driven Innovation
What if we could use big data analytics to investigate correlation between personality traits of consumers and their behavior on social network? Using such predictive models fostered by the use of Data Management Platform, innovative companies can deliver micro-targeted social media advertising. This speech analizes t the use of big data over the last us presidential campaign: president Trump won the battle against Clinton delivering more than 175.000 variants of targeted social media messages, using this innovative communication campaign on Facebook.
Chuck Brooks profile on cybersecurity, homeland security, and emerging techno...Chuck Brooks
Speaker and Writer and Leadership profile of Chuck Brooks on Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity,Artificial Intelligence, and perspectives on contemporary issues of the day
Tfsc disc 2014 si proposal (30 june2014)Han Woo PARK
Technological Forecasting and Social Change Special Issue
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/technological-forecasting-and-social-change/
Special issue title
Open (Big) Data as Social Change: Triple Helix Innovation toward Government 3.0
Associated conference
The 2nd Annual Asian Hub Conference on Triple Helix and Network Sciences (DISC 2014) on Data as Social Culture: Networked Innovation and Government 3.0, to be held on December 11-13, 2014, in Daegu and Gyeongbuk (Gyeongju), Rep. of Korea.
Call for Papers: http://www.slideshare.net/hanpark/disc-2014-cfp-v3
The conference is organized by Asia Triple Helix Society (ATHS). Point of contact: Secretary to Prof. Dr. Han Woo Park (info.disc2014@gmail.com), Department of Media & Communication, YeungNam University, 214-1, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, Zip Code 712-749.
Associate Editors: Managing Guest Editors (MGE)
Wayne Weiai Xu, Doctoral Candidate, SUNY-Buffalo, USA, weiaixu@buffalo.edu
Dr. In Ho Cho, YeungNam University, Rep. of Korea, haihabacho@gmail.com
Important Dates
DISC 2014: 11 to 13 December 2014
Full paper submission: 1 March 2015
Review & Revision period: 1 September 2015
Online Publication: 1 December 2015
* We are also open to non-conference submissions to the special issue. However, the priority will be given to papers presented at the DISC 2014 and its associated seminars.
From the earliest days of nation-states, measures of power have been displayed by emphasizing the size and superiority of military force. The 16th through the early 20th century saw the increasing size of armed forces as the rest of the world began to appreciate the might and strength of the Spanish Armada, the British Royal Navy, the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the American Carrier Battle Group. The expansion of naval forces allowed countries to colonize lands, gather raw materials, and assist in their global hegemony. Following the end of World War II and the development of nuclear weapons, a transformational shift grew out of the dependency to have cutting edge military technology and the materials to develop them. The strength of nations thus became tied proportionately to the development of the military force’s innovation as well as its size.
"CSIS is able to participate in close collaboration with the private sector on a legal
and practical level. First and most significantly, the CS1S Act, developed in a different
era with a different threat environment, expressly does not permit the sharing of
intelligence with the private sector. Although operational policies have been developed
to govern the sharing of information with the private sector."
Share & Share Alike? An Exploration of Secure Behaviors in Romantic Relations...Cori Faklaris
Presentation at the 2018 USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2018) in Baltimore, Md., USA. (https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2018/presentation/park) Security design choices often fail to take into account users' social context. Our work is among the first to examine security behavior in romantic relationships. We surveyed 195 people on Amazon Mechanical Turk about their relationship status and account sharing behavior for a cross-section of popular websites and apps (e.g., Netflix, Amazon Prime). We examine differences in account sharing behavior at different stages in a relationship and for people in different age groups and income levels. We also present a taxonomy of sharing motivations and behaviors based on the iterative coding of open-ended responses. Based on this taxonomy, we present design recommendations to support end users in three relationship stages: when they start sharing access with romantic partners; when they are maintaining that sharing; and when they decide to stop. Our findings contribute to the field of usable privacy and security by enhancing our understanding of security and privacy behaviors and needs in intimate social relationships.
Big Data, Psychografics and Social Media Advertising - Alessandro SistiData Driven Innovation
What if we could use big data analytics to investigate correlation between personality traits of consumers and their behavior on social network? Using such predictive models fostered by the use of Data Management Platform, innovative companies can deliver micro-targeted social media advertising. This speech analizes t the use of big data over the last us presidential campaign: president Trump won the battle against Clinton delivering more than 175.000 variants of targeted social media messages, using this innovative communication campaign on Facebook.
Chuck Brooks profile on cybersecurity, homeland security, and emerging techno...Chuck Brooks
Speaker and Writer and Leadership profile of Chuck Brooks on Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity,Artificial Intelligence, and perspectives on contemporary issues of the day
Tfsc disc 2014 si proposal (30 june2014)Han Woo PARK
Technological Forecasting and Social Change Special Issue
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/technological-forecasting-and-social-change/
Special issue title
Open (Big) Data as Social Change: Triple Helix Innovation toward Government 3.0
Associated conference
The 2nd Annual Asian Hub Conference on Triple Helix and Network Sciences (DISC 2014) on Data as Social Culture: Networked Innovation and Government 3.0, to be held on December 11-13, 2014, in Daegu and Gyeongbuk (Gyeongju), Rep. of Korea.
Call for Papers: http://www.slideshare.net/hanpark/disc-2014-cfp-v3
The conference is organized by Asia Triple Helix Society (ATHS). Point of contact: Secretary to Prof. Dr. Han Woo Park (info.disc2014@gmail.com), Department of Media & Communication, YeungNam University, 214-1, Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, Zip Code 712-749.
