UIPS; Panjab University

1. DESIGN OF
BIOTRANSFORMATION
PROCESSES
PRESENTED BY- ANKUSH DUBEY

2. Biotransformation is a process of conversion of
reactants into products with the help of biological
catalysts(Free enzyme,immobilized enzymes or living
microbial cells).
.Our aim in biotransformation process is to utilize these
biological catalysts in reaction steps which are difficult
to accomplish by chemical methods. eg:- Introduction
of OH group at 11th position of steroidal nucleus so as to
synthesis anti-inflammatory corticosteroids.

3. .Our interest in using biological catalyst arises due
to their three important properties :-
1.Sterioselectivity
2.Mild reaction conditions required.
3.Negligible environment pollution.
.This way of using biological catalysts to carry out
the synthesis of products of human interest is
cost effective too.

4. SELECTION OF BIOTRANSFORMATION
PROCESS
.For the development of efficient, cost effective and safe
biotransformation process following points are
important:-
1.Selection of best combination of biocatalyst.
2.Suitable reactor.
3.Safe recovery process.

5. SELECTION OF BIOCATALYST
.The selection of biocatalyst is based upon the type
of reaction it catalyse and how we can use it. E.x-
Use of yeast for fermentation of cane sugar so as to
obtain alcohol but we cannot use penicillium
notatum for this purpose.

6. SUITABLe REACTOR
.Selection of reactor for biotransformation process is based
upon three things:-
1.Type of reaction.
2.Nature of reactants.
3.Enzyme involved.

7. Reactor types:-
1.Stirred tank reactor:-It contains all the enzymes and
substrates until whole reaction is not complete.
2.Batch membrane reactors:-In this enzyme is held within
membrane tubes which allow substrate to diffuse in and the
product to diffuse out. This reactor can be used in
semicontinuous manner using the same enzyme solution for
several batches.

8. 3.Packed bed reactor:-Also called as plug flow
reactor. It contains a settled bed of immobilized
enzyme particles.
4.Fluidised bed reactor:-In this the flow of gas and
substrate keeps the immobilized enzyme particles in
fluidized state.

9. SAFE RECOVERY PROCESS
.In most biotransformation processes the
end products are extracellular.
.The product can be in soluble or suspended
state .
.When whole biological catalysts are used
they have to be separated and repeatedly
washed(with water or organic solvent) as

10. .The final product can be recovered by
employing following techniques:-
1.Precipitation by salts.
2.Extraction with solvents.
3.Adsorption to ion exchangers.

11. BIOTRANSFORMATIONPROCESSES
USEFULFORUS
.There are hundreds of biotransformation processes
known to humans but all of them are not useful for
the synthesis of commercially important products.
.Some biotransformation processes of human
interest:-
1.Anaerobic sugar fermentation:-
.Reactant-cane sugar

12. .product-alcohol
.microorganism used-yeast
.enzyme involved- zymase
2.Bioleaching/microbial ore leaching:-
.It is a method of extracting metal from their ores with the
help of microbes.
.Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, Ni, Pb metals are extracted using this
technique.
.microbes are used as they can lower the production cost.

13. .microbe used-.Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
.Thiobacillus thiooxidans
3.Riboflavin(vitamin B2) production:-
.Vitamin B2 deficiency leads to sore throat,
lesions, conjunctivitis.
.Microbe used- Ashbya gossypii
.This microbe produces 20,000 time the amount
of vitamin B2 it requires for its metabolism.
4.Biofertilizers:-
.Microbes can also be used in agriculture to
improve fertility of soil.

14. 5.Insulin production:-
.Genetically engineered bacteria can be used
to produce insulin similar to human insulin
have lesser side effects.
.Microbe used- E.coli

15. 6.Antibiotics production:-
Microbe Antibiotic Use
1.B.subtilis Bacitracin
Dermatitis, dysentery.
2.Sterptomyces streptomycin
TB.
griseus
3.Penicillium penicillin
Fever, pneumonia.

16. MICROBES AND FUTURE
1.Cement making bacteria:-
.Could build cities in future.
.Microbe- Sporosarcina pasteurii.
2.Fungus-The future plastic:-
.Simple mycelium filaments can be grown to
different type of
oil based plastics.

17. 3.Seperation of enantiomers:-
.Optically active drugs are more selective and have less
side effects.
.Microbes could be used to separate enantiomers so as to
give an optically active compound.
4.Microbiota and cancer:-
.Microbiota are the commensal bacteria and
microorganisms present on the epithelial
barriers of host.
.Recent studies show that gut microbiota modulates the
response to cancer therapy and susceptibility to side
effect.
.They could be used to improve chemotherapy effects in
cancer treatment.

19. THANK YOU