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07 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
1.
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY Reece
• Urry • Cain •Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. TENTH EDITION 7 Membrane Structure and Function Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2.
Life at the
Edge The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Video: Structure of
the Cell Membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
Video: Water Movement
Through an Aquaporin © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5.
Concept 7.1: Cellular
membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions A phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary between two aqueous compartments © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
6.
Figure 7.2 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hydrophilic head WATER WATER Hydrophobic tail
7.
The fluid
mosaic model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it Proteins are not randomly distributed in the membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
8.
Figure 7.3 Fibers
of extra-cellular © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. matrix (ECM) Glyco-protein Carbohydrate Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Cholesterol Microfilaments of cytoskeleton Peripheral proteins Integral protein CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE
9.
Figure 7.3a ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibers of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) Glyco-protein Carbohydrate Cholesterol Microfilaments of cytoskeleton
10.
Figure 7.3b ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glycolipid EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE Integral protein CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE Peripheral proteins
11.
The Fluidity of
Membranes Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally Rarely, a lipid may flip-flop transversely across the membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
12.
Figure 7.4-1 Membrane
proteins Mouse cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human cell
13.
Figure 7.4-2 Membrane
proteins Mouse cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human cell Hybrid cell
14.
Figure 7.4-3 Membrane
proteins Mouse cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human cell Hybrid cell Mixed proteins after 1 hour
15.
As temperatures
cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are usually about as fluid as salad oil © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
16.
The steroid
cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of phospholipids At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
17.
Figure 7.5 (a)
Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails (b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fluid Viscous Unsaturated tails prevent packing. Saturated tails pack together. Cholesterol Cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures, but at low temperatures hinders solidification.
18.
Evolution of Differences
in Membrane Lipid Composition Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes of many species appear to be adaptations to specific environmental conditions Ability to change the lipid compositions in response to temperature changes has evolved in organisms that live where temperatures vary © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
19.
Membrane Proteins and
Their Functions A membrane is a collage of different proteins, often grouped together, embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Proteins determine most of the membrane’s specific functions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
20.
Peripheral proteins
are bound to the surface of the membrane Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core Integral proteins that span the membrane are called transmembrane proteins The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.
Six major
functions of membrane proteins Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.
Figure 7.7 (a)
Transport (b) Enzymatic © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. activity (c) Signal transduction (d) Cell-cell recognition (e) Intercellular joining (f) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) Enzymes ATP Signaling molecule Receptor Signal transduction Glyco-protein
23.
Figure 7.7a (a)
Transport © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Enzymes ATP Signaling molecule Receptor Signal transduction (b) Enzymatic activity (c) Signal transduction
24.
Figure 7.7b (d)
Cell-cell recognition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (e) Intercellular joining (f) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) Glyco-protein
25.
HIV must
bind to the immune cell surface protein CD4 and a “co-receptor” CCR5 in order to infect a cell HIV cannot enter the cells of resistant individuals that lack CCR5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
26.
Figure 7.8 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HIV Receptor (CD4) Co-receptor (CCR5) Receptor (CD4) but no CCR5 Plasma membrane (a) (b)
27.
The Role of
Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell- Cell Recognition Cells recognize each other by binding to molecules, often containing carbohydrates, on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more commonly to proteins (forming glycoproteins) Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma membrane vary among species, individuals, and even cell types in an individual © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
28.
Synthesis and Sidedness
of Membranes Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is determined when the membrane is built by the ER and Golgi apparatus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
29.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Transmembrane glycoproteins Figure 7.9 Secretory protein Golgi apparatus Vesicle Attached carbohydrate ER lumen Glycolipid Transmembrane glycoprotein Plasma membrane: Cytoplasmic face Extracellular face Membrane glycolipid Secreted protein
30.
Concept 7.2: Membrane
structure results in selective permeability A cell must exchange materials with its surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma membrane Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, regulating the cell’s molecular traffic © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
31.
The Permeability of
the Lipid Bilayer Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
32.
Transport Proteins
Transport proteins allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane Some transport proteins, called channel proteins, have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel Channel proteins called aquaporins facilitate the passage of water © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
33.
Other transport
proteins, called carrier proteins, bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane A transport protein is specific for the substance it moves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
34.
Concept 7.3: Passive
transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space Although each molecule moves randomly, diffusion of a population of molecules may be directional At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
35.
Figure 7.10 Molecules
of dye Membrane (cross section) Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. WATER (a) Diffusion of one solute (b) Diffusion of two solutes Equilibrium Equilibrium Equilibrium
36.
Animation: Diffusion ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
37.
Animation: Membrane Selectivity
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.
Substances diffuse
down their concentration gradient, the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because no energy is expended by the cell to make it happen © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
39.
Effects of Osmosis
on Water Balance Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
40.