Associate Editors: Managing Guest Editors (MGE)
Wayne Weiai Xu, Doctoral Candidate, SUNY-Buffalo, USA, weiaixu@buffalo.edu
Dr. In Ho Cho, YeungNam University, Rep. of Korea, haihabacho@gmail.com
Important Dates
DISC 2014: 11 to 13 December 2014
Full paper submission: 1 March 2015
Review & Revision period: 1 September 2015
Online Publication: 1 December 2015
* We are also open to non-conference submissions to the special issue. However, the priority will be given to papers presented at the DISC 2014 and its associated seminars.
From the earliest days of nation-states, measures of power have been displayed by emphasizing the size and superiority of military force. The 16th through the early 20th century saw the increasing size of armed forces as the rest of the world began to appreciate the might and strength of the Spanish Armada, the British Royal Navy, the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the American Carrier Battle Group. The expansion of naval forces allowed countries to colonize lands, gather raw materials, and assist in their global hegemony. Following the end of World War II and the development of nuclear weapons, a transformational shift grew out of the dependency to have cutting edge military technology and the materials to develop them. The strength of nations thus became tied proportionately to the development of the military force’s innovation as well as its size.
"CSIS is able to participate in close collaboration with the private sector on a legal
and practical level. First and most significantly, the CS1S Act, developed in a different
era with a different threat environment, expressly does not permit the sharing of
intelligence with the private sector. Although operational policies have been developed
to govern the sharing of information with the private sector."
Add a section to the paper you submittedIt is based on the paper (.docxdaniahendric
Add a section to the paper you submittedIt is based on the paper ( 4th Sept 2019) check it out. The new section should address the following:
Identify and describe at least two competing needs impacting your selected healthcare issue/stressor.
Describe a relevant policy or practice in your organization that may influence your selected healthcare issue/stressor.
Critique the policy for ethical considerations, and explain the policy’s strengths and challenges in promoting ethics.
Recommend one or more policy or practice changes designed to balance the competing needs of resources, workers, and patients, while addressing any ethical shortcomings of the existing policies. Be specific and provide examples.
Cite evidence that informs the healthcare issue/stressor and/or the policies, and provide two scholarly resources in support of your policy or practice recommendations.
S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 7 | V O L . 6 0 | N O . 9 | C O M M U N I C AT I O N S O F T H E A C M 65
W H I L E T H E I N T E R N E T has the potential to give people
ready access to relevant and factual information,
social media sites like Facebook and Twitter have made
filtering and assessing online content increasingly
difficult due to its rapid flow and enormous volume.
In fact, 49% of social media users in the U.S. in 2012
received false breaking news through
social media.8 Likewise, a survey by
Silverman11 suggested in 2015 that
false rumors and misinformation
disseminated further and faster than
ever before due to social media. Polit-
ical analysts continue to discuss mis-
information and fake news in social
media and its effect on the 2016 U.S.
presidential election.
Such misinformation challenges
the credibility of the Internet as a
venue for authentic public informa-
tion and debate. In response, over the
past five years, a proliferation of out-
lets has provided fact checking and
debunking of online content. Fact-
checking services, say Kriplean et al.,6
provide “… evaluation of verifiable
claims made in public statements
through investigation of primary and
secondary sources.” An international
Trust and
Distrust
in Online
Fact-Checking
Services
D O I : 1 0 . 1 1 4 5 / 3 1 2 2 8 0 3
Even when checked by fact checkers, facts are
often still open to preexisting bias and doubt.
BY PETTER BAE BRANDTZAEG AND ASBJØRN FØLSTAD
key insights
˽ Though fact-checking services play
an important role countering online
disinformation, little is known about whether
users actually trust or distrust them.
˽ The data we collected from social media
discussions—on Facebook, Twitter, blogs,
forums, and discussion threads in online
newspapers—reflects users’ opinions
about fact-checking services.
˽ To strengthen trust, fact-checking services
should strive to increase transparency
in their processes, as well as in their
organizations, and funding sources.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3122803
66 C O ...
Confrontation or CollaborationCongress and the Intelligen.docxmaxinesmith73660
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko,
David Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Confrontation or Collaboration?
Congress and the Intelligence Community
The Intelligence and Policy Project
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
79 JFK Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Fax: (617)495-8963
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://belfercenter.org
Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College
Printed in the United States of America
Design: Tim Duffy
The co-sponsors of this report invite liberal use of the information provided in it for educational
purposes, requiring only that the reproduced material clearly state: Reproduced from
Eric Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz, Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence
Community (Cambridge, Mass: The Belfer Center, Harvard University, June 2009).
With contributions from Hope LeBeau, Cynthia Lobosky, Ya’ara Barnoon, Susan Sypko, David
Tohn, Jessica Reitz, Tamara Klajn, Sarah Miller and JP Schnapper-Casteras.
Satellite image by GeoEye.
The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | The Harvard Kennedy School �
Dear Friend,
Your work as a lawmaker is one of the toughest and most rewarding jobs in the
country. During the course of your service on Capitol Hill, you will undoubtedly need
to consider legislation and issues relevant to national security and the Intelligence
Community. Your responsibility to oversee the Intelligence Community will not be
easy, but I am confident that you will find extraordinary opportunities to protect and
pursue America’s interests around the globe.
My friends at the Harvard Kennedy School and I strongly believe that an
understanding of the inner architecture of the Intelligence Community will allow
you to serve the country more effectively. The Community’s size and complexity,
however, often confuse and stymie lawmakers attempting to understand
intelligence issues. As the 9/11 Commission Report noted, “Few members of
Congress have the broad knowledge of intelligence activities or the know-how about technologies
employed.”
This briefing book attempts to provide you with the foundation to improve your knowledge
of intelligence issues. The memos in this book give you important basic information about the
Intelligence Community and outline the central issues you will likely encounter during your time
in Congress. Although new and unforeseen challenges will certainly arise during your tenure, the
ideas presented in this book will provide you with a general framework on many of the issues you
will encounter.
