lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;jf lgod

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL lgod
@)%)
-@)&#.(.@) ;Ddsf] ;+zf]wg ;lxt_
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+

ljifo ;"lr
ljifo k]h
1= k|f/lDes !
!s= ljZjljBfno ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ^
2= b/aGbL l;h{gf / kbk"lt{ !@
3= ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff $!
4= ;?jf $@
5= labf÷xflh/ %)
6= tna, eQf, bz} vr{, cf}iflw–pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ ^*
7= cjsfz, pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0f &(
8= ;~rosf]if tyf ;fk6L;DaGwL Joj:yf (^
9= cfr/0f (&
10= ljefuLo sf/afxL, ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg !)@
11= ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ !!@
12= ;]jf cfof]usf] a}7s / lg0f{o !!$
13= k/LIff ;~rfng / kf7oqmd lgwf{/0f !!%
14= k/fdz{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw !!*
15= lg/LIf0f / k'g/fnf]sg !@)
16= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg !@@
17= k'g/fj]bg cfof]u !@^
18= ljljw !#!

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L
;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%)
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf % -h_, !) -r_ / bkmf
#$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;efn]
b]xfosf lgodx¿ agfPsf] 5 .
kl/R5]b – !
k|f/lDes
!= ;ªlIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] lgodsf] gfd ælqe'jg
ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;]jf;DaGwL lgod, @)%)Æ
/x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgod t'?Gt nfu" x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M -!_ljifo jf k|;ªun] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o;
lgoddf
-s_ æP]gÆ eGgfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$(
;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ æljZjljBfnoÆ eGgfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æ;efÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf * adf]lhdsf]
ljZjljBfno ;ef ;Demg'k5{ .
1

-3_ æsfo{sf/L kl/ifbÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhdsf]
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb ;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ æ;]jf cfof]uÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd ul7t
;]jf cfof]u ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ Θ
æk'g/fj]bg cfof]uÆ eGgfn] lgod !)* cg';f/
ul7t k'g/fj]bg cfof]u ;Demg'k5{ .
-5_ æcWoIfÆ eGgfn] Θ
o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b !!, !@, !#,
!$ / !% sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;]jf cfof]usf] /
kl/R5]b !& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k'g/fj]bg cfof]usf]
cWoIfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-h_ æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] Θ
o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b !!, !@, !#,
!$, / !% sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;]jf cfof]u / kl/R5]b
!& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k'g/fj]bg cfof]usf ;b:onfO{
;Demg'k5{ .
-em_ æcWoog ;+:yfgÆ eGgfn] P]gadf]lhdsf] cWoog
;+:yfg ;Demg'k5{ .
-`_ æ;ªsfo Æ eGgfn] P]gadf]lhdsf] ;ªsfo
;Demg'k5{ .
-6_ æs]Gb|Æ eGgfn] P]gadf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
;Demg'k5{ .
Θ
@)&# ;fn kf}if @) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
2

-7_ æljefuÆ eGgfn] P]gadf]lhdsf] s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf
ljefux¿ ;Demg'k5{ .
-8_ Θ
æ;ªu7g jf lgsfoÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no jf ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg
;ªu7g jf lgsfo jf sfof{nonfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-9_ Θ
ækbflwsf/LÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhdsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] k"/f
;do sfd ug]{ ;b:o, k/LIff lgoGqs, kf7oqmd
ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs / lgod tyf
lg0f{oåf/f sfod ul/Psf ;a} lsl;dsf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-0f_ æpks'nkltÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt
;Demg'k5{ .
-t_ ælzIffWoIfÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] lzIffWoIf
;Demg'k5{ .
-y_ æ/lh:6«f/Æ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf /lh:6«f/
;Demg'k5{ .
-b_ æ8LgÆ eGgfn] cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ªsfo sf] 8Lg
;Demg'k5{ .
-w_ ælzIfsÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf @ -6_ df kl/efiff
ul/Psf lzIfs ;Demg'k5{ .
Θ
3

-g_ ♦
æsd{rf/LÆ eGgfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf kbdf
axfn /x]sf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{
-k_ ♦
æk|d'vÆ eGgfn] sfo{/t /x]sf] ;ªu7g jf lgsfosf]
k|d'v elg tf]lsPsf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
hgfpFb5 . o; zAbn] ljefu, sfof{no jf dxfzfvf
jf zfvf k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] clws[t :t/sf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t hgfpFb5 .
-km_ æljZjljBfno ;]jfÆ eGgfn] lgod #s adf]lhd
ul7t ljZjljBfno ;]jf ;Demg'k5{ .
Θ
-km!_ æ:yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dltÆ eGgfn] ljb]zL
d'n'sn] s'g} zt{ tf]sL jf gtf]sL ;f] d'n'sdf
:yfoL ¿kn] a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] u/L g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 8fOe/l;l6
Oldu|]G6 le;f, -l8=eL_, k/dfg]G6 /]lh8]G6
le;f -lk=cf/_ jf u|Lg sf8{ ;Demg' k5{ /
;f] zAbn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljb]zdf :yfoL
¿kdf a;f]af; ug{ lbOPsf] h'g;'s} gfdsf]
:yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dltnfO{ ;d]t hgfp“5 .Æ
Θ
-km@_ æk|fWofks ;+3Æ eGgfn] lq=lj= k|fWofks ;+3
;Demg'k5{ .
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
Θ
4

Θ
-km#_ æsd{rf/L ;+3Æ eGgfn] lq=lj= sd{rf/L ;+3
;Demg'k5{ .
Θ
-km$_ æljZjljBfno ;]jf aflx/Æ eGgfn]
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ªu7g jf lgsfo
afx]ssf cGo z}lIfs ;+:yf jf sfof{nodf ug]{
;]jfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
Θ
-km%_ æcf+lzs ;dosf] /f]huf/L jf ;]jfÆ eGgfn]
ljZjljBfno ;]jf aflx/sf nflu cf+lzs
;dosf] /f]huf/L jf ;]jf hgfp+5 .
-j_ æclVtof/jfnfÆ eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] clVtof/jfnf
;Demg'k5{.
-e_ Θ
ætf]lsPadf]lhdÆ eGgfn] o; lgod / lgod
cGtu{t ag]sf ljlgoddf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;Demg'k5{ .
Ξ
-@_
#= Τ
lgodsf] JofVofM o; lgodsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbnfO{ x'g]5 .
Ξ
@)&# ;fn kf}if @) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
Τ
@)%^ ;fn kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
5


kl/R5]b !s
ljZjljBfno ;]jfx¿sf] u7g
#s=ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] u7gM -!_ ljZjljBfnon] b]xfoadf]lhdsf
ljZjljBfno ;]jfx¿ / ;d"xx¿sf] u7g ug]{ 5 M
s_ lzIf0f ;]jf
v_ k|zf;g ;]jf
;]jf ;d"x
s_ lzIf0f ;]jf ;fdfGo ;d"x
s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg ;d"x
OlGhlgol/ª ;d"x
lrlsT;fzf:q ;d"x
jg ;d"x
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;d"x
sfg'g ;d"x
lzIff ;d"x
dfgljsL tyf ;dflhszf:q ;d"x
Joj:yfkg ;d"x
v_ k|zf;g ;]jf k|zf;g ;d"x
cfly{s k|zf;g ;d"x
k':tsfno ;d"x
:jf:Yo ;d"x
k|fljlws ;d"x

@)&# ;fn kf}if @) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
6

:ki6Ls/0fM
!_ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;ªsfo jf cWoog ;+:yfgdf
cWofkg ul/g] / ;'? ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu 5'66}
lsl;dsf] of]Uotf gtf]lsPsf] ljifox¿nfO{ lzIf0f
;]jfsf] ;fdfGo ;d"xdf ;d"xLs[t ul/g] 5 .
@_ k|zf;g ;]jf, k':tsfno ;]jf, cfly{s k|zf;g ;]jf /
c:ktfn ;]jfdf ;d"xLs[t ug{ g;lsg] sDKo'6/,
5fkfvfgf, ;Dkfbg cflb k|fljlws Pjd cw{k|fljlws
kbx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;]jfdf ;d"xLs[t ul/g] 5 .
-@_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf kb / >]0fLx¿
/xg] 5g .
s_ lzIf0f ;]jfdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf kb / >]0fLx¿ /xg] 5g M
kb >]0fL
k|fWofks ljlzi6
;xk|fWofks k|yd
pkk|fWofks låtLo
;xfos k|fWofks t[tLo
pk k|lzIfs rt'y{
;xfos k|lzIfs kfrf}+F
b|i6Jo M
lzIf0f ;xfos / lzIf0f ;xfos kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd
z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf k|lzIfs kbdf sfo{/t lzIfsx¿nfO{
;xfos k|fWofks kbdf ;dfof]hg ul/g] 5 . of] lgod nfu"
x'g'eGbf klxn] sfo{/t d'Vo k|lzIfs kbnfO{ ;xk|fWofks kbsf
7

nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]df ;xk|fWofks kbdf / jl/i7
k|lzIfs kbnfO{ pkk|fWofks kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd
of]Uotf k'u]df pkk|fWofks kbdf ;dfof]hg ul/g] 5 .
v_ k|zf;g ;]jfsf] clws[t:t/df b]xfoadf]lhdsf kb /
>]0fLx¿ /xg] 5g M
>]0fL k|zf;g ;d"x cfly{s
k|zf;g
;d"x
k':tsf
no
;d"x
:jf:Yo ;d"x k|fljlws
;d"x
!=ljlzi6 k|zf;s k|d'v sfg'gL
;Nnfxsf/
cfly{s
lgoGqs
k':tsfno
k|zf;s
gl;{ª
lgoGqs
@=k|yd ;x
k|zf;s
pkk|d'v
sfg'gL
;Nnfxsf/
cfly{s
;x
lgoGqs
k':tsfno
;x
k|zf;s
gl;{Ë
;x
lgoGqs
k|fljlws
lgb]{zs
k|fljlws
lgb]{zs
#=låtLo pk
k|zf;s
sfg'gL
;Nnfxsf/
cfly{s
pk
lgoGqs
k':tsfno
pk
k|zf;s
gl;{Ë
pk
lgoGqs
k|fljlws
pk
lgb]{zs
k|fljlws
pk
lgb]{zs
$=t[tLo zfvf
clws[t
;xfos
sfg'gL
;Nnfxsf/
n]vf
clws[t
k':tsfno
clws[t
gl;{Ë
clws[t
k|fljlws
clws[t
k|fljlws
clws[t
8

-u_ k|zf;g ;]jfdf /xg] ;xfos :t/sf b]xfoadf]lhdsf kb /
>]0fLx¿ /xg] 5g M
qm= ;+= >]0fL k|zf;g
;d"x
cfly{s
k|zf;g
;d"x
k':tsfno
;d"x
:jf:Yo ;d"x k|fljlws
;d"x
! k|yd d'Vo
sfof{no
;xfos
d'Vo
n]vf
;xfos
d'Vo
k':tsfno
;xfos
:6fkm
g;{
l;lgo/
c=g=dL=
d'Vo
:jf:Yo
;xfos
d'Vo
k|fljlws
;xfos
@ låtLo sfof{no
;xfos
n]vf
;xfos
k':tsfno
;xfos
c=g=dL= :jf:Yo
;xfos
k|fljlws
;xfos
# t[tLo slgi7
sfof{no
;xfos
slgi7
k|fljlws
;xfos
$ >]0fL
ljxLg
sfof{no
;xof]uL
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd ul7t ;]jfsf ;d"x, pk ;d"x
/ kbx¿ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
:jf:Yo ;d"x / k|fljlws ;d"xsf kb k5fl8 sf]i7leq
pk;d"xsf] gfd /fvL kbsf] gfd sfod ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;]jfsf ;d"x, pk ;d"xx¿df
/xg] ljleGg kbx¿sf nflu ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu rflxg]
Go"gtd of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
#v= >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] :t/ j[l4;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_
k|zf;g ;]jfsf >]0fLljxLg kbx¿sf] :t/ b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5 M
-s_ k|yd:t/
-v_ låtLo:t/
9

-u_ t[tLo:t/
-3_ rt'y{:t/
-ª_ kf“rf}F :t/
-@_ >]0fLljxLg kbdf ;'? lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] k|yd:t/ sfod
x'g]5 .
-#_ lgod *@ -s_ -!_ adf]lhd gl;xt kfPsf]df ;f] ;hfo
kfPsf] ldltn] Ps jif{sf] cjlwe/ / *@-s_ -@_ jf -#_
adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf]df ;f] ;hfo kfPsf] cjlwe/
afx]ssf >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] clVtof/jfnfn]
b]xfoadf]lhd :t/ j[l4 ug]{ 5M
-s_ kf“r jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L t/ b; jif{eGbf sd ;]jf
cjlw ePsf]nfO{ låtLo:t/,
-v_ b; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L t/ kGw| jif{eGbf sd ;]jf
cjlw ePsf]nfO{ t[tLo:t/,
-u_ kGw| jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L t/ aL; jif{eGbf sd ;]jf
cjlw ePsf]nfO{ rt'y{:t/ .
-3_ aL; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw ePsf]nfO{
kf“rf}F:t/ .
-$_ pklgod -!_ sf] :t/adf]lhdsf] tnadfg tf]s]adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-%_ :t/ j[l4;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
#u= sfo{ ljj/0f M -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] :jLs[t u/]sf]
;ªu7gsf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt k|d'vn]
ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf k|To]s kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu"
ug]{ 5 . To:tf] sfo{ ljj/0fdf To:tf] kbsf] sfd,
st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj, clwsf/ / of]Uotf;d]t :ki6
¿kdf lsl6Psf] x'g]5 .
10

-@_ lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} klg kbdf kb:yfkg ubf{
lbOg] kq;Fu} lghsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{
ljj/0fcg';f/sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ;"rsfÍ;d]t pknAw
u/fpg'kg]{5 .
-#_ sfo{ ljj/0f;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
11

kl/R5]b – @
b/aGbL l;h{gf / Θ
kbk"lt{
$= b/aGbL l;h{gfM ljZjljBfnodf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
b/aGbL sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]ad]lhd x'g]5 .
%= Ξ
^= kbk"lt{ ug]{ tl/sf M
-!_Θ
;]jfdf l/Qm /x]sf kbx¿dWo] cfGtl/s jf v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfåf/f lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf,
sfo{Ifdtf, h]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg ;d]tsf] d"NofÍgaf6
a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbx¿sf] k|ltzt tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-@_Ξ
-#_-!_Ξ
-#_-@_Ξ
-#_-#_Ξ
-#_-$_ Θ
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lzIf0f / k|zf;g ;]jftk{m
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGt s]jn k|j]z ljGb'df dfq nfu"
ul/g]5 . k|j]z ljGb' eGgfn] lzIfssf] xsdf pkk|fWofks,
;xfos k|fWofks jf ;f] ;/x / ;f]eGbf d'lgsf] kb tyf
Ξ
Θ
12

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x / ;f]eGbf
d'lgsf] >]0fL ljxLg kb afx]ssf kbnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
pkk|fWofks jf ;xfos k|fWofks kbdf lgo'lQm x'gsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd of]Uotf ljlgoddf tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
ϖ
-#_-%_lgod ^ sf] pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg ljZjljBfnosf] lzIf0f ϒ
tyf k|zf;g ;]jfnfO{
;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] Θ
$%
k|ltzt kb ;ªVof 5'6ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL
b]xfoadf]lhd juL{s[t pDd]bjf/lar 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{sf
cfwf/df b]xfofg';f/ kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 .
s= dlxnf @# k|ltzt
v= cflbjf;L @& k|ltzt
u= dw];L @@ k|ltzt
3= blnt ( k|ltzt
ª= ckfË % k|ltzt
r= lk5l8Psf] If]q $ k|ltzt
!)) k|ltzt

:ki6Ls/0f M
-!_ o; pklgodsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ælk5l8Psf] If]qÆ
eGgfn] c5fd, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf,
aemfª, afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnf ;Demg'k5{ .
ϖ
@)^^ ;fn d+;L/ @@ ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
Θ

13

-@_ o; pklgodsf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_, sf]
k|of]hgsf nflu ædlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L /
blntÆ eGgfn] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf
k5fl8k/]sf dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L /
blntnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ . o; k|of]hgsf nflu cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf,
cflbjf;L÷hghftL, dw]zL, blnt ;d'bfosf] ljj/0f
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
t/ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L gtf]s];Ddsf
nflu ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghftL, dw]zL,
blntnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8
k/]sf] ;d'bfo dflgg]5 .
-#_-^_Ξ
-#_-&_ Θ
lgod #=-%_ adf]lhd 5'66ofOPsf] kbdf h'g jif{sf
nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f] jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf pko'Qm
pDd]bjf/ pknAw x'g g;s]df ;f]xL jif{ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{5 .
ϖ
-#_-*_Ξ
Θ
Ξ

14


-#_-(_o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
pklgod #-%_ sf] v08 -ª_ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf]
kb s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu tf]lsPadf]lhdsf
ckfËx¿aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds
k/LIffåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] 5 .