Figure 7.11 Lower
concentration of solute (sugar) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Higher concentration of solute More similar concentrations of solute Sugar molecule H2O Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis
41.
Figure 7.11a ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis Water molecules can pass through pores, but sugar molecules cannot. Water molecules cluster around sugar molecules. This side has more solute molecules, fewer free water molecules. This side has fewer solute molecules, more free water molecules.
42.
Animation: Osmosis ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
43.
Water Balance of
Cells Without Cell Walls Tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
44.
Figure 7.12 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic H2O H2O Lysed Normal Shriveled Plasma membrane Cell wall Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed (b) Plant cell (a) Animal cell Plasma membrane H2H O 2O H2H O 2O H2H O 2O
45.
Hypertonic or
hypotonic environments create osmotic problems for organisms Osmoregulation, the control of solute concentrations and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in such environments The protist Paramecium, which is hypertonic to its pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole that acts as a pump © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
46.
Figure 7.13 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Contractile vacuole 50 μm
47.
Water Balance of
Cells with Cell Walls Cell walls help maintain water balance A plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid (firm) If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is no net movement of water into the cell; the cell becomes flaccid (limp) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
48.
In a
hypertonic environment, plant cells lose water The membrane pulls away from the cell wall causing the plant to wilt, a usually lethal effect called plasmolysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
49.
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive
Transport Aided by Proteins In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane Transport proteins include channel proteins and carrier proteins © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
50.
Channel proteins
provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane Aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of water Ion channels facilitate the diffusion of ions Some ion channels, called gated channels, open or close in response to a stimulus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
51.
Figure 7.14 Channel
protein Solute Carrier protein © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) A channel protein (b) A carrier protein Solute EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CYTOPLASM
52.
Carrier proteins
undergo a subtle change in shape that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
53.
Concept 7.4: Active
transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the solute moves down its concentration gradient, and the transport requires no energy Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes against their concentration gradients © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
54.
The Need for
Energy in Active Transport Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradients Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ATP Active transport is performed by specific proteins embedded in the membranes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
55.
Active transport
allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings The sodium-potassium pump is one type of active transport system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
56.
Figure 7.15 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [Na+] high [K+] low CYTOPLASM 1 2 5 6 4 3 [Na+] low [K+] high Na+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ ATP P ADP P P i P
57.
Figure 7.15a CYTOPLASM
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 [Na+] high [K+] low [Na+] low [K+] high Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ ATP P ADP EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1 Cytoplasmic Na+ binds to the sodium-potassium pump. The affinity for Na+ is high when the protein has this shape. Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
58.
Figure 7.15b 3
Phosphorylation 4 leads to a change in protein shape, reducing its affinity for Na+, which is released outside. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The new shape has a high affinity for K+, which binds on the extracellular side and triggers release of the phosphate group. Na+ Na+ P Na+ K+ K+ P P i
59.
Figure 7.15c 5
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 K+ is released; affinity for Na+ is high again, and the cycle repeats. Loss of the phosphate group restores the protein’s original shape, which has a lower affinity for K+.
60.
Animation: Active Transport
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
61.
Figure 7.16 Passive
transport Active transport © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ATP Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
62.
BioFlix: Membrane Transport
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
63.
How Ion Pumps
Maintain Membrane Potential Membrane potential is the voltage difference across a membrane Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
64.
Two combined
forces, collectively called the electrochemical gradient, drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane A chemical force (the ion’s concentration gradient) An electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
65.
An electrogenic
pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump Electrogenic pumps help store energy that can be used for cellular work © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
66.
Figure 7.17 ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ATP H+ CYTOPLASM H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Proton pump − − − − + + + +
67.
Cotransport: Coupled Transport
by a Membrane Protein Cotransport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
68.
Figure 7.18 Sucrose
ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Proton pump − − − − + + + + Sucrose-H+ cotransporter H+ H+ H+ H+ Sucrose Diffusion of H+
69.
Concept 7.5: Bulk
transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicles Bulk transport requires energy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
70.
Exocytosis In
exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
71.
Endocytosis In
endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins There are three types of endocytosis Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”) Receptor-mediated endocytosis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
72.
Figure 7.19 Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis EXTRACELLULAR FLUID © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Solutes Pseudopodium “Food” or other particle Food vacuole CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Coated pit Coated vesicle Coat protein Receptor
73.
Animation: Exocytosis ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
74.
Animation: Exocytosis and
Endocytosis Introduction © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
75.
Figure 7.19a ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phagocytosis EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Solutes Pseudopodium “Food” or other particle Food vacuole CYTOPLASM Pseudopodium of amoeba Bacterium Food vacuole An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via phago-cytosis (TEM) 1 μm
76.
Animation: Phagocytosis ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
77.
Animation: Pinocytosis ©
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
78.
Animation: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
79.
In phagocytosis
a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
80.
In pinocytosis,
molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
81.
In receptor-mediated
endocytosis, binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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