I thank you for your service.
Sincerely,
Bob Graham
Table of Contents
Background M.
Information Sharing, Dot Connecting and Intelligence Failures.docxannettsparrow
Information Sharing, Dot Connecting and Intelligence Failures:
Revisiting Conventional Wisdom
By
Russell Travers
Deputy Director, Information Sharing and Knowledge Development
National Counterterrorism Center
This paper, written in August 2009, was submitted to the Director of National Intelligence
2009 Galileo Awards Program. The Galileo Awards Program is an annual Intelligence
Community-wide competition designed to encourage and recognize innovative workforce
ideas that address current challenges and help shape the future of U.S. Intelligence.
All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed are those of the author and do not
reflect the official positions or views of the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) or
any other U.S. Government agency. Nothing in the contents should be construed as
implying U.S. Government or NCTC endorsement of the author’s views. This material has
been reviewed to prevent the disclosure of classified information.
The year is 2014. The Intelligence Community is ten years into its efforts to
implement the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA). While
change has been evident on many fronts, nothing was more closely identified with
intelligence reform than information sharing; ever since the 9/11 Commission
declared that “the biggest impediment to all-source analysis – to a greater
likelihood of connecting the dots – is the human or systemic resistance to sharing
information”1, the two had been inextricably linked. And while we were pushing
more electrons than ever before, dissatisfaction continued: in 2014, as in 2009,
no analyst in the IC had effective access to all information; analysts in many parts
of the Community complained that they couldn’t get operational traffic or law
enforcement information; we had little ability to do large scale processing of
foreign and domestic data sets; our non Federal partners were still dissatisfied
with the quality of information sharing. A dizzying array of directives had been
issued. Arbitration procedures had been established. And yet organizations
weren’t getting the information they claimed to “need.” Legitimate issues
coexisted with tripe. According to the critics, we still couldn’t connect those dots.
The reality, however, was far more complex: the only question was whether it
took a major intelligence failure to realize that fact.
This is the path we’re on. We will continue to hear claims that information sharing has
“barely improved since 9/11.” Such hyperbole is unmitigated nonsense. The robust sharing of
information between and among the key organizations has undoubtedly contributed to the fact
that we haven’t suffered a major attack. And by any objective standard, the level of sharing
1 The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States; U.S. Government Print.
10+ Argumentative Essay Outline Templates - PDF. Sample Essay Outlines - 34+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Argumentative Essay Outline Format [12 Best Examples]. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. Free Printable Essay Outline Template - Printable Templates. 37 Outstanding Essay Outline Templates (Argumentative, Narrative .... 30+ Essay Outline Templates - (Free Samples, Examples and Formats). How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step By Step - Gudwriter. 004 Sample Argumentative Essay Outline Example ~ Thatsnotus. Argument Paper Outline Template - The Best Way to Create a Powerful .... example of an outline for an argumentative essay. Outline of Argumentative Essay. examples of argument essays | Argumentative essay, Essay examples .... Argumentative Essay Outline: Guide, Template, & Examples. Argumentative Essay Outline. Argumentative Essay Outline - 9+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. 37+ Best Outline Examples in MS Word | Google Docs | Apple Pages | PDF. 39+ Essay Outline Templates - PDF, DOC. 14 Best Images of College Essay Outline Worksheet - Essay Research .... A Sample Argumentative Essay. Sample Argument Outline - How to create an argument Outline? Download .... ⭐ Definition argument essay outline. 10 Argumentative Essay Outline .... Argument outline | Generic Outline for the Argumentative Source Paper .... Argumentative Essay Outline Template Pdf - APPLEESSAY. Outline of an Argumentative Essay - Introduction A. Background .... sample argumentative essay with outline Argument Essay Outline Example
What are some of the challenges the intelligence community faces i.docxphilipnelson29183
What are some of the challenges the intelligence community faces in supporting the Homeland Security enterprise (such as the balance of civil liberties and security)?
Provide evidence from the weekly readings to support your arguments via APA parenthetical citations.
Other sources (if used at all) must be subordinate to your understanding of the readings presented in the class.
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Introduction
Earlier in this class, you explored several misperceptions about the field of intelligence. Movies and popular literature, along with personal experiences, all contribute to these misunderstandings.
A final misperception about intelligence is that intelligence is only gathered on actors outside the borders of the United States. However, an unfortunate reality is that threats to the United States do not all originate from outside the nation. In fact, many threats to this country come from within its borders.
To guard against the full range of threats, the U.S. must engage in domestic intelligence activities and collect information and intelligence within the country.
However, unlike many countries around the world, the U.S. does not have a dedicated domestic intelligence agency and the many approaches to collection are unique. There is also a strict need to preserve the civil liberties of United States citizens and maintain a critical balance between intelligence transparency and secrecy.
Domestic Intelligence
The United States is very unique in that it does not have a dedicated agency responsible for domestic intelligence. Instead, this mission is part of the overall goal of the IC and is implicitly and explicitly stated in the mission and objectives of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).
As you learned in earlier lessons, ODNI was established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Within that act, very specific authorities were granted to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) that directly support the gathering of domestic intelligence (ODNI 2015).
Authority 1
Ensure that timely and objective national intelligence is provided to the President, the heads of departments and agencies of the Executive Branch, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and senior military commanders, and the Congress.
Authority 2
Establish objectives and priorities for collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence.
Authority 3
Ensure maximum availability of and access to intelligence information within the Intelligence Community.
Authority 4
Develop and ensure the execution of an annual budget for the National Intelligence program based on budgetary proposals provided by IC component organizations.
Authority 5
Oversee coordination of relationships with the intelligence or security services of foreign governments and international organizations.
Authority 6
Ensure the most accurate analysis of intelligence is derived f.