-#_-!)_lgod #=-%_ adf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ Ps
k|ltzteGbf sd 3ftfªs -Î|ofS;g_ cfPdf To:tf] 3ftfªs
h'g ;d"xsf] xsdf 3ftfªs cfPsf] xf] ;f]eGbf nuQ}
kl5sf] ;d"xdf ;b}{ hfg]5 .

-#_-!!_lgod #=-%_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|ltztåf/f
kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf k|To]s b; jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{kg]{5 .

-#_-!@_lgod #=-%_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltztadf]lhd kb ;+Vof
lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} ljjfb cfPdf ;]jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o
clGtd x'g]5 .

-#_-!#_o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g}
vf; k|s[ltsf] sfo{ jf kbsf nflu dlxnfn] dfq k|lt:kwf{
ug{ kfpg] kb tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
ℵ
^s=sd{rf/Lsf] j9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfM
-!_ o; lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Pp6}
>]0fLdf slDtdf !% jif{;Dd :yfoL ;]jfdf axfn

15

/lx/x]sf] pk–k|zf;s jf ;f];/x jf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf]
lq=lj= ;]jfsf sd{rf/Ln] clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg Ps
dlxgf afFsL ePdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps >]0fL
dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g]5 .
-@_ Pp6} kbdf slDtdf kGw| jif{;Dd :yfoL ;]jfdf jxfn
/lx/x]sf pk–k|zf;s jf ;f];/x jf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] cj:yf ePsf / pd]/sf] xb krf;
jif{ k'/f u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon]
:j]lR5s cjsfzsf] nflu ;"rgf lgsfn]sf] ;doleq
lgj]bg lbPdf lghnfO{ Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf
u/L Ps dlxgfleq cjsfz lbOg]5 .
-#_ Θ
pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd a9'jf ug{sf nflu
:jtM ljz]if kb l;h{gf x'g]5 / To:tf] sd{rf/L
;]jfaf6 cjsfz ePkl5 ;f] kb -;fljs kb oyfjt
/xg] u/L_ vf/]h x'g]5 . of] a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if
Joj:yf >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf nfu"
x'g]5}g .
-$_ dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg Pp6} kbdf
o; lgod adf]lhdsf] cjlw k'/f ePsf s'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{
Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbsf] lgj[lQe/0f nufotsf cGo
;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 .
Θ
16

&= Θ
lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf nflu pd]bjf/ x'g rflxg] of]UotfM -!_
ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf nflu
pd]bjf/ x'g rflxg] of]Uotf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

-!s_pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lzIf0f
;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf l/Qm kbx¿df
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] lgldQ l/Qm kbeGbf Ps
>]0fLd'lgsf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xcGtu{t
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / k|fWofkssf] xsdf tLg
jif{ / cGosf] xsdf kf“r jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf
lzIfsx¿ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g .

-!v_ pklgod -!_ df h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|zf;g
;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf l/Qm kbx¿df a9'jf
ug{sf] lgldQ l/Qm kbeGbf Ps >]0fLd'lgsf ;DalGwt
;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xcGtu{t tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf / kf“r jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g]5g . l;kmfl/;sf cGo cfwf/x¿ tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
Θ
-@_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] kbdf lzIfssf] lgo'lQm tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ubf{ a9'jfsf cfwf/ /
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg;DaGwL Joj:yf s[lt d"Nofªsg,
z}lIfs of]Uotf, cg'ej, ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej,
tflnd / cGtjf{tf{sf] cªs ljefhg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
Θ

17

-#_Ξ
Τ
-$_;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfåf/f lgo'lQm jf
a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/;df lrQ ga'emg] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln]
To:tf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ldltn] @) lbgleq kl/R5]b !&
adf]lhd ul7t k'g/fj]bg cfof]udf ph'/L lbg ;Sg]5 .
o;/L k/]sf] ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg cfof]un] #)
lbgleq 6'ªuf] nufO;Sg' kg]{5 . t/ s'g} k|sf/n] Dofb
yk ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfPdf sf/0f v'nfO{ sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb;dIf Dofb yksf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{kg]{5 . Dofb
yksf] :jLs[lt ePdf ;f] cjlwleq 6'ªuf] nufpg'kg]{5 .
a9]sf] Dofb leq klg 6'ªuf] gnfu]df lgo'lQm lbg afwf
kg]{5}g .
•
&s= pDd]bjf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]UotfM -!_ b]xfosf JolQmx¿
lq=lj= ;]jfsf] kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}ggM
-s_ clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/LeGbf d'lgsf kbdf !* jif{ k'/f
gePsf,
-v_ lzIfstkm{ / clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/Ltkm{sf kbdf @!
jif{ pd]/ k'/f gePsf,

-u_ lzIf0ftk{msf] kbdf $% / sd{rf/Lsf] tk{msf] kbdf
$) jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO;s]sf .
Ξ
Τ
•
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
18

t/
-!_ lzIfstk{m ;xk|fWofks / k|fWofkssf] v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfdf %) jif{ gf3]sf ljZjljBfno ;]jf
aflx/sf JolQm pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}gg .
-@_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf :yfoL, c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfsf
axfnjfnf lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf pd]/sf] xb nfUg]
5}g
-#_ ljZjljBfno cGtu{t cf+lus SofDk;÷lgsfodf
nuftf/ kfFr jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw ;]jf u/]sf
cf+lzs lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf]
;]jf k|j]zsf] v'Nnf lj1fkgdf cfj]bg lbg] k|of]hgfy{
Ps k6snfO{ pd]/sf] xb nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-3_ eljiodf lq=lj= ;]jf jf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo
7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf,
-ª_ u}/g]kfnL gful/s,
-r_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6
s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf] .

&v= a9'jfsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] M lgod &s
df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf

19

b]xfosf] cjlwe/ lzIfs sd{rf/L a9'jfsf nflu ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}gM
-s_ lgnDag ePsf]df lgnDag ePsf] cjlwe/,
-v_ a9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-u_ tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-3_ cfkm}+n] lgj]bg lbO{ ;]jf jf ;d"x kl/jt{g u/]sf] eP
To;/L ;]jf jf ;d"x kl/jt{g u/]sf] ldltn] Ps
jif{sf] cjlwe/ .

&u= a9'jf lgo'lQmsf] /f]Ssf tyf km's'jfM s'g}
lzIfs÷sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; eO;s]kl5
a9'jf lgo'lQm gkfpGh]n lgnDag jf a9'jf /f]Ssf
jf tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ePdf plNnlvt cjlwe/
lghsf] a9'jf lgo'lQm /f]Ssf ul/g] 5 / lgnDagaf6 lghn]
;kmfO{ kfPdf jf /f]Ssf cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 lgh lgnDag
jf /f]Ssf geP;/x dfgL lgo'lQm lbO{ h]i7tf dfq sfod
ul/g] 5 .

&3= sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf] cfwf/ M -!_ ;]jf
cfof]un] k|zf;g ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfafkt kfPsf]
s'n cªssf] cfwf/df a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5 .
-@_ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsgafkt
cªs u0fgf ubf{ cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] lx;fan] / cGo
cªssf] u0fgf ubf{ a9'jfsf] b/vf:t lbg] clGtd Dofb;Dd
xfl;n u/]sf] cªs u0fgf ul/g] 5 .

20


&ª=sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofªsgM -!_ lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg jflif{s ¿kdf ul/g] 5 .lzIfs
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofªsg ug{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg kmf/fd k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
-@_ lzIf0f ;]jfsf lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg
;DalGwt lgsfo k|d'vn] ug]{ 5 . ;f] sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
lzIffWoIfn] ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsgsf]
s'n cªssf] ljefhg b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd – tL; cªs
-v_ k|d'v d"Nofªsgstf{n] lbg ;Sg] – krf; cªs
clwstd
-u_ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] lbg ;Sg] – aL; cªs
clwstd
-$_ sd{rf/Lsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs ;DalGwt zfvf k|d'v, k|d'v
d"Nofªsgstf{ lgsfo÷ dxfzfvf k|d'v / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{
/lhi6«f/ x'g]5g . t/ pks'nkltsf] sfof{nosf nflu
pks'nklt, ;]jf cfof]usf] xsdf ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf,
lzIffWoIfsf] sfof{nosf nflu lzIffWoIf / /lhi6«f/
sfof{nosf nflu /lhi6«f/ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ x'g]5g .
-%_sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf

21

*= lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yfM -!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbåf/f lgo'lQm / a9'jf ul/g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{
cfPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] s'g}
kbflwsf/L jf clVtof/jfnf tf]Sg ;Sg]5.
Τ
-#_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf lgo'Qm jf a9'jf ePsf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/LnfO{ glthf k|sfzg eO{ ph'/Lsf] Dofb ;lsPsf]
jf ph'/Lsf] 6'ªuf] nfu]sf] ldltn] ;fdfGotM !% lbgleq
lgo'lQm jf a9'jfkq lbg'kg]{5 . lgo'lQm jf a9'jfkq hf/L
ePsf] ldltn] ;fdfGotM !% lbgleq a'lemlnO;Sg' kg]{5 .
To:tf] kq a'em]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq tf]s]sf] :yfgdf
xflh/ eO;Sg'kg]{5 . ;f] adf]lhd gePdf lgo'lQm jf
a9'jf :jtM /2 x'g]5 .
t/ ljZjljBfnosf] :yfoL ;]jfdf ePsf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cWoog labf, sfh jf cGo labfdf a;]sf]
cj:yf ePdf of] lgod nfu" x'g]5}g .
(= ♦
k/LIf0f sfnM ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF
lgo'lQm ubf{ Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0f sfndf /xg] u/L ul/g]5 .
k/LIf0f sfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf]
lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L lgo'lQm ab/ gul/Psf
Τ
♦
22

lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ePkl5 :jtM
;b/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
t/ lq=lj= ;]jfsf] s'g} kbdf Psk6s :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{
k/LIf0fsfn e'Qmfg ul/;s]sf] lzIfs sd{rf/L lq=lj=
;]jfsf] csf]{ kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ /dfgf lnO{ cfPdf
To:tf] lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ k'gM k/LIf0fsfndf /flvg]5}g .
!)= c:yfoL •
jf s/f/ lgo'lQmM -!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jf;DaGwL
s'g} kb s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm ePdf ;f] kbdf ;]jf cfof]un]
tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln] Ps
k6sdf 36Ldf ^ dlxgfsf nflu / a9Ldf ! jif{;Ddsf
nflu c:yfoL / @ jif{;Dd s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 .
o;/L l/Qm /x]sf] kbdf ;]jf cfof]uaf6 :yfoL JolQm
l;kmfl/; eO{ gcfpGh]n;Ddsf nflu tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln]
c:yfoL jf s/f/sf] Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .

-!s_c:yfoL jf s/f/df lgo'lQm ePsf JolQmsf] kbfjlw
;]jf cfof]uaf6 :yfoL JolQm l;kmfl/; eO{ gcfPdf
a9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Dd x'g]5 . o;/L l/Qm /x]sf] kbdf ;]jf
cfof]uaf6 :yfoL JolQm l;kmfl/; eO{ gcfpGh]n;Ddsf
nflu tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln] c:yfoL jf s/f/sf] Dofb yk
ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ o; lgod adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf lzIfs
sd{rf/L lgo'lQm kfP nuQ} x'g] ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf
;kmn gePdf Dofb yk ug{ ;lsg]5}g .
•

23

-@_ s'g} lzIfs labf jf sfhdf cGoq uPsf] cj:yfdf
c:yfoL lgo'lQm jf s/f/ ;]jfcGtu{t lgo'lQm gu/L ;f]
lzIfsn] lng] u/]sf] sIff jf ug]{u/]sf cg';Gwfg jf sfo{
cGo lzIfs jf pko'Qm JolQmåf/f cf+lzs ;dosf] ;]jf
lng] u/L tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Θ
-#_;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ kb l/Qm ePdf
l/Qm ePsf] a9Ldf Ps dlxgfleq ;DalGwt sfof{non]
sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kg]{5 .

-$_ of] lgod kfl/t ePkl5 s;}n] klg ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf
lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
Hofnfbf/Ldf lgo'Qm ug{ kfOg]5}g .
!!= ♦
cfuGt's lzIfs ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ o; lgodsf] lgod !)
df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfjZostf / cf}lrTocg';f/
ljZjljBfnon] ♦
s'g} cg'ejL, bIf, Vofltk|fKt JolQmnfO{ cfuGt's
lzIfssf] ¿kdf s/f/gfdfsf] ;t{aGbLdf sfd u/fpg ;Sg]5 . o;/L
s/f/gfdfsf] ;t{aGbLdf cfpg] JolQmx¿nfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
k|rlnt :s]neGbf a9L tna tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ lbg ;Sg]5 .
♣
-@_
♣
-#_
Θ
♣
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
Τ

24

!@= kbfjlw u0fgf ul/g] M Τ
lgod * adf]lhd :yfoL kbdf
lgo'lQm eO{ k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;b/
ePdf ;f] k/LIf0f sfnsf] cjlwnfO{ k|To]s jif{df yk ul/g]
u|]8 j[l4 tyf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ul/g]5 .

!@s sfof{no jf dxfzfvf k|d'vdf lgo'lQm M -!_ ljZjljBfno
;]jfsf] sfof{no jf dxfzfvf k|d'vdf k|zf;g ;]jfsf]
:yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ /lhi6«f/af6 lgo'Qm ul/g] 5 . sfof{no
jf dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] kb, ;]jf,;d"x / >]0fL tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
!#= sfod d'sfod eO{ sfd ug]{ M Τ
-!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf]
dxfzfvf k|d'v Go"gtd k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t x'g]5, / ;f]
kb s'g} sf/0faf6 #) lbgeGbf a9L l/Qm x'g cfPdf ;f]
l/Qm ePsf] dxfzfvf k|d'v kbdf ;f]eGbf Ps txd'lgsf]
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LdWo]af6 ;f] l/Qm /x]sf] kbsf] sfd
;DxfNg ;Sg]nfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] l/Qm kbsf] sfd x]g]{
u/L sfodd'sfod d's// ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ ljz]if kl/l:ylt k/]df ;f] pNn]v u/L cGo k|zf;lgs
jf n]vf k|d'v eO{ sfd ug]{ kbdf klg sfodd'sfod
d's// ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sfodd'sfod eO{ sfd u/]sf]
kbsf] ;'? tnasf] cªsdf tna lbFbf lghn] ;flas

25

kbaf6 vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnaeGbf 36L x'g] ePdf vfOkfO{
cfPsf] tnadf g36g] u/L yk u|]8 lbOg]5 .
-#_ sfod d'sfod eO{ sfd u/]sf]df To:tf] sfdsf]
hjfkmb]xL sfod d'sfod eO{ sfd ug]{pk/ g} x'g]5 .
-$_ k'/f jif{ sfodd'sfod eO{ sfd ug]{n] cGo sd{rf/Ln]
kfP;/x u|]8 j[l4 kfpg]5 .
Θ
!$= lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ M -!_ s'g} ljefu, sfof{no, dxfzfvf
jf zfvfsf] k|d'v la/fdL eO{ jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn]
5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu cg'kl:yt ePdf lgh dftxtsf]
b/jGbL jf ljz]if b/jGbL leqsf] jf l/Qm b/jGbLdf
sfhdf vl6Psf] sd{rf/LdWo] lgs6td Ho]i7 lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] lghsf] lgldQ hgfO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{
kg]{5 .
-@_ l/Qm /x]sf] s'g} ljefu, sfof{no, dxfzfvf jf
zfvfsf] k|d'vsf] kbdf xfnjfnf lgo'Qm jf
;?jf geP;Ddsf] cjlwsf nflu pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] h]i7 lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ;f] sfof{nosf]
gubL df}Hbft, sfof{nosf] 5fk, sfuhkq /
b}lgs sfd rnfpgsf nflu rflxg] lhG;L ;d]t
lhDdf lnO{ sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd csf]{ Joj:yf
geP;Dd lgldQ eO{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
Θ
26

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yf k/L sfd u/]sf]
Joxf]/f To:tf] lgldQ eO{ sfd ug]{ lzIfs, sd{rf/Ln]
cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] txdf ;"rgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] s'g} kbdf sfod d'sfod eO{
sfd u/]sf] jf pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd lgldQ
eO{ sfd u/]sf]df To; kbdf sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] axL -lx;fa_ a'emfpg] s'/fdf ;d]t lghsf]
pQ/bfloTj x'g]5 .
t/ jif{el/sf] axL a'emfpg'kg]{df xfnjfnfn] axfnL
ul/;s]sf] jif{sf] xfnjfnfn] / xfnjfnfn] axfn
gu/]sf] jif{sf] sfod d'sfod jf lgldQ eO{ sfd
ug]{n] a'emfpg' kg]{5 .

