Tribological study of glass fiber reinforced composite

1. Tribological study of glass fiber reinforced
composite
By
Debabrata Panda
(Roll no: 118CR0681)
Under the supervision of
Prof. Debasish Sarkar
May-2022
Departmentof CeramicEngineeringNational
Instituteof Technology,RourkelaOdisha-
769008,India
1

2. Introduction
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A thermoset plastic resin combined with glass fibers is known as glass fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC). Fiber provides heaviness,
dimensional steadiness, and heat resistant. Color, surface finishes, and various qualities, like wear as well as flame retardant, are all
influenced by additives. Manipulation of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is required for complex chemical action. The
advantages and characteristics of GFRC include its light weight, very high strength, corrosive resistance, dimensionally stable, component
wise consolidation as well as tooling minimization, very low moisture absorption, very high dielectric strength, very minimal finishing is
required, very low moderate tooling cost, as well as design versatility.
A high-strength additive is incorporated with the virgin resin in reinforced composites. Glass, carbon, or Kevlar fiber are commonly used as
additives. These fibers can be randomly arranged, orientated, or arranged in a mat. Fine metal shavings are sometimes employed. GRP is a
plastic that’s been reinforced with the glass fibers. Composite type plastic, as well as Fiber reinforced plastic are all same thing. It's tough,
very light, as well as incredibly adaptable. It implies that it consists of qualities that make it very helpful in different sectors. FRP, the
abbreviation for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer. FRP is a composite material made up of a polymer matrix and fibers. FRP is a broad word that
refers to a variety of engineering materials that are utilized in different industrial applications. When referring to GRP, however, the terms
FRP and GRP are frequently used interchangeably.
Tribology is the study of wear, friction, and lubrication in natural as well as artificial systems, and it includes how interacting surfaces and
other tribo-elements behave in relative motion. Glass reinforced plastic is molded product, that means it has to fit in or round the shape of
the item that is supposed to hold. There will be no peeling or chipping around localized damage spots, color will not fade, and flexing or
movement will have no effect. There is a 100 percent assurance that GRP and FRP materials will not rust or corrode.

3. Classification of GFRC
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4. Classification of GFRC
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 A-Type glass: Alkali glass accounts for almost 90% of total glass production. It is a fairly common glass variety used for making jars,
beverage containers, food containers. Baking utensils are made of tempered alkali glass.
 C-Type glass: Compound of glass, often known as C glass, provides best protection against chemical type attack. Presence of significant
proportion of calcium-borosilicate ensures structure’s stability in corrosion type environments.
 D-Type glass: D-glass is known for its low dielectric constant due to the presence of boron-trioxide. Because of this property, it is well
suited for use in optical cables.
 E-Type glass: This is an alkali glass that is commonly referred to as electrical type glass. Its lightweight, high performance Glass-fibre
Reinforced plastic utilised in marine type, the aerospace, as well as other industrial applications.
 R-, S-, T-Type glass: When compared to E-type GFRP, they have a higher modulus and stiffness. Likewise, their superior acid strength as
well as wetting properties.
 S2-Type glass: This variety has a higher silica content. It has improved properties, such as superior performance of weight, increased
compressive strength, high thermal endurance, as well as very advanced impact of resistance.
 M-Type glass: Because of the presence of beryllium, this form of glass fibre is more flexible.
 Z-Type glass: Pretty translucent, and it's used in a variety of industries, including construction and 3D printing. Mechanical strength, UV
resistance, salt, alkali, acid, wear, temperature, and scratch resistance are all advantages of this type of glass fiber.

5. 8
Mechanical & tribological characteristics of short glass fiber reinforced composite
• Researchers created a GFR composite with the graphite as filler shows that these composites have higher mechanical and thermomechanical
strengths than those without.
• They discovered that sliding produces fiber peeling and abrasion in polyamide as well.
• The sliding wear behavior of the friction stir welded polyamide 66, including and excluding the glass fibre reinforcement, is tested
experimentally utilizing a pin-on-disk wear tester.
• With the addition of 5% alumina filler to the matrix material, scientists discovered a huge increase in wear resistance.
• Researchers believe that lamina with order E-glass fibre, bamboo fibre, epoxy resin composite specimen has more mechanical strength than
other lamina orders.
• Tribological qualities of a polyoxymethylene (POM) and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) blend reinforced short glass fibre. The
POM/PTFE blend tensile strength strengthened with short glass fibre
reported to have increased by 63%.
• In their experimental work, researchers discovered that MoS2 filled glass-
epoxy composites outperformed unfilled composites in terms of mechanical
and wear characteristics.