This Summit was the second in a series of meetings co-hosted by the National Center for Campus Public Safety (NCCPS), the IACP University and College Police Section, and the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA). In August, 2014 a Summit was held to bring together campus officials from around the U.S. to discuss issues around Title IX and other related legislation including the Clery Act and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). The first summit provided rich detail on what was still needed for application of the laws in an effort to decrease sexual violence trauma. It also revealed how the victim held substantial influence on how the process should transpire. Most participants acknowledged that the process was not always clear. A criminal offense may have been committed, and campus administrators often felt that their methods of handling student violations were now pushed into the more adversarial role. With this in mind, the participants at Summit II accepted the premise and intent of Title IX and Clery; however, the details of implementation needed further clarification. It seemed that all the anecdotes regarding sexual offenses did not fit neatly into any pre-ordained formula or algorithm. The Summit II participants inevitably reviewed and discussed some of the issues raised in the first Summit; however, the emphasis quickly shifted from the challenges to suggesting promising practices that would address those challenges. None of the suggestions were meant as the final solutions to complicated issues but rather as starting points to form a core Title IX public safety compliance system on the respective campuses.
Similar to Ic and policymaker integration a studies in intelligence anthology (20)
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
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- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
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Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
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Donate Us
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#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Ic and policymaker integration a studies in intelligence anthology
1. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY AND POLICYMAKER INTEGRATION:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
JANUARY 2014
ne
nw
N
E
LESSONS LEARNED
Insights from experience...best practices for the future
2. Studies in Intelligence often contains material created by individuals other than US
government employees and, accordingly, such works are appropriately attributed and
protected by United States copyright law. Such items should not be reproduced or dis-
seminated without the express permission of the copyright holder. Any potential liability
associated with the unauthorized use of copyrighted material from Studies in Intelli-
gence rests with the third party infringer.
Studies in Intelligence is available on the Internet at: https://www.cia.gov/library/
center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/.
Requests for subscriptions should be sent to:
Center for the Study of Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, DC 20505
ISSN 1527-0874
3. 1
Foreword
This compendium of previously published articles from Studies in Intelligence
spans some fifty years and focuses on key aspects of the Intelligence Commu-
nity (IC) relationship with US policymakers. It could not be more timely. These
essays touch upon fundamental issues that perpetually test intelligence produc-
ers and consumers alike—issues at the heart of current day controversies swirl-
ing around the US intelligence community, including:
Can analysis be fixed? Or, how can the IC avoid intelligence failures?
In the wake of 9/11, the 2002 Iraq WMD estimate, and the 2007 Iran Nuclear
NIE, two major commissions and outside experts and pundits have offered pre-
scriptions for fixing the analysis business. Similar calls occurred following the
fall of the Shah during the 1979 Iranian revolution and India’s May 1998 nuclear
tests.
Congress and Intelligence Community oversight. The Edward Snowden
disclosure of NSA collection activities and a current SSCI study of CIA’s post
9/11 rendition, detention and interrogation (RDI) program draw clear parallels
with controversies that engulfed the CIA in the mid-1970s. Current calls from
Congress—and the international community-- for an accounting of NSA’s wide-
ranging collection as well as greater disclosure of CIA’s RDI program echo calls
for CIA to divulge and curtail programs following the 1974 revelations of the
Agency’s foreign covert action and domestic surveillance activities, known col-
lectively as “the family jewels.”) Those calls spawned two Congressional inves-
tigations and led to the creation of the SSCI and HPSCI oversight committees in
1976 and 1977, respectively.
Is the Intelligence Community too close to policymakers? An underly-
ing theme in the above topics is the charge that the IC has gotten too close to
policymakers, as evidenced by charges of IC politicization of the Iraq WMD NIE,
or, more recently, the executive branch’s perceived efforts to limit disclosure of
NSA collection programs.
In short, this compendium offers valuable insight and wisdom at a time when
the United States is again wrestling with such core issues as the acceptable
scope and reach of US intelligence gathering activities and how that informa-
tion can or should be used in informing the US national security decision-making
process. In broader terms, the underlying issue is the role of intelligence agen-
cies in a democratic society—more specifically, how NSA’s technical collec-
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
4. 2
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
tion capabilities in the digital age and CIA’s past RDI program square with stated US
values. These essays shed light on “lessons learned” that ideally should help inform
the thinking of those involved in examining these fundamental issues.
Peter Clement
Former Deputy Director for Analytic Programs in CIA’s
Directorate of Intelligence, 2005-2013;
currently serving as an officer-in-residence at Columbia University
5. 3
Introduction
A review of interview transcripts and past studies on the relationship between
the intelligence and policy communities conducted by the Center for the Study
of Intelligence (CSI) identified consistent themes related to the types of informa-
tion policymakers need to orient them to the Intelligence Community (IC) when
they arrive in Washington. Most common among them are the intelligence and
warning cycles; the agencies of the IC and their collection and operational ca-
pabilities; the analytic and coordination process; the products available and who
produces them; tasking and feedback mechanisms; how to leverage and ask
smart questions of the IC; classification restrictions; counterintelligence realities;
and lessons learned or best practices on working most effectively with the IC.
The review also found that a range of IC orientation materials already have been
developed and are available to cover these themes for policymakers.
Since 2009, the office of Partnership Engagement (PE) in the ODNI has pro-
duced both classified and unclassified orientation materials for new policy con-
sumers, to include: US National Intelligence: An Overview, 2013 (http://www.dni.
gov/files/documents/USNI%202013%20Overview_web.pdf), Federal Intelligence
Coordination Office Phonebook 2013, and the IC orientation briefing, Unlocking
the Secrets: How to Use the Intelligence Community. These orientation products
are available in both hardcopy and softcopy, and in classifications ranging from
Unclassified to Top Secret. The ODNI and the organizations that comprise the
IC also offer policymakers orientation briefings on a range of other topics.