!$s= sfod d'sfod jf lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf] tna
eQf kfpg] M -!_ s'g} kbdf sfod d'sfod eO{ jf
kGw| lbgeGbf a9L cjlw lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf]df
To;/L sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] h'g kbsf] sfd
u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL kbsf] tna eQf To;/L sfd u/]sf]
ldltb]lv kfpg]5 .
-@_pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sfod d'sfod jf lgldQ eO{
sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tna eQf lghn]
Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf kfPdf kfpg] tna
eQfeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
t/ To;/L kfpg] tna eQfsf] /sd lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
tna eQfeGbf 36L x'g] 5}g .

27

!%= kbflwsf/ sfod /xg] M ♦
b]xfosf] cj:yfdf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] cfˆgf] kbdflysf] kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]5M–
-s_ To; kbdf sfdsfh u/L /xFbf;Dd,
-v_ csf]{ kbdf ;?jf eO{ sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg kfOg] Dofb;Dd,
-u_ labfdf a;]sf] avt,
-3_ lgnDag /x]sf] avt,
-ª_ sfhdf v6fOPsf] avt,
-r_ sfodd'sfod eO{ sfd u/]sf] avt .
Θ
!%s= dxfzfvf, sfof{no / zfvf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf ljleGg dxfzfvf,
sfof{no / zfvfx¿ /xg] 5g . dxfzfvf, sfof{no /
zfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M

-!_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo,
pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
-s_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu
/lhi6«f/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;Dk"0f{ lgsfo, SofDk;sf] ef}lts ;DklQsf]
jflif{s ¿kdf ;Dk/LIf0f u/fpg] / ;f]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug]{ jf u/fpg],

Θ
28

-u_ ljZjljBfnosf] ef}lts ;DklQ -hUuf, ejg, ;jf/L ;fwg
cflb_ sf] ljj/0fx¿ b'?:t u/L /fVg] jf /fVg nufpg] /
;f]sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ u/fpg],
-3_ ef}lts ;Dk/LIf0fsf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ jf ug{
nufpg],
-ª_ ljZjljBfnosf] ejg Pjd ef}lts ;DklQsf] dd{t of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ lgodfg';f/ vl/b ug]{ / dd{tsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-r_ ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf nflu jflif{s vl/b of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-5_ vl/b ul/Psf ;fdfgx¿sf] d"Nofªsg / :6f]/ bflvnf
plrt k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-h_ ljZjljBfnosf] ljleGg lgsfosf] ejg lgdf{0f k|lqmof cl3
a9fpg],
-em_ ljZjljBfnosf lgsfox¿sf] e08f/, lhG;L lg/LIf0fsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf lgsfox¿nfO{ o; ;DaGwdf
cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
-`_ cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg ug]{ /
;f]xL cfwf/df k'/:sf/ b08 / cfTdf]Ggltsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ug]{ .
-6_ gofF kl/of]hgfsf] nfut cg'dfg, kl/of]hgf k|:tfj tof/
ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-7_ 6'6k'm6 / x/fPsf] ?=@%,))).– -kRrL; xhf/_ ;Ddsf]
;fdfgsf] ldgfxf;DaGwL :jLs[lt lbg],
-8_ ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo sfof{no cGtu{tsf w'Nofpg' kg]{
;fdfgx¿ lnnfd ubf{ ?=!,)),))).– -Ps nfv_ ;Ddsf]
;fdfg lnnfdsf nflu :jLs[lt lbg],
-9_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cWoog labf / c;fwf/0f
labf afx]s cGo labf :jLs[t ug]{,
-0f_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg tof/ u/L ;f]
29

adf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-t_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;do
sfddf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf lgod cg';f/ cltl/Qm
kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L sfddf nufpg :jLs[t lbg],
-y_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/
df}Hbft g/x]df a9Ldf Ps k6sdf ?=@%,))).– -kRrL;
xhf/_ ;Ddsf] ;f]em} ahf/af6 vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt lbg],
-b_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod tyf ljlgodcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf
u/fpg] /
-w_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo
sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .

-@_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo,
pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
-s_ k|zf;g;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] dfgj ;+zfwgsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/
u/L /lhi6«f/ ;dIf k]z ug]{,
-u_ ljZjljBfno lzIfs÷sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL tyf sfo{/t
ljj/0f b'?:t /fVg] jf /fVg nufpg],
-3_ ljBdfg b/aGbL, ;DalGwt SofDk; sfof{nosf] cfjZostf
/ dfu cg';f/ b/aGbL l;h{gf, kl/jt{g tyf vf/]h ug]{af/]
ljj/0f tof/ u/L b/aGbL ;ldltdfk{mt sfo{ cl3 a9fpg],
-ª_ zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
cfjZostf tyf cf}lrTottfsf] cfwf/df tLg dlxgf;Dd
sfh v6fpg],
-r_ ljZjljBfno lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf,

30

cjsfz, ;?jf, sfh /flhgfdf nufotsf] sfo{x¿
jflif{s÷cfjlws sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / ;Dkfbg ug]{
u/fpg],
-5_ ljZjljBfnodf :yfoL / c:yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] JolQmut ljj/0f -l;6/f]n ;d]t_ cBfjlws /fVg] .
-h_ d'Vo sfof{no ;xfos :t/;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf
/lhi6«f/sf] k/fdz{df ug]{,
-em_ zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] /flhgfdf
:jLs[t ug]{,
-`_ ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;lgstk{msf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
-6_ cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg ug]{ /
;f]xL cfwf/df k'/:sf/ b08 / cfTdf]Ggltsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ug]{,
-7_ /flhgfdf, clgjfo{ cjsfzkZrft k|fKt x'g] lzIfs,
sd{rf/Lsf] ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-8_ ljZjljBfnodf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
lgoddf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd bL3{ ;]jf kbssf nflu
gfdfjnL ;ªsng / l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-9_ b/aGbL l;h{gf 5fglag ;ldltsf] ;b:o–;lrj eO{
lgodfg';f/ sfo{ ug{ jf u/fpg] .
-0f_ ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jflif{s labfsf]
clen]v /fVg] / /fVg nufpg],
-t_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cWoog labf / c;fwf/0f
-y_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg tof/ u/L ;f]
-b_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;do
sfddf nufpg'kg]{ ePdf lgod cg';f/ cltl/Qm kfl/>lds
31

kfpg] u/L sfddf nufpg :jLs[t lbg],
-w_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
:6f]/ df}Hbft g/x]df a9Ldf Ps k6sdf ?=@%,))).–
-kRrL; xhf/_ ;Ddsf] ;f]e}m ahf/af6 vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt
lbg],
-g_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g;DaGwL
sfo{ljlwcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] /
-k_ sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo
sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .

-#_ cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj
/ clwsf/M
-s_ n]vf;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] sf]ifsf af/] /lhi6«f/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
tyf cfjZos /fo, ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj k]z ug]{,
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf] cfly{s l:yltsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
/lhi6«f/;dIf k]z ug]{,
-3_ SofDk;÷sfof{nox¿nfO{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 tof/
ug{ nufpg],
-ª_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;du| ah]6 th'{df ug{ /lhi6«f/nfO{
cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg],
-r_ ljZjljBfnosf lgsfox¿sf nflu ljlgof]lht /sddWo]
k]ZsL tyf /sd lgsf;f lbg],
-5_ w/f}6Ldf /flvPsf /sd lgsf;f lbg],
-h_ @) k|ltzt;Dd ah]6 /sdfGt/ ug{ ;Sg],
-em_ ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ n]vftk{msf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]

32

cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],
-`_ ljZjljBfnosf] cfly{s l:ylt cg's"n x]/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf
lzIfs÷ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfly{s jif{leq s§f x'g] u/L #
dlxgf;Ddsf] tna k]ZsL lbg],
-6_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz ePsf jf ;]jfdf 5Fb}
lzIfs÷sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lnPsf jf d[To' ePsf
lzIfs÷sd{rf/LnfO{ lgodfg';f/sf] pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f,
cf}ifwL pkrf/ / cGo ;'ljwf lg0f{ofg';f/ k|bfg ug]{,
-8_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg tof/ u/L ;f]
-9_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ cltl/Qm ;dodf
nufpg'kg]{ ePdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cltl/Qm kfl/>lds
lbO{ sfddf nufpg :jLs[t lbg],
-0f_ cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/
xhf/_ ;Ddsf] ;f]e}m ahf/af6 vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt lbg],
-t_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod, ljlgod tyf n]vf sfo{
k|0ffnLcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] /
-y_ cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo
sfo{ ug]{ .

-$_ ljZjljBfno ;ef / sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno k|d'vsf]
sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
-s_ ljZjljBfno ;ef / sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnosf
sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf

33

tof/ ug{sf nflu pks'nkltnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
-v_ ;lrjfnosf] sfdx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] jf agfpg
nufpg],
-u_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf] ;b:o–;lrjsf] cg'dltn] kl/ifbsf]
k|:tfj tof/ ug]{,
-3_ ljZjljBfno ;ef a}7s ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] jf
ldnfpg nufpg],
-ª_ ljZjljBfno ;ef / sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf lg0f{ox¿
sfof{Gjog eP÷gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-r_ ;lrjfnosf] dfl;s, q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k|ult
k|ltj]bg pks'nklt ;dIf k|:t't ug]{,
-h_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg tof/ u/L ;f]
-em_ ljZjljBfno ;ef / sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnosf nflu
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/ df}Hbft g/x]df a9Ldf Ps
k6sdf ?=@%,))).– -kRrL; xhf/_ ;Ddsf] ;f]em} ahf/af6
vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt lbg],
-`_ ;lrjfno;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ cltl/Qm ;dodf nufpg'kg]{
ePdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cltl/Qm kfl/>lds lbO{ sfddf
nufpg :jLs[lt lbg],
-6_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod, ljlgod tyf sfo{ Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL cg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] /
-7_ ljZjljBfno ;ef / sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno k|d'vsf]
x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo sfo{ ug]{ .
34


-%_ ljZjljBfno k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/M
-s_ k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
cfjZos gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu
pks'nkltnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
-v_ ljZjljBfno k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] sfdx¿nfO{
Jojl:yt agfpg] jf agfpg nufpg],
-u_ cWoIfsf] cg'dltn] k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] k|:tfj tof/ ug]{ .
-3_ kl/ifbsf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog eP÷gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ jf
ug{ nufpg],
-ª_ kl/ifbsf] dfl;s, q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k|ult
k|ltj]bg pks'nklt ;dIf k|:t't ug]{,
-r_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cWoog labf / c;fwf/0f
-h_ kl/ifb;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ cltl/Qm ;dodf nufpg' kg]{
ePdf lgod cg';f/ cltl/Qm kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L sfddf
nufpg :jLs[t lbg],
-em_ k|fl1s kl/ifbsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/ df}Hbft
g/x]df a9Ldf Ps k6sdf ?=@%,))).– -kRrL; xhf/_
;Ddsf] ;f]e}m ahf/af6 vl/b ug{ :jLs[lt lbg],
-`_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod, tyf ljlgodcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf
u/fpg] /
-6_ k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo
sfo{ ug]{ .

35


-^_ ;dGjo dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj /
clwsf/M
-s_ ;dGjo dxfzfvf;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf
nflu lzIffWoIfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t ePsf cWoog sfh /
cWoog labf lgodfg';f/ yk ug{ :jLs[lt lbg],
-u_ ljZjljBfno lgodfg';f/ :jLs[t eO;s]sf cWoog sfh /
cWoog labf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;+zf]wgsf] :jLs[lt lbg],
-3_ ljZjljBfno hgzlQm tyf sNof0f kl/ifbsf] @)%! sf]
sfo{ k4ltn] lgb]{zg u/] cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ jf
u/fpg],
-ª_ ljZjljBfno hgzlQm ljsf; tyf sNof0f sfo{qmdsf]
of]hgf th'{df ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{,
-r_ ljZjljBfno jf o;;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfodf cWoog ug]{
ljb]zL ljBfyL{sf nflu le;f yksf nflu l;kmfl/; lbg],
-5_ ;]ldgf/, uf]i7Ldf efu lng hfg] lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfh
:jLs[ltsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-h_ j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQdf dgf]gogsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg],
-em_ ljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf lzIfsx¿sf] :jfWoog labfnfO{
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-`_ 5fqj[lQ, k'/:sf/ tyf cIfosf]if :yfkgf ;DaGwL k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fpg],
-8_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;do

36

-9_ ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/
-0f_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod tyf ljlgodcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf
u/fpg],
-t_ ;dGjo dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo sfo{ ug]{
jf u/fpg] /
-y_ cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg ug]{ / ;f]xL
cfwf/df k'/:sf/, b08 / cfTdf]Ggltsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ .

-&_ ;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{ dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo,
pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
-s_ ;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf
nflu /lhi6«f/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg],
-v_ ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;ªsng / ;Dk|]if0f ug]{
jf ug{ nufpg],
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf] j]j;fO6 (Website) b'?:t /fVg] jf /fVg
nufpg],
-3_ ljZjljBfno;DaGwL n]v /rgfx¿ ;+sng ug]{ / ljz]iffªs
ljZjljBfno a'n]l6g cflb k|sfzg ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-ª_ lj1fkg;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-r_ hgu'gf;f] tyf hg;Dks{sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ jf ug{
nufpg],
-5_ ljZjljBfnodf ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL sfd ug]{ jf ug{

37

nufpg],
-h_ cfd ;~rf/ hutdf ljZjljBfnosf ultljlwx¿sf]
lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg],
-em_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cWoog labf / c;fwf/0f
-`_ cfˆgf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg tof/ u/L ;f]
-6_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvfcGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;do
-7_ ;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{ dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
:6f]/ df}Hbft g/x]df a9Ldf Ps k6sdf ?=@%,))).– -kRrL;
-8_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod tyf ljlgodcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf
u/fpg],
-9_ ;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{ dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{
cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-0f_ ljZjljBfnodf EMIS sf] k|of]udf cfjZos k|fljlws
;xof]u ug]{,
-t_ dxfzfvfsf] jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{, ;f]sf]
Implementation / jif{sf] cGtdf sfo{ k|ult k|ltj]bg k]z
ug]{ /
-y_ cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg ug]{ /
;f]xL cfwf/df k'/:sf/, b08 / cfTdf]Ggltsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ug]{ .
38


-*_ n]vfk/LIf0f dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo,
pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
-s_ n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu
-v_ n]vfk/LIf0f dxfzfvfaf6 ;Dkfbg ePsf sfdsf] k|ult
k|To]s ^÷^ dlxgfdf /lhi6«f/nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg],
-u_ ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / ljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf
;Dk"0f{ lgsfosf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-3_ clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ug{sf nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
-ª_ d=n]=k=sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg pk/ t'?Gt k|ltlqmof tyf
sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg],
-r_ n]vfk/LIf0f dxfzfvfsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[t
ug]{,
-5_ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no nufot cGo lgsfox¿sf] a]?h' km5of}{6
ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-h_ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfs tyf n]vfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
;do–;dodf n]vf tyf n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL sfo{zfnf
uf]i7L tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-em_ cfly{s kf/bzL{tf gckgfpg], cfly{s lgod pNn+3g ug]{
kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos sf/afxLsf nflu
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-`_ ljZjljBfnosf] aSof}tf c;'nLsf nflu cfly{s k|zf;g
dxfzfvf;Fu ;dGjo u/L sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg],
-6_ ljZjljBfno n]vf k/LIf0fsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
/lhi6«f/ ;dIf k|:t't ug]{,

39

-9_ cfˆgf] dxfzfvf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ cltl/Qm ;dodf
nufpg'kg]{ ePdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cltl/Qm kfl/>lds
lbO{ sfddf nufpg :jLs[t lbg],
-0f_ n]vf k/LIf0f dxfzfvfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ :6f]/
-t_ ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod tyf ljlgodcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg]
/
-y_ n]vfk/LIf0f dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ cGo sfo{
ug]{ jf u/fpg] .

-(_ lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]usf] sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo,
pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/M
!= cfly{s clwsf/ ;DaGwdf lgsfo k|d'vn] kfPsf] clwsf/
;/x x'g]5 /
@= cGo s'/fsf] xsdf dxfzfvf k|d'vnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ nfu" x'g]5 .
b|i6Jo M kbflwsf/L sfof{nosf k|zf;lgs k|d'vx¿ / cGo lgsfosf
k|zf;lgs k|d'vx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/
ljlgoddf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

40

kl/R5]b – #
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
!^ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff M ♦
b]xfosf lzIfs
tyf sd{rf/L afx]s cGo s'g} klg lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{
;kmfOsf] ;a'b lbg] dgfl;a dflkmssf] df}sf glbO{ lzIfs
tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 x6fOg] jf avf{:t
ul/g] 5}g M
-s_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6
s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf],
-v_ efuL kQf gnfu]sf] jf ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;Dej
gePsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ ePsf],
-u_ DofbL kbdf axfn /x]sf],
-3_ e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]kdf cbfntaf6 s;'/bf/ 7xl/Psf] .
!&= ;]jf–;t{sf] ;'/IffM -!_ s'g} klg lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
lghsf] lgo'lQm x'Fbf tTsfn nfu" /x]sf] tna, pkbfg,
lgj[lte/0f;DaGwL ;t{x¿df lghnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L
kl/jt{g ul/g]5}g .
π
-@_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'Fbf a9'jf
ePsf] kbsf] ;'? :s]n ;fljs kbdf /xL vfOkfO{cfPsf]
tnaa/fa/ jf a9L ePdf dfq a9'jf ePsf] dflyNnf]
kbdf cfjZos u|]8 yk u/L tna ldnfg ul/g]5 .
♦
π
@)%^ ;fn kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
41

kl/R5]b – $
;?jf
Θ
!*=;?jf;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
cfjZostf / cf}lrTocg';f/ ljZjljBfnosf] Ps ;ªu7g
jf lgsfoaf6 csf]{ ;ªu7g jf lgsfodf jf ;dfg txsf]
csf]{ kbdf ;?jf jf kb:yfkg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
π
-@_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L Ps lgsfoaf6 csf]{ lgsfodf
;?jf eO{ hfFbf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] nflu / Ps}
lhNnfdf /x]sf] Ps lgsfoaf6 csf]{ lgsfodf ;?jf x'Fbf
! lbg / cGo :yfgsf] nflu & lbgsf] tof/L Dofb
lbOg]5 .
√
-#_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf ljleGg lgsfodf x'g] sfdsf] cg'ej;d]t
lbnfpgsf nflu ;fdfGotofM sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq
sfo{/t ;xfos :t/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
kfFr÷kfFr jif{df sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq / Θ
clws[t
:t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tLg÷tLg jif{df lq=lj=sf] h'g;'s}
lgsfodf lgodn] tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ ljefuLo sf/afxLsf] l:yltdf ;?jf ug'{ kbf{ h'g;'s}
;dodf lq=lj=cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg lgosfodf ;?jf ug{
;Sg]5 . 
cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o;
Θ
π
√
@)^( ;fn c;f]h @( ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf

42

lsl;dsf] ;?jf ubf{ s'g} sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
k/fdz{ jf ;xdlt cfjZos x'g] 5}g .
!(= ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/LM Θ
b]xfosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{
cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L b]xfosf clwsf/Ln] ;?jf ug{
;Sg]5 M
-s_Θ
lgod !* adf]lhd lzIf0f ;]jfsf] k|fWofks kbdf
pks'nlt / cGosf] xsdf lzIffWoIfn] ;?jf ug{
;Sg]5 .
-v_Θ
s'g} sd{rf/L jf lzIfsnfO{ Pp6} cWoog
;+:yfgcGt{ut ;?jf ug'{ k/]df ;DalGwt 8Lgn]
;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_ s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ªsfo,
cfªlus SofDk;, s]Gb| jf ljefu /
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ªu7g jf lgsfodWo]
Pscsf{df ;?jf ug'{ k/] b]xfoadf]lhdsf]
clwsf/Ln] ug{ ;Sg]5 .
c_ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ pks'nklt,
cf_ ljlzi6 >]0fL afx]s clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{
/lhi6«f/ /
O_ ;xfos :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g
dxfzfvf k|d'v .
-3_ s'g} lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] ;xdltdf
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] kf/:kl/s ;xdltsf] cfwf/df
g]kfnsf] s'g} ljZjljBfno jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo
Θ
43

s'g} ;]jfdf tf]lsPsf] ;t{df ;?jfsf] Joj:yf ug{
;Sg]5 .
@)= cGo ljZjljBfno jf ;]jfdf ;?jf x'“bfsf] c;/ M sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbn] s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGo s'g}
ljZjljBfnodf jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo s'g} ;]jfdf lgod
!( sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;?jfsf] Joj:yf u/]df ;?jf
u/L lng] ljZjljBfnon] ;?jf eO{ hfg] lgh lzIfs
sd{rf/Lk|lt o; lgodadf]lhd ljZjljBfnosf] pkbfg,
lgj[lQe/0f, :j:Yof]krf/, la/fdL labf, 3/ labf / cGo
;'ljwfsf] bfloTj a]xf]g'{ kg]{5 .
t/ ljZjljBfnoaf6 g]kfnsf] cGo s'g} ljZjljBfnodf
;?jf eO{ hfg] lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
ljZjljBfnosf] ljQLo Ifdtf / lghsf] ;]jf cjlwsf]
cfwf/df s]xL yk /sd k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@!= sfhdf k7fpg ;lsg]M -!_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
ljZjljBfnosf] Ps ;ªu7g jf lgsfoaf6 csf]{ ;ªu7g
jf lgsfodf / ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf] s'g} ;/sf/L jf
u}/;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfhdf k7fpg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjljBfno
aflx/sf] s'g} ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L sfof{nodf # -ltg_
dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu sfhdf k7fpFbf ;wf/0ftM
a]tnaL sfh x'g]5 . ;]jf cjlwe/df a]tnaL sfh
k7fpg] cjlwsf] xb sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
44

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd a]tnaL sfhdf k7fpFbf
♦
/fi6«kltaf6 jf ♦
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'lQm x'g] kbdf
afx]s cGoq sfhdf uPsf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] sfhdf
lng] sfof{non] lgwf{l/t tnasf] !) -b;_ k|ltztdf
g36g] u/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]adf]lhd
ljZjljBfnosf] pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL sf]ifdf
hDdf u/fpg' kg]{5 . a]tnaL sfhdf lng]
ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf] sfof{nonfO{ a]tnaL sfhdf /x]sf]
cjlwsf] lgh lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lk|lt ljZjljBfnon] of]
lgodcg';f/ a]xf]g'{ kg]{ pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f, la/fdL
labf, 3/ labf / cGo ljQLo ;'ljwf jf ;x'lnotsf] /sd
k|of]hgsf nflu sfhdf lng] sfof{noaf6 hDdf x'g] /sd
k|of]u ul/g]5 .
-$_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 tnaL jf a]tnaL sfhdf /x]sf] lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Ln] s'g} ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf] ;/sf/L jf
u}/;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 pkbfg jf la/fdL labf jf
:jf:Yof]krf/ jf o; lgodcGtu{t s'g} bft[;+:yfaf6
;'ljwf pkef]u u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] afktsf] /sd
ljZjljBfnon] lgh lzIfs jf sd{rf/L cjsfz x'Fbfsf
avt kfpg] /sdaf6 s§f ug]{5 .
♣
t/
♦
♣
45


-%_o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] cltl/Qm ;d"xdf kbflwsf/ ePsf]
lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf, ;d"x ldNg] u/L h'g;'s}
lgsfodf sfdsfh ug{ v6fpg ;lsg]5 .

-^_lq=lj= k|fWofks ;+3, lq=lj= sd{rf/L ;+3sf s]Gb|Lo
kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;+3;DaGwL :jb]zL tyf
j}b]lzs ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, clwj]zg, ;+3;DaGwL sfo{ cflb
sfo{qmddf efu lngsf nflu ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfly{s
bfloTj gkg]{ u/L Ps jif{df a9Ldf tL; lbg;Ddsf]
sfhsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf
ul/g] jif{df tLgj6f;Ddsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf
nflu e|d0f vr{ pknAw u/fpg] u/L sfh :jLs[t ug{
;lsg]5 . g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ lq=lj=sf lzIfsx¿sf] xsdf ;d]t of]
Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5 .

-&_lq=lj= k|fWofks ;+3 / lq=lj= sd{rf/L ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo
;Dd]ng / ;efsf] k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ sfo{qmddf efu
lngsf nflu ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ u/L
sfhsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 .

-*_ sfh;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
@@= sfh v6fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ M ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf s'g}
;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfodf ljZjljBfnosf s'g} lzIfs

46

jf sd{rf/LnfO{ b]xfosf] clVtof/jfnfn] sfh v6fpg
;Sg]5 M
-s_ k|fWofks jf ;xk|fWofks jf k|zf;s jf ;xk|zf;s /
;f]eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] .
t/ # -tLg_ dlxgf eGbf sd cjlwsf] nflu pks'nkltn]
sfh v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
-v_ dfly v08 -s_ df n]lvPafx]ssf lzIfsnfO{ ;DalGwt
k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIffWoIfn],
-u_ dfly v08 -s_ df n]lvPafx]ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt
k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df /lh:6«f/n] .
-3_ ;]jf clen]v k|of]hgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf a]tnaL
sfhdf v6fOPsf] ljj/0f;lxtsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt
sfof{non] lbg'kg]{5 .

@@s j}b]lzs cWoog,tflnd / z}lIfs e|d0fdf dgf]gog;DaGwL
Joj:yf
-!_j}b]lzs cWoog,tflnd / z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfg] lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt
lnO{ hfg'kg]{5 .

47


-@_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgodx¿df h'g;'s} s'/fx¿
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pks'nkltsf] j}b]lzs tyf :jb]zL
sfhsf] sfo{qmd pks'nkltn] cfk}Fmn] to ug]{5 . cGosf]
xsdf b]xfosf] cjlwsf] j}b]lzs sfh b]xfosf clwsf/Ln]
:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 M
qm=;+= sfhsf] lsl;d sfh :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L
c_ sd{rf/Lsf] #) lbg;Ddsf] /lhi6«f/
cf_ lzIfssf] #) lbg;Ddsf] lzIffWoIf
O_ SofDk; k|d'v / ;xfos lzIffWoIf
8Lg;Ddsf]
O{_ 8Lg jf ;f] ;/x;Ddsf] pks'nkltsf]
k/fdz{df lzIffWoIf
p_ lzIffWoIf÷/lhi6«f/sf] pks'nklt
pm_ tLg dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb

-#_ cWoog sfhdf hfg] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] lgsfo /
labf :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L ;dIf sfh cjlw ;lsPsf] tL;
lbgleq k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] cjlwleq To:tf]
k|ltj]bg k]z gug]{ lzIfs, sd{rf/Lsf] sfhsf] cjlw lghn]
kfpg] cGo labfaf6 s66f ul/g]5 .

-$_ j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd / z}lIfs e|d0fdf dgf]gog;DaGwL
cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

-%_ j}b]lzs sfh :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Ln] j}b]lzs sfh :jLs[t
ul/Psf] hfgsf/L clgjfo{ ¿kdf pks'nkltnfO{ u/fpg'
kg]{5 .

48


@@v= cltl/Qm ;d"x M -!_ o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nocGtu{t Ps cltl/Qm ;d"x
/xg]5 .
-@_ s'g} klg sfof{nodf kmflhndf /x]sf lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
kbflwsf/ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;d"xdf ;fg{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_ cltl/Qm ;d"x;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

49

kl/R5]b – %
♦
labf÷xflh/
@#= labfsf] k|sf/M ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
b]xfoadf]lhdsf labfsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5M
-s_ 3/ labf
-v_ la/fdL labf
-u_ k|;"lt labf / k|;"lt ♦
:ofxf/ labf
-3_ kj{ labf
-ª_ e}kl/ cfpg] labf
-r_ lqmof labf
-5_ cWoog labf
-h_ :jfWoog labf
-em_ c;fwf/0f labf
-`_ ljz]if tnaL labf
@$= 3/ labf M ♦
-!_ jif]{ jf lxpb] labf gkfpg] lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] af¥x lbgsf] Ps lbgsf
b/n] 3/ labf kfpg]5 . t/ lxpFb] jf jif]{ labf lng kfpg]
♦
50

lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] o; lgodadf]lhdsf] 3/ labf kfpg]
5}g .
-@_ of] lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ æsfd u/]sf] cjlwÆ eGgfn] ;f]
cjlw leq lnPsf] e}k/L, kj{, lj/fdL, k|;"lt / k|;"lt :ofxf/
labf, lqmof labf / ;fj{hlgs labfnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-#_ 3/ labfdf a:bf lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] k'/f tna kfpg]5 .
-$_ 3/ labf a9Ldf b'O{ ;o b; lbg;Dd ;l~rt /xg]5 .
-%_ s'g} sf/0fn] lzIfs jf sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cnu ePdf lghsf]
;l~rt /x]sf] 3/ labf @!) afkt lghsf] kbflwsf/ /x]sf]
kbaf6 vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd lghn]
Psd'i6 lng kfpg]5 .
•
-^_ 3/ labf, cWoog labf jf c;fwf/0f labfdf a;]sf lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Ln] ;f] cjlwe/sf] 3/ labf kfpg] 5}g .
•
-&_ lxpFb] jf jif]{ labfsf] cjlw / ;do sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 . lxpFb] jf jif]{ labf kfpg] lzIfsnfO{
labfsf] cjlwdf cfjZostfcg';f/ sfddf nufpg' k/]df
Ps lbg sfd u/]afkt Ps lbgsf b/n] 3/ labf kfpg]5 .
o;/L cfh{g u/]sf] 3/ labf o;} lgod adf]lhd pkef]u ug{
;Sg]5 .
•
51