6. 8
Tribological behavior of glass fiber reinforced PEEK composite
• Polymers such as PEEK (polyetheretherketone) and
polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) have become key
engineering materials in recent years due to their ability to replace older
materials.
• Due to its high mechanical strength and elastic flexibility, high melting
temperature, chemical inertness, high toughness, easy processing, and
wear resistance, PEEK is a common matrix material for high performance
composites.
• Because of its high strength and melting point in comparison to other polymers, as well as its chemical and biological resistance, PEEK has a
wide range of uses in engineering and medicine.
• PEEK reinforced with certain fibers has a good influence on its strength and tribological qualities, according to a large number of
experiments into the tribological behavior of PEEK and its composite.
• The tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of glass fibers reinforced PEEK were all higher than those of
pure PEEK, indicating that the inclusion of short glass fibers into the PEEK polymer matrix increased mechanical performance significantly.
• Glass fibers reinforced PEEK outperformed PEEK in terms of wear resistance. The thermal stability of the PEEK polymer matrix was improved
by using short glass fiber.

7. 8
Tribological behavior of zirconia reinforced glass–ceramic composites
 Due to its good aesthetic, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility, dental glass–ceramics are commonly employed to make
prosthetic restorative materials.
 The friction and wear mechanisms that occur on dental restorative materials are influenced by a variety of parameters, including the
environment and material qualities.
 The breakdown of dental materials is also enhanced by food and microbial metabolic components. They are good options, but it is
well recognized that their main downside is their weak mechanical qualities, such as low fracture toughness and tensile strength.
 Framework support, dispersion strengthening, transformation toughening, residual surface stressing, and surface treatment to
improve the characteristics of dental glass ceramic composite and primarily responsible for improvement in wear resistance.
 The heat pressing technique was used to successfully create dental zirconia glass–ceramic reinforced composites. The findings
revealed that the amount of zirconia in a piece had an impact on wear behavior.
 Good dispersion of the reinforcement phase, which allowed load transfer reinforcing mechanism to occur efficiently from matrix to
reinforcement, was primarily responsible for improvement in wear resistance.

8. 8
Tribological properties of bamboo–glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite
 Glass added to bamboo fibre composites improves the characteristics of
the resulting hybrid composites.
 Bamboo has a variety of properties and qualities, and it is one of the
naturally occurring composite materials that can be used in the design
and development of polymer composites. Bamboo is now recognised as an
important natural plant fibre with great potential for use in the polymer
composite industry.
 The tensile and flexural strength of bamboo is considerably affected by the
layering sequence (changing the position of bamboo plies).
 The hybrid laminate with two extreme glass plies on either side of the
bamboo fibre has the best strength and modulus of all the laminate
composites.
 The L2 has the highest hardness rating of all the bamboo–glass hybrid
composite sequences. The L2 sequence laminate composite has a lower
wear behaviour than other hybrid composites and neat polymer
composites.
 When natural jute fibre was combined with glass fibre, the wear resistance
decreased when compared to glass composite.
 Bamboo–glass hybrid composites provide 80% of the strength of glass
composites. Bamboo is one of the naturally occurring composite materials
that can be used in the design and development of polymer composites

9. 8
Tribological properties of solid lubricants filled glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites
• Because of their excellent all-around qualities, polyamides (PAs) are ideal
thermoplastic materials for a variety of applications.
• Fibers are routinely added into PA matrix to improve friction and wear
performance.
• Many studies have improved our understanding of the effect of fibre
component, content, and orientation on tribological properties, as well as the
production process, test conditions. As a result, the wear resistance was much
improved.
• Due to its good combination of high specific strength and specific modulus,
fibre reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) are an important class of
tribo-materials.
• They're employed in a wide range of constructions in a wide range of
industries, from the automobile industry to biomechanics.

10. 8
Tribological behavior of fiber-reinforced composite material
 FRC materials are typically made up of fibers, resin, and other additives as a multi-phase composite material.
 Due to their superior performance, including high specific strength and stiffness, high fatigue endurance, and excellent wear-resistance, FRC
been widely used in the aerospace, military, vehicle, vessel sectors
 Composites with long fibers are more resistant to shear deformation than composites with short fibres, according to studies.
 The fiber phase exhibited good wear resistance because to its mechanical properties and a high thermal distortion temperature, which
played a reinforcing function in the FRC material. Due of its low heat distortion temperature, the resin phase of the FRC quickly softened and
deformed during friction tests.
 Because of transfer coating of resin, wear resistance and smooth wear surface, there which reduced coefficient of friction was good
lubrication between friction and provided higher pair, also the fibers. Furthermore, several studies have revealed that the tribological and
mechanical properties of FRC materials are influenced by the fibre orientation in the composite

11. 8
Tribological studies of glass fabric-reinforced polyamide composites filled with CuO & PTFE
• The ability of polyamide (nylon) to generate a thin and homogeneous transfer coating while
sliding across steel equivalents has been attributed to its higher wear resistance compared to
other polymers.
• Reinforcing materials like glass and carbon, especially in the form of fibres, improve the
mechanical properties of polymers dramatically. This has the added benefit of improving
biological characteristics.
• The steady state wear rate of nylon was lowered by glass fabric reinforcing. Glass fabric
reinforcing of roughly 20% vol.% was used to achieve the lowest wear rate.
Theaddition of CuO filler to glass fabric reinforced nylon had no effect on the composites'
wear resistance.
 Composites' friction and wear were minimised when I0 vol. percent PTFE was added to CuO-
filled and glass fabric-reinforced nylon.
 Several factors influenced wear in these composites, including fibre preferential loading
support, development of film on counter face and patchy structure on pin.