While a broad array of classified articles on the complex relationship between
intelligence and policy are available to government officials, this compilation
of unclassified articles can be read outside the confines of government offices
and may be more convenient for incoming policy and intelligence officials. This
compilation is drawn from unclassified and declassified articles and monographs,
most of them published in the IC journal of intelligence tradecraft, Studies in
Intelligence, which began publication in 1955. The articles selected are derived
almost exclusively from the perspective of former policymakers and the analytic
side of the intelligence profession. These essays bring together the most sig-
nificant unclassified holdings of the CSI on the relationship between intelligence
professionals and their policymaking consumers, and they cover a broad range
of topics related to roles, responsibilities, and processes, as well as culture, bias,
and appropriate levels of support and interaction.
For decades, career IC professionals have explored issues that influence
the intelligence-policy relationship and have sought to better understand how to
6. 4
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
serve US policymakers. One truism that comes to light in the articles that follow is that it
is the responsibility of intelligence officers to take the lead in orienting busy policymak-
ers to the capabilities and services the IC can provide. The IC has long recognized
that it can’t expect policymakers—many of whom serve limited terms and have little
or no background in intelligence—to know how to engage or best use its resources. A
second truism is that policymakers are busy (especially when they start their jobs) and
operate primarily in an unclassified environment, and it is difficult to find the right time
or mechanism to orient them. It is the hope of CSI that this unclassified compilation
will assist new policy and intelligence professionals to understand the intricacies of the
intelligence-policy relationship and the value that can result from a strong partnership.
The IC and its relationship with policymakers have evolved in the years since many
of these articles were written. Presenting these articles together provides the reader
with a unique opportunity to see how the relationship and the roles and responsibilities
on both sides have evolved. It is important to be cognizant of the period in which these
articles were written and the conditions that prevailed at the time, although many of the
underlying themes are as relevant today as they were at the time they were published.
Readers should also keep in mind that the articles published in Studies in Intelligence
represent the opinions and perspectives of the authors. While they are deemed to be
valuable contributions to the profession of intelligence and worthy of thought and reflec-
tion, the views expressed are not endorsed by the IC.
7. 5
The Relationship in Theory and Practice
The ten essays in this section encapsulate the ongoing, decades-long debate
over the differences in approach and perspective between intelligence profes-
sionals and policymakers. These articles reflect extensive debate over the ap-
propriate level of engagement between the two parties, and articulate their roles,
capabilities, needs, and biases. A constant concern of the analytic community is
finding ways to be relevant, timely and objective in meeting policymaker needs.
A key tenet of CIA analysis explored in several of these articles is how to do this
without crossing the often hazy and subjective line of policy advocacy. While
many similar themes emerge across the papers, each focuses on a unique as-
pect of the relationship.
Intelligence and Policy—the On-Going Debate, by Deborah Brammer and
Arthur S. Hulnick [Studies in Intelligence (1980)]—looks at the traditionalist and
activist schools of thought and the debate that resurfaced in the 1960s and fol-
lowing the Murphy Commission in 1975; discusses the trend toward briefings
and shorter articles as well as the challenges of using oral communications as
the preferred medium; and closes by highlighting opportunities that exist for both
sides to improve their relevance to one another.
Tribal Tongues: Intelligence Consumers, Intelligence Producers, by Mark
Lowenthal [Studies in Intelligence 35 (Summer 1992)]—looks at the differences
that shape the perspectives of policymakers and intelligence professionals; ex-
plores what matters most to both sides; examines what each is looking to get out
of the relationship.
The Kent-Kendall Debate of 1949, by Jack Davis [Studies in Intelligence 35,
no. 2 (1992)]—exemplifies the debate in the IC between those who believe intel-
ligence must be divorced from policy and those who assert that involvement in
the policy process is required to provide timely and relevant support, and articu-
lates—without prejudice—the points of view of the historic thought leaders on
each side.
Bridging the Intelligence-Policy Divide, by James A. Barry, Jack Davis, David
D. Gries, and Joseph Sullivan [Studies in Intelligence 37, no. 3 (1993)]—conveys
the findings derived from interviews and roundtable discussions held with intel-
ligence and policy officials on the relationship between the two groups; highlights
the products designed to orient consumers to the IC; and examines the many
practical measures taken by policymakers and intelligence officials to improve
8. 6
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
communication.
The Intelligence-Policy Relationship, by Hans Heymann, Jr.[Studies in Intelligence
(Winter 1984)]—looks at the factors that shape policymakers’ negative views of intelli-
gence and argues that there isn’t much the IC can do to change these views but at-
tempts to identify some of the drivers behind the tension that exists between the two
sides.
The Intelligence Producer-Policy Consumer Linkage, by Arthur S. Hulnick [Studies
in Intelligence (Winter 1985)]—examines traditional and activist views regarding how
close intelligence should be to policy; discusses philosophical and stylistic differences
between the two sides; describes the intelligence cycle and intelligence products; and
closes by outlining some conditions that must exist if the IC is to better serve custom-
ers.
Intelligence Rams and Policy Lions, by G. Murphy Donovan [Studies in Intelligence
(Fall 1986)]—discusses the differences between the roles and functions of intelligence
officers and policymakers, and how they coexist in a symbiotic relationship; provides an
overview of the intelligence cycle; and examines how each side perceives intelligence
products, how products are disseminated, and how those products influence policy.
The CIA and American Foreign Policy, by Robert Gates [Studies in Intelligence
(1987)]—identifies the CIA’s role in supporting the policy process and how the Agency
accomplishes that task; outlines some policymaker grievances and the biases that
exist on both sides; discusses policymakers’ focus on current issues (as opposed to
long-term intelligence priorities); and examines the interaction between Congress, the
executive branch, and the IC.