•
-*_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] jif{sf] Ps k6s sDtLdf ;ft lbg 3/
labf lnO{ 3/ hfFbf / 3/ labf e'Qmfg u/L 3/af6 cfˆgf]
sfof{nodf cfpFbf k}bnsf] af6f]nfO{ cf7 sf];sf] lgldQ Ps
lbgsf] b/n] x'g] lbg tyf df]6/, /]n / xjfOhxfhsf]
af6f]nfO{ hlt lbg nfUg] xf] Tolt lbg af6f]sf] Dofb kfpg]5 .
@%= la/fdL labfM -!_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ! jif{sf] ;]jfsf
nflu !% lbgsf] k'/f tnaL jf #) lbgsf] cfwf tnaL
la/fdL labf lbOg]5 . t/ & lbgeGbf a9L cjlwsf] la/fdL
labfdf a:g] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] labf :jLs[t ug]{
clVtof/jfnfn] cfjZos 7fg]df ljZjljBfnoaf6
dfGotfk|fKt lrlsT;ssf] lrlsT;f;DaGwL k|df0fkq k]; ug'{
kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] o; lgodadf]lhd kfpg] la/fdL
labf ;l~rt u/L /fVg;Sg]5 . 
t/ c;fwf/0f labf
a;]sf] cjlwsf] la/fdL labf kfpg] 5}g . ;fy}
ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf lgsfodf sfhdf vl6Psf lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfhdf a;]sf] cjlwsf] la/fdL labf
kfpg]5}gg .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;l~rt la/fdL labfafkt s'g}
lzIfs jf sd{rf/L h'g;'s} lsl;dn] ;]jfaf6 cnu ePdf
lghsf] kbflwsf/ /x]sf] kbaf6 vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf]
b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd lghn] Psd'i6 kfpg]5 .
•

52

-$_ ;]jf cjlwleq s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf
lghsf] ;l~rt la/fdL labfsf] /sd d'To' x'Fbfsf]
cj:yfsf] tnasf] b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd lghsf]
xsjfnfnfO{ lbOg]5 .
-%_ s'g} 7"nf] jf s8f /f]u nfuL pkrf/ ug{] lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] ;l~rt u/]sf] la/fdL labf tyf 3/ labfaf6
gk'u ePdf lghn] kl5 sfd u/L kfpg] ! jif{sf] 3/ labf
/ la/fdL labfaf6 s§f x''g] u/L $% lbg;Ddsf]
k]:sL:j¿k yk la/fdL labf lng kfpg]5 .
-^_ pklgod -%_ adf]lhd lnPsf] labf;d]taf6 gk'u eO{ yk
labf lng' k/]df sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]sf lrlsT;sx¿sf]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg]
c;fwf/0f labfaf6 s§f x'g] u/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifbsf]
lg0f{oaf6 ;]jf cjlwe/df a9Ldf ! jif{;Ddsf] la/fdL
labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-&_Τ
kbflwsf/L;DaGwL lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} klg ;fjlws kbdf lgo'Qm
ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] jflif{s !% lbgsf b/n] la/fdL labf
kfpg]5 .
•
-*_ pklgod -%_ adf]lhd cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] nflu k]:sL
la/fdL labf lng] lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf To;/L
k]:sL lnPsf] la/fdL labf :jtM ldgfxf x'g]5 .
Τ
•
53

@^= k|;"lt labf / k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfoL ;]jfdf sfo{/t s'g} dlxnf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
klxnf] / bf];|f] k6ssf] ;'Ts]/Lsf nflu ;fdfGotof ;'Ts]/L
x'g'eGbf cufl8 #) lbg / k5fl8 $% lbg u/L hDdf
&%÷&% -krxQ/÷krxQ/_ lbg;Ddsf] ljZjljBfno ;]jf
cjlwdf a9Ldf @ -b'O{_ k6s;Dd k|;"lt labf lbOg]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfnosf] c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf ePsf s'g}
dlxnf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf @ jif{sf] c6'6
c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf /x]sf dlxnf lzIfs jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ^) lbgsf] k'/f tnaL k|;"lt labf / @
jif{eGbf sd ;]jf cjlw ePsfnfO{ cfwf tnaL k|;"lt
labf Psk6s lbg ;lsg]5 .
-#_♦
ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] kTgL
;'Ts]/L x'g] ePdf To:tf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ;'Ts]/Lsf]
cl3 jf kl5 u/L kGw| lbg k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf lng
kfpg]5 .
Θ
-$_ k|;"lt labf tyf k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf kfPsf
lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ aRrfsf] :ofxf/sf] lgldQ a9Ldf
b'O{j6f jRrfsf nflu hgxL Psd'i6 kf“r xhf/ ¿k}of“
lzz' :ofxf/ eQf lbO{g]5 .
♦
Θ
54

•
-%_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labf lnPsf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] labf
lnPsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleqdf aRrfsf] hGd
btf{k|df0fkq sfo{/t sfo{no jf lgsfodf k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
•
-^_ pk lgod -%_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq To:tf] k|df0fkq k];
gug]{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] To:tf] labfsf] cjlw lghn]
kfpg] cGo labfaf6 s§f ul/g]5 .
•
-&_ k|;"lt :ofxf/ labfsf] clen]v ;DalGwt sfof{non]
cBfjlws u/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
@&= kj{ labf M -!_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] jif{el/df a9Ldf ^ -5_
lbg;Ddsf] kj{ labf kfpg]5 .
-@_ kj{ labf ;l~rt u/L csf]{ jif{ lng ;lsg] 5}g .
@*= e}k/L cfpg] labf M lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ! jif{df a9Ldf (
lbg;Ddsf] e}k/L cfpg] labf kfpg]5g . b}jL jf cfsl:ds
k/]sf]df afx]s e}kl/ cfpg] labf k"j{:jLs[lt a]u/ a:g
kfOg] 5}g / of] labf ;l~rt x'g] 5}g .
@(= lqmof labf M -!_♦
s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] s'n wd{cg';f/
cfkm} lsl/of a:g'k/]df jf To:tf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf]
•
♦
55

afa'–cfdf, afh] aHo}, 5f]/f5f]/L jf ;f;";;'/fsf] d[To' ePdf
jf k'¿if lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] kTgLsf] d[To'
ePdf kGw| lbg lqmof labf kfpg]5 . dlxnf lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf] kltn] lsl/of a:g'k/]df lghnfO{ klg Tolt g}
lbg lqmof labf lbOg]5 .
•
-@_ lqmof labfdf a:bf lzIfs, sd{rf/Ln] k'/f tna kfpg]5 .
•
-#_ pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd labf lng] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln]
labfkl5 sfof{nodf xflh/ ePsf] kGw| lbgleq d[t
JolQmsf] d[To' btf{sf] k|df0fkq tyf d[t JolQmsf] gftf
k|dfl0ft k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
•
-$_pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq To:tf] k|df0fkq k];
gug]{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] To:tf] labfsf] cjlw lghn]
kfpg] cGo labfaf6 s§f ul/g]5 .
#)= cWoog labf M -!_ ljZjljBfnodf :yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf s'g}
klg lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog labf lbg ;lsg]5 . t/
%) jif{sf] pd]/ gf3]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps jif{eGbf
a9L cjlwsf] cWoog labf pkef]u ug{ ;fwf/0ftM lbOg]
5}g .
•
56

-@_ :j}lR5s sfo{qmdcGtu{t ^ dlxgf cufj} :jLs[lt lnO{
cWoog ug]{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt cWoog
;+:yfg jf ;ªsfo jf cGo lgsfodf nfebfos x'g]
vfnsf cWoog sfo{qmdsf lgldQ dfq cWoog labf
lbOg]5 . To:tf] cWoog labfsf nflu lgj]bg lbg] lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;;lxt sf/0f
pNn]v ul/Psf] lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnon] dufPsf] jf ljZjljBfnosf lgldQ k|fKt
ePsf] j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQdf ljZjljBfnotkm{af6 dgf]gLt
ePsf] / j[lQ ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t 5flgPsf] lzIfs jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoogsf nflu k7fOPsf]df z}lIfs pkflw
kfpg] u/L ! z}lIfs jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu
k7fpg] ePdf cWoog labf lbOg]5 . z}lIfs pkflw
gkfpg] cWoog ePdf jf Θ
5 dlxgfeGbf sd cjlwsf]
cWoog ePdf jf tflnd dfq ePdf cWoog sfhsf]
¿kdf k7fOg]5 . To:tf] cWoogsfhsf nflu b}lgs tyf
e|d0feQf jf cGo ljQLo ;'ljwf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6
-$_♦
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf cjlwe/df Ps} k6s jf k6s
k6s u/L ltg jif{;Dd cWoog labf kfpg]5 . t/
ljZjljBfnon] cfjZos 7fg]sf] cj:yfdf cWoog labfsf]
cjlwdf b'O{ jif{;Dd yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Θ
♦
57

-%_ cWoog labf kfPsf b]xfosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln]
sDtLdf b]xfosf] cjlw;Dd ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf /xL sfd
ug'{kg]{5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ lghx¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]
sa'lnot u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-s_ Ps jif{eGbf a9L # ltg jif{;Ddsf] cWoog labf
pkef]u u/]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf # jif{ .
-v_ # -ltg_ jif{eGbf a9L % -kfFr_ jif{;Ddsf] cWoog
labf pkef]u u/]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf %
-kfFr_ jif{;Dd .
-^_ cWoog labf kfpg] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] cfkmgf]
cWoogdf ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult u/]sf] 5}g eGg]
ljZjljBfnonfO{ hfgsf/L k|fKt eO{ To;df ljZjf;
nfu]df s'g} klg avt To:tf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{
lghsf] labf /2 u/L lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;lsg]5 .
-&_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd cWoog labfdf hfg]afx]s c¿
sfo{qmddf cWoog labf lnO{ hfg rfxg] lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] cfkmgf] sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f -cWoog ug]{ ljifo,
cjlw, k/LIff OToflb_ ;lxt ;fwf/0ftM ^ dlxgf cufj}
cfj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
-*_ cWoog labfdf a:g] s'g} klg lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln]
cWoog labfsf] cjlwdf klg ;]jf cjlwdf ;l~rt x'g]
la/fdL labf kfpg]5 .
58

-(_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] cfjZos b]v]df Ps cfly{s jif{df
cWoog labf lbg ;lsg] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf]
clwstd xb tf]Sg]5 .

-!)_cWoog labf :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L lzIfssf] xsdf
lzIffWoIf / sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf /lhi6«f/ x'g]5 .
#!= :jfWoog labf M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] :yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf] jf
cWoog jf a]tnaL labf pkef]u ul/;s]sf] ldltaf6 %
jif{;Dd nuftf/ ;]jf ul/;s]sf] lzIfsnfO{ 
lghsf]
pd]/sf] sf/0fn] clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg Ps jif{eGbf a9L
cjlw /x]5 / ljZjljBfnosf] sfddf afwf gkg]{ ePdf
cg';Gwfg sfo{df nfUg jf cfkmgf] of]Uotf a9fpg jf
kf7ok':ts n]Vg jf cGo tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs jf k|fl1s sfd
ug{ ! jif{sf] :jfWoog labf lbOg]5 . o:tf] labf :jLs[t
u/fpg'eGbf cufl8 ;DalGwt lzIfsn] cg';Gwfg sfo{ jf
of]Uotf a9fpg] sfo{ jf kf7ok':ts n]Vg] jf tf]lsPsf] sfd
ug]{ Θ
k|:tfj cfˆgf] k|d'vdfkm{t lzIffWoIf;dIf k|:t't
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ o:tf] labfdf a:bf ljZjljBfno jf cGo ;/sf/L jf
cw{;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L If]qdf tna jf cGo ;'ljwf jf
kfl/>lds lnO{ jf glnO{ sfd ug{ kfpg] 5}g . t/ /fli6«o
jf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|fKt x'g] k|fl1s lsl;dsf] cWoog
jf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL km]nf]l;ksf nflu dgf]gog eO{

Θ
59

:jfWoog labf pkef]u ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
kfl/>lds lngaf6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g . ♣
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :jfWoog labfdf a:g] lzIfsn] k'/f
tna kfpg]5 . o:tf] labf k|To]s % jif{;Dd nuftf/ ;]jf
k'/f ul/;s]kl5 dfq k|fKt x'g ;Sg]5 . t/ o:tf] labf
;l~rt x'g]5}g / ;]jf cjlwe/df # k6seGbf a9L lng
kfOg] 5}g .
-$_ ljZjljBfno ;]jf cjlwe/ :jWoog labf lnO{ Ps k6s
klg ga;]sf] lzIfs lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L lgj[Q x'Fbf ♠
%
-kfFr_ dlxgfsf] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna lghnfO{ lbOg]5 .
;f] :jfWoog labf Ps jf b'O{ k6s pkef]u u/L ;s]sf
lzIfsx¿sf] xsdf :jfWoog labf a;]sf] k6s s6fO{
afFsL k6ssf] nflu % -kfFr_ dlxgfsf] tnasf] bfdf;fxLn]
x'g] /sd lbOg]5 .
-%_ pklgod -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg of]
lgod k|f/De ePkl5 ljZjljBfno ;]jfafx]s cGoq
hxfF;'s} ;]jf u/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf gofF k|j]z u/]sf
lzIfssf] ljZjljBfno ;]jfaflx/sf] ;]jf cjlw
ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L lgj[Q x'Fbf
:jfWoog labfafkt lbOg] ;'ljwfsf] /sdsf] k|of]hgsf
nflu u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
♠
@)^@ ;fn kf}if @$ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] j}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
60

-^_ :jfWoog labf ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ªsfo jf
ljZjljBfnosf] cGo s'g} lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df
lzIffWoIfn] :jLs[t ug]{5 .
-&_ pklgod -!_ df pNn]lvt k|of]hgsf nflu :jLs[t
:jfWoog labf ;dfKt x'g'eGbf sDtLdf #) -lt;_ lbg
cufj} :jfWoog labf a;]sf lzIfsn] pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k]; eO;s]sf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
dfq lgh lzIfsnfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] cfkmgf] ;DalGwt
lgsfodf xflh/ u/fOg]5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog
lzIffWoIf, 8Lg jf ;DalGwt lgsfon] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw
cg';f/ d"NofÍg u/fOg]5 .
-*_ pklgod -!_ df pNn]lvt k|of]hgsf nflu :jLs[t
:jfWoog labfdf a;]sf lzIfsn] :jLs[t :jfWoog
labfsf] cjlwdf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{;Dkfbg s'g} vf; sf/0fjz
;DkGg ug{ g;s]df jf lghaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL k];
ePsf] k|ltj]bg ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf To:tf] sfo{ ;DkGg
ug{ jf kl/dfh{g jf kl/is[t ug{ lghnfO{ lzIffWoIfn]
a9Ldf # -ltg_ dlxgf;Ddsf] c;fwf/0f labf lbg
;Sg]5 .
-(_ :jfWoog labfsf] k|of]hg k|lts"n sfo{ u/]df jf :jfWoog
labfdf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{;Dkfbg gu/]df jf pklgod -&_
adf]lhdsf] sfo{ gu/]df lghdfly clVtof/jfnfn]
ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
61


-!)_:jfWoog labf :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L lzIffWoIf x'g]5 .
#@ ♦
c;fwf/0f labfM -!_ :yfoL lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] c;fwf/0f
labf lng' kg]{ sf/0f;lxt lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / ;f] sf/0f
dgfl;j b]lvPdf lq=lj=n] Ps k6sdf Ps jif{df ga9fO{ /
;]jf cjlwe/df ltg jif{df ga9fO{ c;fwf/0f labf lbg
;Sg]5 .
-@_ c;fwf/0f labfdf a:g] lzIfs, sd{rf/Ln] ;f] cjlwe/
tna kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ Θ
kf“r jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw gk'uL s'g} klg lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] c;fwf/0f labf kfpg] 5}g .
-$_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] c;fwf/0f labfsf] cjlw
lghsf] ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .

-%_ c;fwf/0f labf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] :jLs[t ug]{5 .
##= ljz]if tnaL labfM -!_ ltg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'/f u/]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ! -Ps_ dlxgfsf] k'/f tnaL labf lbOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] labf hlt;'s} ;do;Dd klg
hDdf x'g ;Sg]5 . t/ of] labf Ps k6sdf #) -tL;_

♦
Θ
62

lbgeGbf sd / Ps jif{eGbf a9L lbOg] 5}g . of] labf
lgod #! adf]lhdsf] :jfWoog labf gkfpg] sd{rf/Ln]
dfq kfpg]5 .
-#_ of] labfdf a:g] sd{rf/Ln] labf a;]sf] cjlwdf cfly{s
nfe x'g] sfd ug{ kfpg] 5}g . ;]jf;DaGwL bIftf xfl;n
ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'gsf nflu dfq of] labf lbOg]5 .

o:tf] labf lng] sd{rf/Ln] labf lng'eGbf cufl8 cfkm"n]
ug{ nfu]sf] bIftf xfl;n ug]{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df labf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . labf
;lsPkl5 ;f] sf] k|df0f k]z ug'{kg]{5 . Pp6f ljj/0f k]z
u/L cs}{ sfd ug]{ tyf tf]lsPsf] bIftf xfl;n gug]{
sd{rf/Lsf] labf ldnfg u/L cGo labfaf6 s66f ul/g]
5 .
-$_ lgod -##_ cGtu{tsf] ljz]if tnaL labf pkef]u ug{
gkfPsf sd{rf/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]
u/L lgj[Q x'Fbf lgh sd{rf/Ln] ;f] labf pkef]u
gu/]afkt lghsf] ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] cfg'kflts
lx;fadf a9Ldf ♠
% -kfFr_ dlxgfsf] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna
lbg ;lsg]5 .

♠
@)^@ kf}if @$ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] j}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
63


##s cGo labfx¿ tf]Sg ;Sg]
-!_ jif]{ labf, lxp+b] labf / cGo labfx¿ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ :yfgLo labf ;DalGwt SofDk; jf lgsfo k|d'vn] tf]Sg]5 .

##v labfsf] clen]v /fVg' kg]{ M-!_ labf lbg] clwsf/Ln] cfkmgf]]
dftxtdf sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] labfsf] clen]v /fVg
nufpg'kg]{5 . e}k/L / kj{ labfafx]ssf labfsf] clen]v
k|To]s sfof{non] jif{ Joltt ePsf] tL; lbgleq sd{rf/L
k|zf;g dxfzfvfdf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/L Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf
;?jf jf a9'jf ePdf ;?jf jf a9'jfsf] hgfpsf] ;fy}
labfsf] clen]vsf] ptf/ klg xfnsf] sfof{nodf
k7fpg'kg]{5 . o:tf] labfsf] clen]v tf]lsP adf]lhd
/fVg'kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] labfsf] clen]vsf] Psk|lt
ptf/ ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t lbg'kg]{5 . lgo'lQm jf
a9'jfsf] nflu sf/afxL x“'bf o:tf] labfsf] clen]v
k]z ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] ;DalGwt sfof{nosf]
x'g]5 .

64

#$= labf ;l~rt x'g]M s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L ljZjljBfno
;]jfleqsf] Ps kbaf6 csf]{ kbdf ;?jf jf lgo'lQm ePdf
lghsf] ;?jf jf lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf] avt ;l~rt /x]sf] ;a}
lsl;dsf] labf gofF kbdf afxfn u/L ;~ro u/]sf] labf
;/x dflgg]5 .

#$s= labf kl/0ft gx'g] M o; kl/R5]badf]lhd lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] h'g labf lnO{ a;]sf] xf] ;f]xL labf g} pkef]u
ug'{kg]{5 . klxn] s'g} Ps lsl;dsf] labf :jLs[t ePsf]df
To:tf] labf kl5 lsl/of labf jf k|;"lt labfafx]s
csf]{ lsl;dsf] labfdf kl/0ft u/fpg kfOg] 5}g .

#$v= ;fj{hlgs labf ufleg] M e}k/L cfpg] / kj{ labf,
3/ labf / lj/fdL labf afx]s c¿ s'g} k|sf/sf]
labf lnO{ a;]sf] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] labf
cjlw leq ;fj{hlgs labf k/]df ;f] cjlw klg lgh
sd{rf/Ln] lnPsf] labfdf ufleg]5 .
#%= labf pkef]u ug{ gkfpg]M -!_ o; lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6 cTofjZos ;]jf
egL tf]lsPsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs labf
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5}gg . t/ ;f] afkt lghx¿n] ! jif{df
&) lbgsf] ;§f labf kfpg] 5g . cfly{s jif{sf] cGtdf
pkef]u gu/L afFsL /x]sf] ;§f labfsf] /sd vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
tnasf] cg'kftdf lbOg]5 .

65

-@_ o; lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} klg ;fjlws kbdf jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
kbdf lgo'Qm ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ;f]
kbdf sfd u?Gh]n lgod @%, @^ / @( afx]s lgod @$
b]lv ## ;Ddsf] s'g} klg labf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
t/ ;f] cjlwdf lghn] kfpg' kg]{ cfkmgf] ;flas kbsf]
u|]8 j[l4 kfOg} /xg]5 .
#^= labf clwsf/sf] ¿kdf gx'g]M labf clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dflgg]
5}g . ljZjljBfnosf] sfddf afwf gkg]{ u/L lbOg] ;'ljwf
dfq dflgg]5 . la/fdL labf, lqmof labf / ;'Ts]/L g} x'Fbfsf]
k|;"lt labf afx]s s'g} klg labf k"j{:jLs[lta]u/ pkef]u
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
#&= labf :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/LM -!_ tf]lsPsf] clVtof/jfnfn]
labf :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfnon] cTofjZos / pko'Qm 7fg]df cWoog labf
jf c;fwf/0f labf jf :jfWoog labfdf a;]sf s'g} klg
lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] sfd
jf ;]jfdf nufpg ;Sg]5 .
•#&s =lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do ljZjljBfnosf] cwLg x'g]M
o; lgoddf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s lq=lj= ;]jfsf lzIfs
sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] c3Lg x'g]5
•
66

/ h'g;'s} ;dodf klg lghx¿nfO{ lq=lj=sf] sfddf
nufpg ;lsg]5 .
•#&v sfof{no ;do, ;dokfng / xflh/L M lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
sfof{no ;dosf] lgwf{/0f sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] ;do–;dodf
lg0f{o u/L tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 . sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
;dodf gcfpg] / sfof{nodf k6s k6s l9nf] cfpg], rf8f] hfg]
tyf sfof{nosf] sfddfafx]s sfof{no ;dodf :jLs[lt glnO{
SofDk; sfof{no jf lgsfo 5f]8g] lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt
k|d'vn] uon s§L ug]{5 . dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f k/]dfafx]s
labfsf] lgsf;f glnO{ s'g} klg lzIfs sd{rf/L cfˆgf] sfof{nodf
cg'kl:yt x'g'x'Fb}g . o;/L cg'kl:yt x'g] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] ;ft
lbgleq labfsf] lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
•
67

kl/R5]b – ^
tna, eQf, bz} vr{, cf}iflw–pkrf/ tyf cGo
;'ljwfx¿
#*= tna eQfM -!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf axfn ePsf lzIfs
tyf sd{rf/Ln] cfkmgf] kbdf axfnL u/]sf] lbgb]lv axfnL
u/]sf] kbsf] tna, eQf, / cGo ;'ljwf kfpg]5g .
-@_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln]
ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf /xL sfd u/]afkt kfpg] tna, eQf,
/ cGo ;'ljwf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] ;do ;dodf
tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_♦
o; lgodsf] s'g} lgod jf pklgodadf]lhd ;hfo
kfPsf] jf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s k|To]s :yfoL
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{sf] ;]jf k'/f u/]kl5 jif{sf]
Ps u|]8 j[l4 ;lxtsf] tna j[l4 kfpg] 5 / ;f] u|]8sf]
;ªVof / /sd sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
/f]Ssf ePsf] tnaj[l4 km'Ssf ePdf ;f] tna a[l4sf]
ldlt ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] lnlvt ¿kdf hgfO/fVg'
kg]{5 .
#(= tna eQfsf] e'QmfgL M -!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf axfn
/x]sf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dlxgf ;dfKt
♦
68

x'g'eGbf ;fwf/0ftM a9Ldf % lbg cufj} tnaeQfsf]
e'QmfgL kfpg]5g .
-@_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ksfPsf] tna eQf lgh
h'g;'s} Af]xf]/faf6 ;]jfdf g/x]df klg kfpg]5 .
-#_ k|rlnt sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePsf] l:yltdf afx]s s'g}
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] tna s§f ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ of] lgodadf]lhd labfdf a:bf jf cGo cj:yfdf tna
gkfpg] egL :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf]df afx]s lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tna ;f] lzIfs jf sd{rf/L sfd
ul//x]sf] jf labfdf a;]sf] avt /f]lsg] 5}g .
-%_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]sf] kbx¿df sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd n'uf eQf, u/d;'6, a'6,
aif{fbL / cf]e/sf]6 cflb lbOg]5 .
$)= b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf M lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln]
ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf e|d0f ug'{ kbf{ kfpg]
b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
$!= kfl/jfl/s b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf M lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lx¿;?jf x'Fbf kfpg] kfl/jfl/s b}lgs tyf e|d0f
eQf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
69

$@= lgnDag ePdf kfpg] tna MΘ
-!_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L
lgnDjg ePdf ;f] lgnDjgsf] cjlwe/ lghn] cfkmgf]
tnasf] cfwf dfq kfpg]5 . t/ nfu]sf] cf/f]k k|dfl0ft
geO{ lghn] ;kmfO kfPdf lgnDjg /x]sf] cjlwsf] cfwf
tna kfPsf] eP ;f] s§f u/L / gkfPsf] eP k'/} tna -
tna j[l4 x'g] ePdf ;f] ;d]t_ kfpg]5 . s;'/bf/ 7xl/Pdf
lgnDjg ePsf] ldltb]lvsf] afFsL tna eQf kfpg] 5}g .
-@_Ξ
$#= ♦
rf8 kj{{ vr{M •-!_ lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] wd{ ;+:s[lt,
k/Dk/fcg';f/ dgfOg] rf8 kj{sf] nflu lzIfs sd{rf/Ln]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd k|To]s
jif{ rf8 kj{ vr{sf] ¿kdf kfpg]5 . o:tf] /sd lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] Ps cfly{s jif{df Ps k6s cfˆgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt
k/Dk/f cg';f/ dgfOg] d'Vo rf8 kj{sf] cj;/df e'QmfgL
lng ;Sg]5 .
•-@_ lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L cjsfz k|fKt lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{
lghn] kfpg] Ps dlxgfsf] lgj[lQe/0f a/fa/sf] /sd
rf8 kj{ vr{sf] ¿kdf lbOg]5 .
Θ
Ξ
♦
•
70

λ
$$=cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf :yfoL lzIfs
tyf sd{rf/Ln] ljZjljBfno ;]jf cjlwe/df b]xfoadf]lhd
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnaa/fa/ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ kfpg] 5g M
-s_
♦
pk k|fWofks jf ;f] ;/x / !@ dlxgfsf] vfOkfO{
dflysf lzIfsx¿ tyf ;xfos cfPsf] tna a/fa/
k|zf;s jf ;f] ;/x / ;f] eGbf
dflysf sd{rf/Lx¿ -tx ! s, v b]lv $
s, v ;Dd_
-v_ ;xfos k|lzIfs jf ;f] ;/x, x]8 !*dlxgfsf] vfOkfO{
cl;i6]G6, Nofa cl;:6]06, jf ;f]] ;/xnfO{ cfPsf] tna a/fa/
-tx % / ^ s, v dfq_
-u_ 8«fO{e/, 6fOlki6 -u_ jf ;f] ;/x @! dlxgfsf] vfOkfO{
/ ;f] eGbf d'lgsf ;a} txnfO{ cfPsf] tna a/fa/
-tx & s, v / ;f] eGbf
d'lgsf ;a}tx_
ο
-!=!_ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf g/x]sf JolQm ljZjljBfnosf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghn] vfOkfO{cfPsf]
tnasf] jif{sf] @ dlxgfsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] /sda/fa/
cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ kfpg]5 / lghn] kbdf axfn /xbf
cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ afkt /sd lnPdf ;f] s6fO{ /
glnPdf kbfjlw k'/f eO{ jf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] kbjf6
cnu ePdf ;f]cg';f/ cg'kflts lx;fan] x'g cfpg] Ps
d'i6 /sd lghnfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
λ
@)%@ r}q !# ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
ο
@)%& cfif0f #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
♦
71

-@_ s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/L jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o la/fdL
ePdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfpg] /sddf ga9g] u/L
b]xfoadf]lhd ePsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ ljZjljBfnoaf6
lbOg]5 .
-s_ /f]usf] pkrf/sf] lgldQ :jLs[lt k|fKt lrlsT;sn]
hfFr ubf{ nfu]sf] z'Ns tyf hfFr u/L n]lvlbPsf]
k|]:qmLK;g cg';f/ cf}iflw lsg]sf] vr{ .
-v_ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf egf{ x'Fbf / pkrf/ u/fpbf nfu]sf]
lan adf]lhdsf] vr{ .
-u_♦
;a} lsl;dsf] lr/kmf/ -;lh{sn ck/];g_ ubf{ nfu]sf]
lan adf]lhdsf] vr{ .
-3_ cfkmgf] 3/ jf 8]/f 5f]8L csf]{ lhNnf jf ljb]zdf uO{
cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fpbf To:tf] :yfgdf k'Ubfsf] /
kms{bfsf] la/fdLsf] / s'?jf rlxg] cj:yf eP Ps
hgf s'?jf ;Ddsf] oftfoft vr{sf] k"/} /sd / vfgf
vr{afkt ;DalGwt lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] lq=lj=
lgodadf]lhd kfpg] b}lgs eQfsf] krxQ/ k|ltzt
/sd .
:ki6Ls/0fM
-s_ :jLs[t lrlsT;s eGgfn] lq=lj= ;]jfdf lrlsT;ssf]
¿kdf axfnL /x]sf] jf g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;ndf jf
♦
72

g]kfn cfo'j]{b sfplG;ndf lrlsT;ssf] ¿kdf btf{
ePsf]nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
-v_ lrlsT;ssf] k|]:qmLK;g / ;f] cg';f/sf] lan 5flkPsf]
x'g'kg]{5 . cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ lng'k/]df ;Ssn
k|]:qmLK;g / lan k]; ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ o; lgoddf kl/jf/ ;b:o eGgfn] lzIfs jf sd{rf/L
cfkm};Fu a:g] tyf cfkm}n] kfng kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ klt,
kTgL, 5f]/f jf wd{k'q cfljjflxtf 5f]/L jf cljjflxtf
wd{k'qL ;Demg' k5{ / cfkm}n] kfng kf]if0f ug'{kg]{ afa',
cfdf jf ;f}t]gL cfdfnfO{ ;d]t hgfp5 .
-#_ o; lgodadf]lhd cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ dfu ug]{ jf k|fKt
ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ lnPsf] em'7f
Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf To:tf lzIfs sd{rf/Lpk/
lq=lj=lgodcg';f/ sf/afxL x'g ;Sg]5 .
-$_ o; lgodcg';f/ cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ ug]{ lzIfs÷sd{rf/L
sfof{nodf xflh/ x'g g;Sg] u/L la/fdL ePsf]
cj:yfdf la/fdL labf afFsL eP;Dd la/fdL labf g} dfu
ug'{ kg]{5 . la/fdL labf afFsL gePdf dfq cGo labf
lng ;lsg]5 .
-%_Σ
s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/L la/fdL ePdf cf}ifwL pkrf/sf]
nflu lgsf;f lbFbf la; jif{sf] cjlwnfO{ ;]jfsf] k'/f
cjlw dfgL To;sf] cg'kftdf la/fdL x'g] lzIfs
Σ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
73

sd{rf/Ln] u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwn] lx;fa u/L o;
lgodadf]lhd cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ lbOg]5 . ;]jf cjlw
u0fgf ubf{ c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jf c6'6 /fvL :yfoL ePsf]
cjlwnfO{ ;d]t u0fgf ul/g]5 .
^= eljiodf lq=lj= ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s c¿ h'g;'s}
a]xf]/faf6 lq=lj=sf :yfoL lzIfs sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6
cnu x'Fbf o; lgodadf]lhd ;]jf cjlwe/df kfpg]
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ dWo] s]xL lnO{ jf glnO{ cf}ifwL
pkrf/ vr{ lng afFsL /sd Psd'i7 lng kfpg]5 .
o;/L afFsL /x]sf] /sd Psd'i7 lnFbf la; jif{;Dd
;]jf u/]sfn] b; k|ltzt yk, aL; jif{eGbf a9L kRrL;
jif{ ;]jf u/]sfn] kGw| k|ltzt yk / klRr; jif{eGbf a9L
;]jf u/]sfn] aL; k|ltzt yk x'g] u/L x'g cfpg] /sd
Psd'i7 lng kfpg]5 .
-&_ cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ;~rfng ug{ Ps ;~rfns ;ldlt
x'g]5 . h;sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ /lhi6«f/ cWoIf
Θ
-v_ lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgsf 8Lg
jf lghn] tf]s]sf] lrlsT;s k|ltlglw ;b:o
-u_ k|d'v, cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf ;b:o
-3_ k|d'v, sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf ;b:o
Θ
-ª_ pks'nkltaf6 dgf]gLt sd{rf/L Ps hgf ;b:o
Θ
74

