This is a report on the material science which suggests that how material science was evolved and what is the scope of the research in material science.

1. CHANGE IN TRENDS OBSERVED IN MATERIAL SCIENCE
FROM PAST TO PRESENT AND TO FUTURE
Author- B.Vinith
ROLL NO-15120017
Department of Metallurgical Engineering;
National Institute of Technology Raipur;
Chhattisgarh
ABSTRACT
Material science and engineering is a very crucial subject in the field of engineering but still, there are many
questions left unanswered about the evolution of materials and how does the name of this subject is introduced.
In this abstract, the importance of materials in the life of man, their evolution and the story of material science
is described. Along with this, the trends emerged from the past evolution of the materials, research at the past
and how there is an exponential rate of growth of research in the 20th
century was observed is shown. The
scenario of the future of materials science and the need for research for the future materials in the current
generation is described here.
Keywords-evolution of materials, Ashby’s diagram, Ages of Metallurgy, Milestones, CNTs,
Superconductivity materials, Antimatter, Second law of thermodynamics
Abbreviations- 1. MSE- Material Science and Engineering
2. TEM- Transmission Electron Microscope
3. CNTs- Carbon Nanotubes
4. MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5. CERN- European Organization for Research
Cases
Figure 1: Process of formation of elements...................................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Formation of He atoms in sun.......................................................................................................................3
Figure 3: Formation of heavy elements..............................................................................................................3
Figure 4: Ashby diagram describing the ages in material science .......................................................................4
Figure 6: Current materials................................................................................................................................5
Figure 7: Biomedical: Nanomachines (decoder, dripper, and driller) attacking Cancerous cells ........................6
Figure 8: Future city in the Ocean ................................................................................................................................6

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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................2
2. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS........................................................................................2
3. TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE.................................................................................................................................3
a. IN PAST-.....................................................................................................................................................................4
B. IN PRESENT- .........................................................................................................................................................4
C. IN FUTURE-...........................................................................................................................................................6
4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................6
5. REFERENCES-.................................................................................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION
Materials which are formed from matter have a crucial role in the life of the human beings for their
survival. Man uses the material to satisfy their needs such as for transportation, housing, clothing,
communication and so on. The interaction of the skill and the application of materials are called
technology. [1] Materials were discovered about 4000 years ago and as the years are passed the demands
of man are increasing at an exponential rate new materials have come into existence. The earlier man has
access to only a few materials such as wood, clay, skin and so on [2] but as with the advent of new
technology (such as heat treatment) artificial materials have been developed and it is used depending on
the type of requirement of a particular application.
With the view of the demands of materials, interest in the subject of material science has been developed.
In Material science the relationship between the structure and property is studied but to use this concept
for the sake of applications on a day to day life (economics) materials engineering has been evolved [2, p.
3] but only the materials engineering is not sufficient to fulfill the demands of the society so, the various
older disciplines have emerged from this new disciplines.
MSE came by fusion of metallurgy and solid state physics and later on the infusion of materials chemistry
and the limited extent of chemical engineering. The fusion of metallurgy and solid-state physics came in
the late 1950s due to the invention of Materials Research Laboratories. Earlier Solid state physics was
more popular than metallurgy in the middle of the 20th
century. From 1935 to 1955 a revolution occurred
between two sciences in the theory of dislocations, band theory, random walk theory and cohesion of
solids in quantum mechanics, similarly for the invention of materials for human applications the fusion of
Biology and MSE has been occurred and later on for conducting all the experiments of research in
simulation the field of computers has been merged. [3]
2. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS
All matters came from the explosion of the universe about 13-15 billion years ago in the formation of the
universe which is described in the Big-Bang theory. Quarks were formed first and photons were formed
and similarly electrons, neutrons and from these small particles, light atoms were formed which further
undergo nuclear reactions like fission and fusion to form large and small elements. The man was also
formed from this matter. It was believed that heavy elements were formed by the process of
nucleosynthesis in the center of the galaxy during the explosion of the universe and many light elements
were formed in the outer layer of sun known as photosphere by nuclear chain reaction. For example, H, He,