Intelligence and Bureaucratic Politics, by Colonel John Macartney [Studies in Intel-
ligence 33 (Spring 1989)]—provides an overview of the members of the IC and their
unique roles, customers, and subcultures.
Dealing with Intelligence-Policy Disconnects, by L. Keith Gardiner [Studies in Intel-
ligence 33, no. 2, (1989)]—Focuses on some of the cognitive differences between
policymakers and intelligence officers and concludes by discussing measures that can
bridge that gap—most notably, better tailoring engagement to meet the policymakers’
preference for how they receive information.
9. 7
Policymaker Perspectives
The views expressed by policymakers concerning the relationship between
intelligence and policy primarily revolve around their individual self-interests
and their desire to make intelligence work for them. Many policymakers report
that in their view, good support boils down to regular contact and the IC having
a clear understanding of their specific needs and deadlines. The more general
and routine the production, the less well it serves individual policymakers’ needs
for information to support their decisions. Consistent themes among consumers
profiled in this section include the need for keeping close contact, exchanging
regular feedback, accommodating busy policymaker schedules, and filling spe-
cific information gaps. Dozens of interviews with former policymakers conducted
in recent years—as part of a continuing effort by the CSI to examine the relation-
ship between intelligence and policy—only reinforce the perspectives captured in
these articles.1
A Policymaker’s Perspective on Intelligence Analysis, by Jack Davis [Studies
in Intelligence 38, no. 5 (1995)]—based on interviews with Ambassador Robert
D. Blackwill conducted between 1991 and 1993; highlights Blackwill’s view of
what intelligence provides busy customers, what is helpful, and what is not; and
offers recommendations for policymakers and the IC to improve their relation-
ship.
Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations, by Jack Davis [Studies in
Intelligence 39, no. 5 (1996)]—expresses the views of former Under Secretary of
Defense Paul Wolfowitz, who argues for closer relationships between analysts
and policymakers and outlines practices that he believes help (or hinder) the
policymaking process.
The Views of Ambassador Herman J. Cohen, by Jack Davis [Studies in Intel-
ligence (1995)]—provides Cohen’s views when he was Assistant Secretary of
State for Africa in 1994; describes how he structured his day and obtained intel-
ligence to support his needs; highlights his views of the importance of feedback
and the mechanisms he used to inform analysts of his needs.
1 For additional information on the interaction between intelligence briefers and different
presidential administrations, see Getting to Know the President, by former CIA Deputy Director for
Intelligence John Helgerson. Published under the auspices of CSI, this book is available online at
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-mono-
graphs/getting-to-know-the-president/pdfs/U-%20Book-Getting%20to%20Know%20the%20Presi-
dent.pdf.
10. 8
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
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Sharing Secrets with Lawmakers: Congress as a User of Intelligence, by L. Britt
Snider [CSI monograph (1996)]—outlines the history of information sharing with Con-
gress; identifies differences in how Congress and the executive branch receive and use
information provided by the IC; and examines how these differences affect relation-
ships among the three groups.
The Brown Commission and the Future of Intelligence [Studies in Intelligence
(1996)]—provides the transcript of a roundtable discussion held with the members of
the Brown Commission in 1996 and reveals their views on a variety of topics ranging
from the politicization of intelligence and the proximity of analysts and policymakers, to
the structure of the IC and the need to better educate consumers about the capabilities
of the community.
Increasing CIA’s Value Added to the Senior Policymaker, by Tom Bjorkman [Stud-
ies in Intelligence 42, no. 2 (1998)]—written by a CIA officer who spent two years on
rotation at the Department of State; articulates the opportunities that exist for analysis
to be more relevant to consumers and the benefits of close and continual contact; and
identifies differences between support to principal consumers and to those at the senior
working level who help them shape policy.
Supporting US Foreign Policy in the Post 9/11 World, by Richard Haass [Studies in
Intelligence 46, no. 3 (2002)]—highlights Ambassador Haass’ view that successful intel-
ligence requires a mutual understanding between policymakers and the IC that is all too
often lacking; outlines an array of challenges the IC must monitor to keep pace with the
rapidly changing world; describes the current focus of policymakers and the role intel-
ligence plays in looking over the horizon and providing timely information that can be
translated into smart policy actions.
Lessons for Intelligence Support to Policymaking during Crises, by Paul D. Miller
[Studies in Intelligence 54, no. 2 (June 2010)]—written by a former NSC director; out-
lines the role of the NSC and support provided by the IC; and highlights areas where IC
support to policymakers could be improved.
11. 9
Intelligence Officer Perspectives
The articles in this section were written by intelligence professionals for intel-
ligence professionals. Some of their discussions echo the debate over how close
analysts should be to policy consumers—covered extensively in the first section
of this compilation—but the primary issues in this section revolve around the
realities of the analytic profession and maintaining or improving the IC’s rele-
vance to customers. The authors deal with issues that include analytic objectivity,
efforts to strengthen analysis, and politicization of intelligence. Several of the ar-
ticles are forward looking and examine current and future challenges for the IC,
as well as measures that could improve the support it provides to policymakers.
The Future Market for Finished Intelligence, by Ross Cowey [Studies in
Intelligence 20, no. 4 (1976)]—initially intended to forecast the markets that
would influence intelligence production and support five to ten years into the
future; provides an interesting perspective on where the IC was at that time and
the challenges it foresaw; although not intended to project much beyond 1980,
provided a remarkably accurate forecast of what was to come; and highlights
the challenges that would shape the IC over the next 30 years—many of which
remain valid today.