Θ
-r_ lzIffWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt lzIfs Ps hgf ;b:o
-5_ cfly{s pk lgoGqs cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] sfd x]g]{ ;b:o– ;lrj
kb]g ;b:oafx]s cGo ;b:osf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{sf]
x'g]5 .
a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf
lbOg]5 .
-*_ pklgod -&_ sf] nflu cfjZos 7fg]df cGo af]8{ u7g
ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L u7g u/]sf] af]8{sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf lbOg]5 .

$$s=cËeË eP jf rf]6k6s nfu]afkt kfpg] ;'ljwf M
-!_s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/L ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
b'3{6gfdf k/L rf]6k6s nfUg uPdf rf]6k6ssf] pkrf/ u/fpg
cfjZos kg]{ cjlwe/sf] lgldQ lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] lghsf] s'g}
klg ;+lrt labfaf6 labf s§f gx'g] u/L k"/f tna;lxtsf] yk
la/fdL labf kfpg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd pkrf/ u/fp“bf nfu]sf]
pkrf/ vr{sf] ztk|ltzt /sd To:tf] lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] kfpg]5 . o:tf] pkrf/ vr{ kfPsf] sf/0fn]
To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kl5 la/fdL x'“bf lgod $$ sf]
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfpg ;Sg] pkrf/ vr{ kfpgdf
s'g} afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
Θ

75

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd pkrf/ ubf{ cfFvf, xft jf v'§fsf]
k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ePdf o;/L cËk|Tof/f]k0f ubf{ nfUg]
;Dk"0f{ vr{ To:tf] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] kfpg]5 .
-$_ s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] hfghfg cfÎg} uDeL/
nfk/afxLn] rf]6k6s nufPsf] sf/0fn] cËeË ePsf]df o;
lgodadf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
-%_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd pkrf/ u/fpFbf u/fp+b} s'g}
lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf To;/L pkrf/ u/fpbf
nfu]sf] pkrf/ vr{sf] /sd lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{
lbOg]5 .
-^_ o; lgod adf]lhdsf] pkrf/ vr{ kfpg c:ktfn egf{
ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq bfjL ul/;Sg' kg]{5 .
$%= ljZjljBfno ;]jf kbssf] Joj:yf M♦
@% jif{ ljZjljBfno
;]jf u/]sf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] ljleGg ju{ / >]0fLsf] ljZjljBfno ;]jf
kbs, k|df0fkq / gub k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
$^= bfx ;+:sf/ vr{ M ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf axfndf /x]sf]
cj:yfdf s'g} j}tlgs kbflwsf/L jf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf]
d[To' x'Fbf lghsf] bfx ;+:sf/afkt ?= ♦
@),))).– -aL;
xhf/_ lgh d[ts JolQmsf] xsbf/nfO{ lbOg]5 .
♦
76

$&= k|yfldstf / d"No ;x'lnot M ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} cfªlus
c:ktfn jf ;]jf lgsfoaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jf jt{dfg tyf
e"tk"j{ kbflwsf/L, lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] pkof]u ug'{kg]{
cj:yfdf lghx¿nfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]
k|fyfldstf / d"No ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g]5 .

$&s=:jf:Yo pkrf/ sf]if M -!_ ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t
kbflwsf/L,:yfoL lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf
nflu Ps :jf:Yo pkrf/ sf]if :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sd
hDdf ul/g]5 .
-s_ kbflwsf/L, :yfoL lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{
cfPsf] tnasf] Ps k|ltzt a/fa/ s66L u/L x'g
cfpg] /sd,
-v_ ljZjljBfnon] ;do;dodf hDdf ul/lbPsf] /sd,
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt /sd /
-3_ tf]lsPsf] cGo /sd .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifaf6 ljZjljBfnosf
kbflwsf/L, :yfoL lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lq=lj= lzIf0f
c:ktfn nufot cGo tf]lsPsf] c:ktfndf ul/g] cf}ifwL
afx]ssf :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] /sd a]xf]l/g]5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifaf6 ljZjljBfnosf
kbflwsf/L, :yfoL lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] >Ldfg, >LdtL,
afa', cfdf tyf gfaflnu 5f]/f, 5f]/Lsf nflu nfUg] :jf:Yo

77

pkrf/ /sdsf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6 tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt
a]xf]l/g]5 .
-%_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifaf6 ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6
lgj[t kbflwsf/L, lzIfs, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] /sd Joxf]g{ ;lsg]5 . lgj[t kbflwsf/L, lzIfs,
sd{rf/Lsf] s66L ul/g] /sd / vr{ a]xf]l/g] k|ltzt tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-^_ sf]if ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
$*=r]o/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf M -!_♦
ljZjljBfnoaf6 jf :jb]zL jf
ljb]zL z}lIfs jf cGo ;ª3÷;+:yf jf JolQmaf6 k|fKt
sf]ifåf/f :yflkt r]o/ ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf axfnjfnf
lzIfsx¿dWo] pko'Qm lzIfsnfO{ ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifbsf]
l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] r]o/sf] Joj:yf, ;'ljwf, ;t{ /
cGo sfo{ljlw k|fl1s kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
$(= ljz]if cfly{s ;'ljwfM Θ
ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf lzIfs
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf 5“b} d[To' ePdf lghsf] xsjfnfnfO{ c;L
xhf/ ¿k}ofF Psd'i6 k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
♣
-s_
♣
-v_
♣
-u_
♦
Θ
♣
78

kl/R5]b – &
cjsfz, pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0f
%)= clgjfo{ cjsfzM -!_ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] pd]/
^# jif{ k'/f ePkl5 ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz
lbOg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf k|zf;s kbdf kfFr jif{ ;]jf
ul/;s]kl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOg]5 . t/ sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbn] lghsf] ;]jf ljZjljBfnon] cfjZos 5 eg]
dx;'; u/]df Ps k6snfO{ a9Ldf b'O{ jif{;Dd ;]jf
cjlw yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_♦
o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf]
pd]/ ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ lghn] k]; u/]sf] lzIf0f
;+:yfsf] k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGd lbg jf jif{af6 x'g
cfPsf] pd]/ jf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGd
lbg jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/ jf lghn] e/]sf]
j}olSts gf]s/L ljj/0f -l;6/f]n_ df n]vL lbPsf] hGd
ldlt jif{lbgaf6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/dWo] h'g pd]/af6
lgh klxn] cjsfz x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/df u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
-$_♦
jif{ jf ;Djt dfq pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
hGd ldlt sfod ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd sfod ul/g]5M
♦
79

-s_ gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqsf] xsdf k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf]
ldltsf cfwf/df,
-v_ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqsf] xsdf k|df0fkq hf/L
ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df,
-u_ l;6/f]nsf] xsdf ;'? egf{ ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df
•-%_s'g} k|df0fkqdf jif{ dfq pNn]v ePsf] / csf]{
k|df0fkqdf k'/f hGd ldlt v'n]sf] /x]5 tyf To:tf]
k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGd ldltx¿sf] lardf Ps jif{
;Ddsf] cGt/ b]lvPdf k'/f v'n]sf] hGd ldltnfO{ cfwf/
dfGg' kg]{5 . t/ o;/L 5'§f5'§} k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf]
hGd ldltsf] cGt/ Ps jif{ eGbf a9L ePdf jif{ dfq
pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df pklgod -$_adf]lhd
hGd ldlt sfod ul/g]5 .
%!= :j}lR5s cjsfzM @)jif{;Dd :yfoL ;]jf ul/;s]sf
ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] OR5f ePdf
lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/Ln] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng cg'dlt lbg
;Sg]5 . o:tf] :j}lR5s cjsfz lng] lzIfs jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] ljQLo cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] a9Ldf & jif{;Ddsf] lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd
Psd'i6 k]:sLsf] ¿kdf lbg ;Sg]5 / lgj[Q ePsf] avt
kfPsf] k]:sL /sd e'QmfgL ePkl5 dfq lgoldt ¿kn]
kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f lbOg]5 . o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
•
80

n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sDtLdf % -kfFr_ jif{sf] Psd'i6
lgj[lQe/0f kfPsf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f
k]:sLsf] ¿kdf /xFbfsf] cjlwdf a9g] 5}g .
%@= ;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgfM -!_♦
o; kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgsf
lgldQ ;]jfsf] cjlw u0fgf ubf{ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf
c:yfoL jf s/f/ ;]jfdf /xL c6'6 ;]jf u/L :yfoL ePsf]
/ :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ ;]jf u/]sf] k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlw tyf
lgnDagdf /x]sf] cjlw;d]tnfO{ u0fgf ul/g]5 . s'g}
lzIfs jf sd{rf/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo x'g]
u/L avf{:t ePsf]df kl5 s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] cof]Uotf 5'6g
uPsf] jf ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf]df k]ml/ lgh lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf] :yfoL lgo'lQm ePdf jf /flhgfdf lbO{
ljZjljBfno ;]jf 5f8]sf]df kl5 lgh lzIfs jf sd{rf/L
ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ePdf jf
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ªu7g jf lgsfo jf kb vf/]hLdf
k/L kl5 ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ePdf ;f]
cjlwsf] pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f lnPsf] /x]g5 eg] 6'6
ePsf] cjlw s6fO{ cl3sf] / kl5sf] cjlw
ljZjljBfnosf] pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0fsf k|of]hgsf] nflu
u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-@_♦
@)@* ;fncl3 ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf sfo{/t lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf / ljZjljBfnodf ufleg cfPsf z}lIfs
;+:yfx¿af6 :jtM ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf
u}/;/sf/L z}lIfs ;+:yfsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
♦
81

;DalGwt dxfljBfno / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf c:yfoL jf
:yfoL ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] cjlwb]lv g} pkbfg jf
lgj[lQe/0fsf k|of]hgsf nflu dfq ;]jf cjlw u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
-#_ s'g} ;/sf/L lzIfs jf sd{rf/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf
sfhdf cfO{ sfd ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6
/flhgfdf u/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf k|j]z kfO{ c6'6 ;]jf
u/]sf :yfoL lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
c:yfoL jf ljsf;tkm{ lgo'Qm ePsf jf :yfoL ePsf
ldltb]lv pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq
;]jf cjlw u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-$_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ sfd ul//x]sf
s'g} k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L lgodfg';f/ lzIf0ftkm{ lgo'Qm
ePdf lghn] k|zf;lgs kbdf /xL ;]jf u/]afkt kfpg]
pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f glnPdf dfq lghsf] ;]jf cjlw
pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0fsf k|of]hgsf] nflu lzIf0ftkm{ hf]8L
u0fgf ul/g]5 . of] lgod ;f]xL k|lqmofcg';f/ lzIf0faf6
k|zf;gtkm{ cfpg] lzIfsnfO{ klg nfu" x'g]5 .
♣
-%_
%#= pkbfgM -!_ % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L :yfoL ;]jf u/]sf t/
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] cjlw gk'u]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln]
cjsfz kfPdf jf /flhgfdf :jLs[t u/fO{ ljZjljBfno
;]jfaf6 cnu ePdf jf ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] lgldQ
♣
82

eljiodf cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6
x6fOPdf b]xfosf b/n] pkbfg kfpg]5g .
-s_ % jif{b]lv !) jif{;Dd ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf /x]sf
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf cfk"m /x]sf]
k|To]s jif{sf lgldQ vfOkfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L tnan]
cfwf dlxgfsf] tna,
-v_ !) jif{eGbf a9L !% aif{;Dd ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf
/x]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf cfk"m
/x]sf] k|To]s jif{sf lgldQ vfOkfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L
tnasf b/n] ! dlxgfsf] tna,
-u_ !% jif{eGbf a9L @) jif{ k'/f geP;Dd ljZjljBfno
;]jfdf /x]sf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] ljZjljBfno
;]jfdf cfk"m /x]sf] k|To]s jif{sf lgldQ vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
clv/L tnasf] $% lbgsf] tna .
♣
t/ -!_
-@_ ljZjljBfnonfO{ s'g} ;ªu7g jf lgsfo jf kb g}
grflxg] eO{ vf/]hLdf k/]sf] jf zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfsf]
sf/0fn] ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf /xg c;dy{ ePsf] s'g}
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf # jif{ k'/f ;]jf u/]sf] /x]5
/ lghsf] ;]jfsf] hDdf cjlwdf % jif{ yk]df lgj[lQe/0f
kfpg] cjlw k'Ub}g eg] vf/]hLdf k/]sf jf zf/Ll/s
c:j:ytfsf] sf/0fn] ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jf ug{ c;dy{ jf
♣
83

d[To' ePsf] cjlw;Ddsf] lghsf] ;]jfsf] hDdf % jif{ ykL
x'g cfpg] cjlwsf] lx;fjn] lghnfO{ o; lgodadf]lhd
pkbfg lbOg]5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jf kfpg jf ;f] ;]jfdf axfn /xg]
p2]Zon] lzIff;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, ltg k':tf, gfd, y/,
jtg, gful/stf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf of]
lgodadf]lhd pkbfg lbOg] 5}g .
%$= lgj[lQe/0f M -!_ •
sDtLdf % jif{ :yfoL e} @) jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L ;do;Dd ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf ;+nUg lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] ldltb]lv g}
b]xfoadf]lhd dfl;s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5gM
hDdf ;]jf jif{ x cflv/L tnasf] /sd
%)
-@_ o; lgodcg';f/ kfpg] lgj[lQe/0fsf] dfl;s /sd
;DalGwt lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{ cPsf] dfl;s
tnasf] cfwf /sdeGbf sd x'g] 5}g .
-#_Σ
ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfkmgf] s'g} ;ªu7g jf lgsfo jf kb
g} grflxg] eO{ vf/]hLdf k/]sf] jf zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfsf
sf/0fn] ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jf ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] jf d[To'
ePsf] s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] hDdf cjlwdf %
•
Σ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
84

jif{;Dd yk]df lgj[lQe/0f kfpg ;Sg] ePdf lgj[lQe/0f
kfpg] cjlw k'¥ofpg a9Ldf % jif{;Dd ylkg]5 .
-$_ eljiodf ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf lgldQ ♣
cof]Uo 7xg]{ u/L
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] o;
lgodadf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg ;Sg] 5}g .

-$s_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/L
lgj[lQe/0f kfO/x]sf] s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] cGo
b]zsf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPdf
To:tf] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] o; lgodadf]lhd
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg ;Sg] 5}g .

