Important edible mushrooms and cultivation of Pleurotus sp.

1. Edible Mushrooms
Cultivation of Pleurotus sp.

2. Cultivation of
Edible Mushrooms

3. Edible Mushrooms
 Mushroom fungi do not produce leaves,
flowers and fruits. But they produce
beautiful mushrooms equivalent to
vegetables and fruits. This mysterious
mushrooms are used as excellent food,
medicines and perfumes. Mushrooms are
nature’s gift
 - Chang, 1990

4. Edible mushrooms are fruiting bodies of fungus
found both in Basidiomycotina (Agaricus, Pleurotus) and
Ascomycotina ( morels, truffles). They are delicious and
highly priced. They supply nutrients necessary for human
health. They are also medicinal.
Mushrooms

5. Button Mushroom
Agaricus bisporus
• Agaricus bisporus is the species that you
all know as the "button mushroom," and is
the most cultivated mushroom in the world,

6. Oyster Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus,
• It is large, with a gray to gray-brown cap
that grows to around 5-15cm in its longest
dimension. The stalk of the mushroom is
generally white, short and eccentric, i.e.
not centrally attached. The gills are also
white

7. Milky mushroom
Calocybe indica

8. • In 1970, cotton waste was introduced as a
substrate that there was a substantial gain in yield,
This eventually led to the Paddy Straw Mushroom
becoming semi-industrialized in Hong Kong, Thailand
and Taiwan and Indonesia.
Volvariella volvacea, Paddy
Straw Mushroom

10. Lentinus edodes
Shitake Mushroom
• The cap is brown and "scaly," i.e. with
upright warts, while the stipe is yellowish-
white with a prominent, persistent annulus.
The Shiitake has the distinctive advantage
of a much longer shelf-life because they
are more commonly sold dried while most
other mushrooms are sold fresh.

11. Auricularia polytricha,
Ear Fungus
• Auricularia polytricha is one of the earliest
recorded edible species. It has a common
name which makes reference to the ear-
shaped structure of the fruiting body, Mu-
Erh (wood ear) in China, and Pepiao (ear) in
Hawai‘i,

12. Tremella fuciformis, Silver
Ear
• In old pharmacological, Chinese books, it is
said to cure tuberculosis, high blood
pressure, the common cold and to extend
life expectancy. It is also considered a
delicacy and, prior to its cultivation, was
affordable only for the tables of the rich.

13. Flammulina velutipes, Enoki
• The origin of cultivation of this species is
believed to be in Japan The Enoki is a very
small, delicate mushroom. The species is
whitish-yellow, with a cap not more than ¼-
½ " in diameter. The stalk is approximately
3-4" long and about ¼" thick.

14. Cultivated Ascomycota
Tuber melanosporum
(Black Truffle)
• The truffles are undoubtedly the most
sought after delicacy among the fungi, with
a market price of approximately $800 to
$1000 dollars a pound!!).

15. Morels
Morchella esculenta
• A species of fungi that is highly prized, but
until recently a means of cultivating it was
not known. The first report of outdoor
cultivation of morels was in 1883, from
France.

16. MUSHROOM VARIETIES
 69,000 fleshy fungal species are in the world
 2,000 species belong to 30 genera are edible;
283 species are available in India
 80 species are grown experimentally
 40 species are cultivated
economically
 20 species are
commercially exploited
 4 species are grown on

17. 29.2033.9034.40Energy (kg cal)
1.101.001.26Potash (%)
1.671.100.90Fibre (%)
0.250.360.19Fat (%)
1.802.902.80Protein (%)
5.515.306.28Carbohydrates; (%)
90.4089.5089.50Moisture (%)
Straw
Mushroom
Oyster
Mushroom
Button
MushroomNutrients
NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF
MUSHROOM (Fresh wt. basis)

18. Protein content (%) –
A Comparison
Mushroom 2.9
Peas 2.6
Cabbage 1.5
Carrot; 1.1
Cauliflower 2.7
Potato 2.1
Apple 0.3
Banana 1.1

19. MUSHROOM PRODUCTION
• WORLD MUSHROOM PRODUCTION (IN LAKH MT)
• 1975 - 09.00
• 2002 - 60.00
•
• China - 07.00
• USA - 03.50
• Japan - 03.25
• Nederland - 03.00
• England - 02.00
• Indonesia - 00.60
• India - 00.50

20. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
 Profitable agro enterprise
 Less investment ; More profit
 Component of Integrated Farming System
 It requires minimum land and water
 Part time / Full time profession
 More suitable for women
 Mushroom wastes – Cattle Feed, Organic
Manure

21. Mushrooms Cash Crops
From Farm Wastes

22. Annual Production of Agriculture wastes in
India (In Million tonnes)
Cereals (Rice, Wheat straw) 369
Plantation Crops 88
Pulses 16
Oilseeds 14
Total 487

23.  Button Mushroom – Agaricus sp.
 Oyster Mushroom – Pleurotus sp.
 Milky Mushroom – Calocybe indica
 Paddy straw Mushroom – Volvariella
volvaceae
• Mushrooms to be exploited
Agrocybe, Morchella, Lentinus, Auricularia,
Stropharia, Dictyophora, Tricholoma and Marasmius
EDIBILE MUSHROOM

24. 30 - 35145 – 180100 – 18040–50Productivity
(%)
CompostPaddy strawPaddy strawPaddy strawRaw material
+++++++++++Light
80 – 9085 – 9585 – 9080 – 90R.H. (%)
15 - 2525 – 3525 – 2832– 35Temp. (o
C)
90 - 12045 – 5045 – 5025 - 30Duration
(Days)
Button
mushroom
(Temperate)
Milky
mushroom(
Sub tropical)
Oyster
mushroom(
(Sub tropical)
Straw
mushroom(
Tropical)
FAVOURABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

25. Stages of mushroom
cultivation

26. CULTIVABLE MUSHROOM VARIETIES
OYSTER MUSHROOM
Variety Colour
Co 1 White
APK 1 Pink
MDU 1&2 White
Ooty 1 & Co 2 Ash or
Dull white
M2 Ash
PF White
Milky Mushroom APK 2
White
Milky mushroom
Oyster Mushroom

27. Suitable Raw materials
Highly suitable farm wastes
Paddy and Wheat straw (Productivity 80 – 150 per
cent)
Moderately suitable farm wastes
Sugarcane beggasse, maize earhead, waste cotton
bolls, Oilpalm fruit waste (Productivity 50 – 80
per cent)
Suitable farm waste
Cotton stalk, Sorghum stalk and Sugarcane trashes
((Productivity 40 – 50 per cent)
Oyster mushroom cultivation

28. Oyster mushroom cultivation
techniques
Paddy straw preparation
Mushroom spawn preparation
Polythene bags preparation
Mushroom bed preparation

29. Paddy Straw preparation
Paddy Straw cut in to pieces of 3-5 cm
Soak in clean water for 3-4 hours
After draining the water, boiling of paddy straw for 45
minutes
Drying in shade till it attains 60-65 % moisture content

30. Chaff cutter

31. Boiling of paddy straw for
Mushroom cultivation

32. Drying of Paddy straw

33. Mushroom spawn preparation
 One Bottle (300 gm) spawn is taken on
clean plastic plate
 Sufficient for preparation of two
mushroom beds
 Mushroom spawn available at TNAU,
Coimbatore, TRRI, Aduthurai and other
Agricultural Research Stations

34. Mushroom spawn bottles

35. Protection of spawn bottles from
insects

36. Readily available mushroom
seeds

37. Polythene bags preparation
 80 – 100 gauge thickness polythene
bags
 60 cm length and 30 cm width
 Bottom portion of poly bags tied with
twine thread

38. Mushroom beds
 Paddy straw bits are placed at the
bottom of polythene bags to a height of 10
cm (1st
layer)
 20 to 30 gm mushroom seeds are spread
over the straw
 Again straw bits are spread over
(2nd
layer)
 Five alternate layers of straw bits and
spawn are prepared
 Top portion of the poly bags are tied

39. Mushroom beds

40. Mushroom bed

41. Oyster mushroom shed
Per day
production
(kg)
Spawn
running room
(Sq.m)
Bed
maintenance
(Sq.m)
No. of beds
required / day
1 4 x 2 4 x 2 4
5 13.5 x 3 13.5 x 3 20
20 27 x 6 27 x 6 80

42. VIEW OF OYSTER MUSHROOM SHED

43. Bamboo Rack System

44. Mushroom shed –
Maintenance of beds

45. Keeping of mushroom beds
in the shed
 Wooden Rack /
Bamboo Rack
system
 Tire system -
Single /
Multi tire system

46. Oyster mushroom
(ready for harvest)