The Evaluation of Intelligence, by Helene L. Boatner [Studies in Intelligence
(Summer 1984)]—looks at how successful the IC has been and how successful
it can reasonably expect to be; explores consumer expectations and reactions
and the challenges of the intelligence profession; and examines several histori-
cal examples to evaluate performance and put expectations, successes, and
shortcomings into context.
New Links Between Intelligence and Policy, by David D. Gries [Studies in
Intelligence 34, no. 2 (Summer 1990)]—highlights consumers’ preference for oral
rather than written assessments and the need for the IC to adjust accordingly;
discusses the products used by the IC and how intelligence is used to support
policy decisions; and examines the challenge of maintaining a strong linkage
with consumers as their preferences change and resources tighten.
Guarding Against Politicization, by Robert M. Gates [Studies in Intelligence
36, no. 1 (1992)]—derived from remarks made by Gates when he was Director
of Central Intelligence; discusses the politicization of intelligence and how ana-
lysts can remain objective and safeguard against it; and reminds members of
the analytic profession to understand their role in the process, and the difference
12. 10
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
between real and perceived politicization.
Facts, Findings, Forecasts, and Fortune-telling by Jack Davis [Studies in Intel-
ligence (1995)]—defines the role of intelligence as adding value to policy deliberation
and formulation, and discusses how analysts can avoid politicization and improve their
relevance by providing facts, findings, and forecasts and avoiding fortune-telling, which
the author defines as inadequately explained judgments.
Ways To Make Analysis Relevant But Not Prescriptive, by Fulton T. Armstrong
[Studies in Intelligence 46, no. 3 (2002)]—describes the difference between national in-
terests, administration priorities, and bureaucratic equities; states that national interests
are not absolute and points out that the dynamics that influence priority preferences
are part of the world we live in; and proposes techniques that can help analysts remain
objective and relevant to consumers.
Synthesizing with Clients, Not Analyzing for Customers, by Josh Kerbel and An-
thony Olcott [Studies in Intelligence 54, no. 4 (December 2010)]—highlights policymak-
ers’ calls for a closer relationship with intelligence analysis; explores what that relation-
ship—with the IC as a knowledge service provider—could look like; and examines the
risks and rewards for both sides in moving to this model.
A Cultural Evolution, by Robert Cardillo [Studies in Intelligence 54, no. 3 (Septem-
ber 2010)]—written by the Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Inte-
gration; discusses the culture of the IC and its common goals and values that can only
be achieved through better integration; highlights some of the challenges that stand in
the way and envisions a future in which the IC is fully integrated and better positioned
to fulfill its mission.
What I Learned in 40 Years of Doing Intelligence Analysis for US Foreign Policy-
makers, by Martin Petersen [Studies in Intelligence 55, no. 1 (March 2011)]—describes
what the author defines as the five fundamental truths about consumers and the six
things he learned about analysis during his time as an intelligence officer.
An Educated Consumer Is Our Best Consumer, by Dennis C. Wilder [Studies in
Intelligence 56, no. 2 (June 2011)]—received top honors in the IC’s 2010 Galileo Award
completion; focuses on the IC’s struggle to educate consumers about the capabilities of
the IC and improve relationships with customers at all levels; and identifies opportuni-
ties and offers recommendations for how to bridge the gap.
13. 11
Estimates, Warning, and Surprise
Estimates, warning, and surprise are enduring themes for discussion in the
intelligence and policy communities. The creation of the CIA is largely the result
of the failure to warn of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the creation of the ODNI
and expanded intelligence apparatus came out of the perceived failure to warn
of the terrorist attacks of September 2001. The premier intelligence product of
the IC has long been the National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), and much atten-
tion is given to getting warning right in estimative products. The past decade has
brought with it considerable debate on the issue of warning—whether all the dots
were connected, too many dots where connected, or the warning provided was
adequate for policy action. The articles in this section discuss the warning and
estimative process and attempt to explain the inherent difficulties of anticipating
surprise and conveying warnings to customers.
A Crucial Estimate Relived, by Sherman Kent [Studies in Intelligence 8, no.
2 (1964)]—discusses the warning and estimative process in the context of the
military buildup in Cuba and depicts the variables that go into developing an NIE
and the choices that were made in this particular case.
On Warning, by Keith Clark [Studies in Intelligence 9, no. 1 (1965)]—submits
that the world is so dynamic it is unrealistic to expect to anticipate everything;
argues that many actions are driven by reaction or miscalculation rather than ra-
tional decisions and careful planning; and contends the analytic community must
decide what to monitor and warn about based on importance, likelihood, and im-
minence of the threat, which involves setting priorities and accepting risk.
Strategic Warning: The Problem of Timing, by Cynthia M. Grabo [Studies in
Intelligence 16, no. 2 (1972)]—conveys the challenges of strategic and tactical
warning and predicting the timing of attack; looks at numerous historical ex-
amples; and concludes that warning is not a forecast of imminence but rather the
probability of attack.
National Estimates: An Assessment of the Product and the Process, by Louis
Marengo, Dean Moor, Richard Ober, and Dick Wood [Studies in Intelligence 21
(Spring 1977)]—uses interviews with nearly 100 users and producers of NIEs to
examine the products, process, audience, and producer-user relationship.
Warning Cycles, by John F. McCreary [Studies in Intelligence 27, no. 3 (Fall
14. 12
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
A Studies in Intelligence Anthology
1983)]—discusses the difference between warning of an impending threat to national
interests and being surprised by world events; outlines the warning cycle and the
outcomes of warning—success, failure, and false alarm; explores the problems associ-
ated with issuing repeated warnings, and the ways in which warnings are handled and
issued.