-$v_ s'g} lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] ;uf]nsf] klt jf kTgLn]
cGo s'g} d'n'ssf] :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt k|fKt
u/]sf] b]lvPdf :yfoL cfjf;Lo cg'dlt lnPsf] To:tf]
lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] klt jf kTgLn] sd{rf/L ;~ro
sf]ifsf] /sd afx]s lgj[lQe/0f nufot o; lgod
adf]lhdsf] cGo s'g} klg ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
-%_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} kbdf cl3 u/]sf] ;]jfafkt
lgj[lQe/0f kfO/x]sf] e"tk"j{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/L kl5
ljZjljBfnosf] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf
lghn] kl5 u/]sf] ;]jfafkt of] lgodadf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f
kfpg] 5}g .
♣

85


-%s_ljZjljBfno ;]jf jf ;/sf/L ;]jf jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cfly{s nufgL ePsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf]
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 lgj[t eO{ lgj[lQe/0f lnO/x]sf]
JolQm dfl;s kfl/>lds jf cGo ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L
ljZjljBfnosf] kbflwsf/L jf cGo kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf
To:tf] JolQmn] ljZjljBfno jf cGo lgsfoaf6
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . To;}u/L ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6
lgj[t eO{ lgj[lQe/0f lnO/x]sf] JolQm ;/sf/L ;]jf jf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s nufgL ePsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] dfl;s kfl/>lds
kfpg] u/L s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf To:tf] JolQmn]
ljZjljBfnoaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g .
-%v_ pklgod -%s_ adf]lhdsf JolQmx?dWo] gof“ lgo'lQm
x'g] kbflwsf/Ln] Ps dlxgfleq / xfn jxfn /x]sf]
kbflwsf/Ln] of] lgod nfu" ePsf] ldltn] Ps dlxgfleq
;f] sf] hfgsf/L lgo'lQm ePsf] ;DalGwt lgsfo dfkm{t
sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ 5 .
-^_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jf kfpg] jf ;f] ;]jfdf axfn /xg]
p2]Zon] lzIff;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, ltg k':tf, pd]/, gfd,
jtg, gful/stf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf of]
lgodadf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f lbOg] 5}g .
-&_ lgj[lQe/0fdf j[l4 b]xfoadf]lhd ul/g]5M

86

λ
-s_ axfnjfnf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] tna j[l4 x'Fbf
tnasf] ;'? cªsdf hlt j[l4 ePsf] 5 To;sf] b'O{
ltxfO{ /sd ;dfg kbdf lgj[Q ePsf lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f /sddf klg yk ul/g]5 .
σ
-v_
σ
-u_
σ
-3_
Α
-ª_lq=lj=;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ePsf e"tk"j{ lzIfs÷sd{rf/LnfO{
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s lgj[lQe/0f a/fa/sf] /sd
♦
rf8kj{ vr{ afkt lbOg]5 .
•
%$s= pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfM -!_ kl/R5]b
& df cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnon] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] ldlteGbf kl5
lgo'Qm x'g] lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pkbfg tyf
lgj[lQe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] 5'§}
pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f s]fif v8f ug]{5 . To:tf lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfl;s tnaaf6 b; k|ltztsf b/n] s§L
u/L ;f] /sddf Tolt g} /sd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 yk
u/L x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf u/L lbg]5 .
λ
@)%@ r}q !# ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
σ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
Α
@)%% kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
♦
87

-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 lgo'Qm x'g] lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf kl/R5]b ^ sf] cjsfz pkbfg /
lgj[lQe/0fsf] lgod %) afx]s cGo %!, %@, %#,
%$, %%, %^, %&, %*, %(, ^), ^! / ^@ lgod nfu"
x'g] 5}g .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd dfl;s tnaaf6 s§f ul/Psf]
/sd, ljZjljBfnoaf6 yk ul/Psf] /sd / ;f]afkt
kfs]sf] Aofh;d]t kl/R5]bsf] lgod *@ sf] -v_ -@_
sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo h'g;'s} k|sf/n] lq=lj=
;]jfaf6 cnu x'Fbfsf avt Psd'i6 kfpg] 5 . t/
kl/R5]b !) sf] lgod *@ -v_ -@_ adf]lhd eljiodf
ljZjljBfno ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf jf avf{:t u/]sf lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Ln] pQm sf]ifdf lghsf] tnaaf6 s§f ul/Psf]
s'n /sd / ;f]afkt kfs]sf] Aofh dfq Psd'i6 lng
kfpg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd v8f ePsf] pkbfg tyf
lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifdf hDdf x'g] /sdsf] Joj:yfkg,
;~rfng, sf]if s§L ug]{ k|lqmof, pkbfg tyf
lgj[lQe/0f k|of]hgsf] nflu sf]if s§L /sdsf] e'QmfgL
tyf sf]if ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
%= lgod %$ adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] lq=lj=sf lzIfs
tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf lgod %$s nfu" x'g] 5}g .
88

%%= kl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fM -!_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L
ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf 5Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfn]sf] & jif{
gk'Ub} d[To' ePdf lghsf] kl/jf/nfO{ jf lghsf gfafns efO
jf cljjflxtf lbbL, alxgLnfO{ lgod %$ df n]lvPsf] b/n]
lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt x'g]5 . t/ lgj[lQe/0fsf] xsdf o:tf]
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfn]sf] & jif{ gk'Ub}df d[To' ePsf] lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ & jif{ k'u]kl5 lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt x'g]
5}g .
-@_♦
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLsf]
xsdf lghn] lghsf] klt jf kTgL ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf
x+F'b} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfn]sf] & jif{ gk'Ub} d[To'
ePdf lgod %% pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfl/jfl/s
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] ePdf ;f] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] cjlw
e'StfgL ePsf] ldltb]lv / To:tf] lgj[lQe/0f gkfpg]
ePdf lghsf] klt jf kTgLn] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfn]sf]
& jif{ JotLt eO;s]kl5 d[To' ePsf]df lgh lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] ldltb]lv lghn] kfpg]
lgj[lQe/0fsf] cfwf /sd cfhLjg kfpg]5 . t/ To:tf]
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]n] k'gM j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]df of]
;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ o; lgodadf]lhd pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f lbFbf d[t
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] cfkmgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:odWo]df jf
cfˆgf] gfafns efO jf cfljjflxtf lbbL–alxgL s;}nfO{
OR5fPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] JolQmnfO{ / s'g} sf/0fn] ;f]
JolQmn] kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf ;f] lzIfs jf
♦
89

sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:odWo] sfg'gL xsjfnfnfO{
lbOg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f
o; lgoddf ækl/jf/Æ eGgfn] lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] cfkm};Fu
a:g] tyf cfkm}n] kfngkf]if0f ug'{ kg]{ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, jf wd{k'q,
cljjflxtf 5f]/L jf cljjflxt wd{k'qL ;Demg'k5{ / cfkm}n]
kfngkf]if0f ug'{kg]{ cfˆgf] afa', cfdf jf ;f}t]gL cfdfnfO{ ;d]t
hgfpF5 •
/ ;f] zAbn] k'?if / cljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
lghsf] afh], aHo} tyf ljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf]
;f;" ;;'/fnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
%^= c;fwf/0f kl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fM -!_♦
o; lgoddf cGoq
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/L
ljZjljBfnosf] sfd sf/afxLsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/L
tTsfn} d[To' ePdf jf ;f]af6 7"nf] rf]6k6s nfuL To;sf]
sf/0faf6 lgh lgsf] gx'b} kl5 d[To' ePdf lghsf] ljw'/
klt jf ljw'jf kTgLnfO{ To:tf] lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] kbfjlw
aL; jif{eGbf sd /x]5 eg] afFsL cjlw yk u/L lghsf]
klt jf kTgLnfO{ o; lgodadf]lhdsf] cfhLjg lgj[lQe/0f
lbOg]5 .
-@_ ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf
dfq dfGotf lbOg] M
•
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;zf]wg
90

-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jfsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' x'g] 36gf
x'g' cl3 lzIfs jf sd{rf/L;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw
eO{ ;s]sf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] ;dodf
lgh;Fu g5'l§Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-#_ ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgL s'g} gePdf jf klt jf
kTgLsf] d[To'cl3 lghaf6 5'l§;s]sf] ePdf jf ljw'/
klt jf ljwjf kTgLsf] k'gM ljjfx ePdf k'gM ljjfx
x'g'eGbf cl3sf] kltaf6 hGd]sf !^ jif{eGbf sd
pd]/sf ;Gtlt jf wd{k'q, cljjflxtf wd{k'qL /x]5g eg]
lghx¿sf] u'hf/fsf] lgldQ k|To]snfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
dgfl;a b]v]sf] cjlw;Ddsf nflu bfdf;fxLn] ljw'/ klt
jf ljwjf kTgLn] kfpg] kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fsf] b'O{
ltxfOdf ga9g] u/L dfgl;a 7xl/g cfPsf] b/n]
kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ d[t lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgL,
;Gtlt jf wd{k'q, wd{k'qL /x]g5g / lgh lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf cfl>t cfdf, afa' b'a} jf b'O{dWo] Ps /x]5g
eg] lghx¿sf] u'hf/fsf] lgldQ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn]
dgfl;a b]v]df a9Ldf !) -b;_ jif{sf] cjlw;Ddsf
nflu bfdf;fxLn] ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLn] kfpg]
kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fsf] b'O{ltxfOdf ga9g] u/L dgfl;a
7xl/g cfPsf] b/n] kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ug{
;Sg]5 .
91

-%_ d[t dlxnf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ljw'/ klt jf
;Gtltsf] xsdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] cf}lrTo x]/L sf/afxL
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-^_ d[t lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ljw'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgL,
;Gtlt, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL jf cfdfafa' s'g} /x]g5g / lgh
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf cfl>t bfh'efO jf cljjflxtf
lbbLalxgLx¿ jf tL dWo] s'g} /x]5g eg] lghx¿sf]
u'hf/fsf lgldQ sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] a9Ldf !) -b;_
jif{sf] cjlw;Ddsf nflu bfdf;fxLn] ljw'/ klt jf
ljwjf kTgLn] kfpg] kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fsf] b'O{ltxfOdf
ga9g] u/L dgfl;a 7xl/g cfPsf] b/n] kfl/jfl/s
lgj[lQe/0f k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%&= ;ldltsf] u7gM-!_ s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ljZjljBfnosf]
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf d[To' ePdf jf To;sf] sf/0faf6 lgsf]
gx'Fb} kl5 d[To' ePdf lghsf] ljw'/ klt jf ljw'jf kTgLn]
kfpg] cfhLjg kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0fsf ;DaGwdf sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbn] tf]s]sf] jf u7g u/]sf] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltnfO{ s'g} lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d]t /fo JoQm ug]{
clwsf/ x'g]5 .
%*= tnasf] pNn]vM -!_ o; kl/R5]bdf hxfF tna pNn]v ePsf]
5 To;n] ;DalGwt lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] tTsfnsf] tna
/sd -:s]n j[l4 ;d]t_ nfO{ hgfpg]5 .
92

-@_ lgod %# / %$ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu æcflv/L tnaÆ
eGg.n] ;DalGwt lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz k|fKt ug]{
a]nfsf] tnanfO{ hgfpg]5 / To;/L cjsfz k|fKt ug]{
cj:yfdf s'g} lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] c;fwf/0f labf jf
ljz]if labfdf a;]sf] jf lgnDagdf /x]sf] eP To:tf]
cjlwe/sf lgldQ klg k"/} tnasf] lx;fa ul/g]5 .
%(= lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL sfo{ljlwM -!_ pd]/ jf ;]jf cjlwsf]
sf/0faf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg] lzIfs sd{rf/Ln]
cjsfz x'g] ldlteGbf ^ dlxgf cufj} tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]
kmf/fd e/L axfn /x]sf] sfof{nodfkm{t s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfdf clgjfo{ ¿kn] k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ lgod %( -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|kq eg{ gkfpFb} s'g} lzIfs
jf sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf To:tf] d[t lzIfs jf
sd{rf/Ln] OR5fOPsf] JolQmn] / s;}nfO{ gOR5fOPsf]
eP lghsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿dWo] b]xfosf] qmdfg';f/
hf] hLljt 5 p;}n] ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
^ dlxgfleq k|kq e/L k7fpg' kg]{5M
-s_ ;uf]nsf] klt jf kTgL,
-v_ ;uf]nsf] 5f]/f jf wd{k'q,
-u_ ;uf]nsf] cljjflxtf 5f]/L jf cljjflxt wd{d'qL,
-3_ ;uf]nsf afa'cfdf / 5f]/fkl§sf] gflt,
-ª_ leGg a;]sf] klt jf kTgL,
93

-r_ leGg a;]sf] 5f]/f jf wd{k'q,
-5_ leGg a;]sf cljjflxtf 5f]/L jf cljjflxtf
wd{k'qL, afa' / cfdf,
-h_ ;uf]nsf] afa'kl§sf] afh], aHo}, bfh', efO, ljwjf
5f]/L, a'xf/L / 5f]/fkl§sL cljjflxtf gfltgL,
-em_ ;uf]nsf cljjflxtf lbbL, alxgL,
-`_ ;uf]nsf elthf, elthL, ;f}t]gL cfdf, leGg a;]sf]
5f]/fkl§sf] gflt / cljjflxtf gfltgL,
-6_ ;uf]nsf sfsf, ljwjf sfsL, efph", efOa'xf/L,
gfltgL a'xf/L,
-7_ leGg a;]sf bfh'efO,
-8_ ljjflxtf 5f]/L jf ljjflxtf wd{k'qL,
-9_ ljjflxtf lbbL, alxgL, leGg a;]sf afh], aHo},
ljwjf 5f]/L, a'xf/L, gfltgL a'xf/L / elthf .
:ki6Ls/0f
Ps} qmddf PseGbf a9L gft]bf/x¿tf]lsPsf eP ;f]
qmddf tf]lsPsf ;a} gft]bf/x¿n] a/fa/ lx;fadf d[t
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg ;Sg]5g .
-#_ lgod %( -!_ / %( -@_ adf]lhd k|kq k|fKt ePkl5
ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] cfjZos hfFra'em
u/L cjsfz k|fKt ug]{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f
94

clwsf/kq -k]G;g k]d]G6 c8{/_ ♣
k|bfg ug{ cfjZos
sf/afxL ug'{ kg]{5 .
^)= ♦
a/a'emf/y gu/]df pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f /f]Ssf ug{ ;lsg]M
;]jflgj[Q lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] a'emfpg'kg]{ gubL, lhG;L /
sfuhft lgodfg';f/ ga'emfPdf To;/L ga'emfPsf]
cjlw;Ddsf] nflu lghn] kfpg] pkbfg jf lgjlQe/0f /f]Ssf
ul/g]5 . To:tf] gubL, lhG;L / sfuhft a'emg' kg]{ lzIfs
sd{rf/Ln] klg tf]lsPsf] ;dod} a'lemlng' kg]{5 .
♣
^!=
^@= lgj[lQe/0fdf ykM ljZjljBfno ;]jfafx]ssf ;/sf/L jf
u}/;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] ;]jfdf
cfPsf lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f jf,
ljZjljBfno ;]jfafx]ssf ;/sf/L jf cGo ;]jfaf6 kfPsf]
lgj[lQe/0fdf gk'u /sd dfq ljZjljBfnoaf6 yk
lbOg]5 .♣
♣
♦
95

kl/R5]b – *
;~rosf]if tyf ;fk6L;DaGwL Joj:yf

^#= sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifdf /sd hDdf ul/lbg] M -!_
ljZjljBfnodf k"/f ;do sfd ug]{ k|To]s kbflwsf/L / :yfoL
;]jfsf lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfl;s tnaaf6 bz k|ltztsf
b/n] /sd s§f u/L ;f] /sddf ljZjljBfnon] ztk|ltzt /sd
yk u/L sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 lgodfg';f/ cjsfz kfpg] lzIfs
sd{rf/Lx¿n] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd hDdf ePsf] /sd lkmtf{
kfpg]5g .
^$= ;fk6L tyf k]:sL lbg ;lsg]M lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
lbg ;lsg] ;fk6L tyf k]:sL;DaGwL Joj:yf sfo{sf/L
kl/ifbn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .

96

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;jf lgod

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;jf lgod

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lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIfs, sd{rf/L ;jf lgod