12. 8
Tribological Study of Graphene Coating on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite
• GFRP composites because of their high specific strength and specific modulus, are one of the
fastest-growing material types.
• Pipes in the petroleum and mining industries, helicopter rotor blades, pump impeller blades,
high-speed vehicles, and aircraft parts are all examples of GFRP composites in use today.
• Although glass fiber reinforcing improves mechanical and thermal performance, inadequate
chemical activity of the fiber surface causes the interphase of the composite to degenerate
during the sliding abrasion process, resulting in poor tribological performance. Furthermore,
abrasive wear is the leading cause of material loss in industrial applications.
• Brittle glass fibers can rupture due to friction, resulting in debris on the worn surface.
• Graphene, one of the available fillers and reinforcements, can endow composites with
outstanding self-lubricating qualities. Furthermore, due to its high modulus and strength, as well
as its extraordinarily large surface area, graphene provides exceptional reinforcing performance.
• Graphene adheres to the surface of the composite, providing a low-friction layer that prevents
direct contact between the composite and its rubbing counterpart. The protective qualities of
the coating improved when the graphene content in the coating preparation was increased.

13. 8
Tribological Behavior of Alumina-Filled Glass–Epoxy Composites
• Due to their excellent specific mechanical qualities compared to other traditional
materials, polymer composites have been utilized in many technical sectors, particularly
in aerospace applications.
• Pipelines delivering sand slurries in petroleum refining, helicopter rotor blades, pump
impeller blades, high-speed vehicles, water turbines, aviation engine blades, and
structural components functioning in desert settings are all examples of other uses.
• The insertion of glass or carbon fiber reinforcement and the filling of particulate
substances are often used to provide significant improvements in mechanical and
tribological qualities.
 Solid particle erosion causes component thinning, surface roughening, surface
degradation, macroscopic scooping, and a loss in the structure's functional life. Thus,
regarded as a major issue that results in several failures in engineering applications.
 Erosion resistance has become a critical material quality, especially when considering
alternative materials like polymer based composites.

14. 8
Tribological behavior of natural fiber reinforced PLA-glass composites
 The entirely bio-based polymer poly lactic acid (PLA) is
made from the fermentation of corn, potato, sugar beet,
and other agriculture-based materials.
 PLA has high mechanical properties, is a suitable barrier
material, and is simple to produce for a variety of
applications.
 Natural fiber reinforcing has little effect on the overall
average friction coefficient of PLA polymer. Addition of
natural fibers enhanced the wear performance of PLA
dramatically, since the specific wear rate of composites was
significantly lower than the specific wear rate of neat PLA,
especially at higher loads.
 Developed composites' wear performance is far more sensitive to changes in applied normal load than
to changes in sliding speed.
 The addition of fibres and/or fillers to PLA allows it to be tailored and engineered in terms of
mechanical, physical, and thermal properties.
 Natural fibres are viable candidate for reinforcement in composites for tribological applications.

15. Applications of glass fiber reinforced composite
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The materials used in the aeroplane and aeronautic industries must be strong and light. S-
glass is a preferred type of fibreglass in the industrial sector due to its greater strength and
modulus.
GFRC has good dimensional consistency, making it an excellent choice for use in
construction. Reduced weight, low combustibility, sway obstruction, and high strength are
all qualities that construction material should possess.
GFRC are used in the construction of furniture, decorative objects, sports and gym
equipment, and other items.
GFRC is also used in a variety of corrosion-resistant materials. In hostile and chemical
process industries, for a longer working life.
An excellent option of material for use in electrical appliances because of its good electrical insulating properties and stable mechanical
performance at high temperatures.
GFRC's durability and superior strength-to-weight ratio are major reasons for its use in marine & shipping industries.
GFRC's low density and great strength made it a popular development material in the vehicle industry as well.
GFRCs are ideal for medical equipment applications due to their high wear resistance, low porosity, and non-staining ability. GFRCs are
commonly utilized to make X-ray beds due to their transparency.

16. Reference
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[3] Preparation and Tribological Study of Graphene Coating on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Using Modified Percolating-Assisted Resin Film
Infusion Method Ben Wang 1,2 , Wei Han 1 , Yueke Ming 1 , Xiaohui Zhang 1,, Yansong Zhu 1 , Yugang Duan 1 , Hongxiao Wang 3 and Hongying
Zhao 2
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17. Thank you