Miscalculation, Surprise and US Intelligence, by James J. Wirtz [Studies in Intelli-
gence (Summer 1991)]—discusses the challenge of identifying an opponent’s initiatives
and miscalculations and warning leaders that an adversary is about to take an irrational
or unwise action, and uses historical examples to illustrate miscalculation and surprise.
Managing the “Reliability Cycle”: An Alternative Approach to Thinking About Intel-
ligence Failure, by Scott Hatch [Studies in Intelligence 57, no. 2 (June 2013)—applies
the lessons of High Reliability Organizations (HROs) to the discipline of intelligence
analysis; explores the importance of self-evaluation and improving organizational
performance and customer relevance; and introduces the author’s COPE (Cognitive
Failure, Organizational Failure, or Policy-Environmental Failure) model for identifying
and evaluating failure.
15. 13
Oversight, Intelligence Reform, and Secrecy
The IC is subject to oversight and has undergone multiple reforms through-
out its history.1
The following articles discuss the relationship between Congress
and the IC, the role of the judiciary and the laws that govern intelligence, and the
many reforms that shaped the Community into what it is today. Tensions be-
tween the executive branch and Congress, as well as the challenge of maintain-
ing secrecy in the information age are also prevalent themes.
Oversight or Overlook: Congress and the US Intelligence Agencies, by Rep-
resentative Lucien N. Nedzi [Studies in Intelligence (Summer 1974)]—consists
of a transcript of a speech the congressman gave to senior intelligence officials,
outlining his views of the theory, reality, and challenges of overseeing intelli-
gence.
Intelligence Gathering and the Law, by Benjamin R. Civiletti [Studies in Intel-
ligence (Summer 1983)]— examines the development of laws governing the
collection of domestic and foreign intelligence and highlights some of the consti-
tutional and legal problems that emerge from the tension between intelligence
needs and individual rights.
Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Intervention, by Frederic F. Manget
[Studies in Intelligence 39, no. 5 (1996)]—discusses the role of the judiciary in
national security and provides historical context and a discussion of the role of
judicial oversight in the affairs of the IC.
Congressional Oversight of Intelligence, by Bruce D. Berkowitz [Studies in
Intelligence (Summer 1986)] —explores the debate over oversight and secrecy
and discusses the Select Committees, their staffs, and their roles and responsi-
bilities.
A Review of Congressional Oversight, by James S. Van Wagenen [Studies
in Intelligence (1997)]—provides a historical exploration of intelligence oversight
and the roles of Congress and the executive branch from the Revolutionary War
to the 1990s.
1 For a more definitive look at Intelligence Reform Studies and their effectiveness see, US
Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since 1947, written by Michael Warner and J. Kenneth
McDonald in 2005 under the auspices of the Center for the Study of Intelligence. https://www.cia.
gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/US%20In-
telligence%20Community%20Reform%20Studies%20Since%201947.pdf.
16. 14
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
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The Consequences of Permissive Neglect, by James B. Bruce [Studies in Intel-
ligence 47, no. 1 (2003)]—examines the issue of secrecy; discusses threats posed to
intelligence sources and methods by the proliferation of leaks and provides examples of
how leaks damage US intelligence capabilities; and looks at the challenges related to
enforcement.
The Evolution of Intelligence Reform 2002-2004, by Philip Zelikow [Studies in Intelli-
gence 56, no. 3 (September2012)]—walks through the history of US intelligence reform;
outlines four models of IC management that have been debated over the years; and
provides the author’s perspective on how policy and legal changes worked to impose
the most recent round of IC reforms.
17. 15
Intelligence and Policy in Action
The articles in this section describe how intelligence has interacted with
policymakers under an array of challenging circumstances and capture the role
intelligence played in supporting customers as they negotiated treaties, selected
strategic programs, debated intervention, and engaged in wars and conflicts.
Policy and Intelligence, The Arab-Israeli War, by J.L. Freshwater [Studies in
Intelligence (1969)]—depicts the influence of intelligence on US decisionmak-
ing leading up to the Arab-Israeli war as a success story; addresses some of the
factors that led to the timely and insightful intelligence support to the crisis as it
unfolded; and examines the conditions that allowed the analytic community to
respond definitively to policymaker needs.
The INF Treaty, by William E. Kline [Studies in Intelligence (1991)]—uses
a Harvard University Kennedy School case study commissioned by the CSI to
highlight the role intelligence played in supporting treaty negotiators.
Intelligence in Small Wars, by George W. Allen [Studies in Intelligence
(1991)]— depicts some of the interactions between intelligence and policy during
the Vietnam war; highlights the challenges of providing unbiased intelligence in
the midst of political pressure; and outlines many challenges intelligence officers
may face when assessing small wars.
Lebanon and the Intelligence Community, by David Kennedy and Leslie Bru-
netta [Studies in Intelligence 37, no. 2 (1994)]—published by scholars at Harvard
University’s Kennedy School; depicts the less-than-positive outcome resulting
from intelligence-policy interactions surrounding US intervention in Lebanon in
the early 1980s; and uses interviews with participants to portray the relationships
among and perceptions of policymakers and intelligence analysts working the
issue at the time.
Intelligence and US Missile Defense Planning, by Thomas G. Ward, Jr.
[Studies in Intelligence 45 (2001)]— outlines the history of the US missile de-
fense program and discusses the intelligence that supported decisionmakers
throughout this costly strategic endeavor, including identifying threats, providing
technical specifications, and gauging foreign reactions.
18. 16
Intelligence Community and Policymaker Integration:
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Intelligence in War: It Can Be Decisive, by Gregory Elder [Studies in Intelligence 50,
no. 2 (2006)]—uses case studies to depict how warnings of enemy intentions and the
fusion of national- and tactical- level intelligence can provide policymakers and military
commanders with an edge in battle, and concludes that none of the victories described
were won by intelligence alone, but rather the appropriate application of force based on
the information provided.