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O, N were formed depending on the temperature available at the various layers in the sun. [1, pp. 2-4]
Figure 1: Process of formation of elements [1, p. 4] Figure 2: Formation of He atoms in sun [1, p.
3]
Figure 3: Formation of heavy elements [1, p. 4]
3. TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE
Figure 4: Ashby diagram describing the ages in material science [4]

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a. IN PAST-
According to Ashby the changes in material science from generations is described by eras- Stone Age,
Bronze Age, Iron Age, Age of Steel, Age of Polymers and Age of Silicon. Earlier man requires only a few
materials so; there was no research in materials science up to the age of iron. From the age of the iron to age
of silicon there were some new inventions and innovations which advanced the metallurgy with the use of
more materials and improvements in the existing materials such as Wootz steel. In the 20th
century, there is
the exponential rate of growth in the field of material science [1, p. 8] was observed due to the invention of
TEMs, dislocation theory and emerging of fields of various disciplines.
some milestones in the history of material science are-
1. Discovery of Hume-Rothery rules for solid solution formation in the 1920s.
2. The invention of the Blast furnace by Abraham Darby in 1709.
3. Modern steelmaking by Henry Bessemer in 1856.
4. The invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in 1930.
5. In 1920 Orowan, Polayani and Taylor invented the dislocation theory.
6. In the mid-1950s electron microscope and etching techniques were invented.
7. Method for developing single crystals by Czochralski in 1915 which revolutionized the electronics
industry by usage of Silicon single crystals.
8. Griffith theory explains the failure of brittle materials at very low stresses than the observed theoretical
stress in the 1920s. [3]
Figure 5: Discovery of Wootz steel in India [4, p. 4]
B. IN PRESENT-
The present age of material science is known as a golden age. [1, p. 8] In this 21st
century, the demands of
man are to use the materials for advanced applications like for computers, smart materials like NITINOL
for stents, advanced materials like High Entropy alloys for high-temperature coatings. Now the aim of the
researchers is to design the materials on the basis of atomic and molecular levels to design new materials
which are used for futuristic applications. The current idea is to replace the existing materials with new and
advanced materials to reduce the cost, pollution and to improve the performance. For example- an element
which can substitute chromium in stainless steel. [5]

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Figure 6: Current materials [1, p. 10]
Some of the newly discovered materials which are being used in current applications are-
CNTs- It is an allotrope of carbon which was discovered in 1991 by SUMIO LIJIMA which is now used in
paper batteries, Armour protection, reinforcement in composites due to its excellent mechanical properties.
[6]
Superconductivity materials-It was discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 in solid mercury at 4.2K and
this effect was used to made ceramic based superconductors which can be used at a temperature greater than
132K. The discovery of superconductors has revolutionized the current generation of material science these
materials have made many applications a bit easier and put one step ahead in research. Some of its
applications are- in transportation industry like in maglev train, in biology sector MRI scan to diagnose
diseases, supercollider to produce new elements from existing elements, in power transmission also
superconductors have proved to increase the efficiency to 90% and finally in microchips which can be used
to transfer data at very rapid speeds. [1, pp. 17-22]
C. IN FUTURE-
According to the second law of thermodynamics- the universe is expanding and moving towards to more
disorder and it has predicted that in a few years from now galaxies will collide and the sun will be turned
into red-hot iron. For a man to survive in future we need robots, humanoid or superhumans. [1, pp. 16-17]
To know about the secrets of the universe we need advanced technology for space and to find the secrets in
the deep ocean we need materials for the construction of underwater submarines or structures. In the view
that materials which can be used in the 22nd
century that are called future materials.
Some of the future materials will be -superconductors for supercomputers, quantum dots for quantum
computers, plasma for spaceships, Nanomaterials for biomedical treatments.

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Figure 7: Biomedical: Nanomachines (decoder, dripper, and driller) attacking Cancerous cells [1, p.
15]
Figure 8: Future city in the Ocean [1, p. 16]
Antimatter (opposite to H atom) which was discovered in 1995 by CERN which can be used as a fuel for
spaceships, biomedical applications and it is believed that about 1g fuel of antimatter is sufficient to run the
spaceships for thousands of kilometers. Along with these some of the materials are self-healing materials,
superhydrophobic materials, the ultra-lightweight polymer for solar cells, optical material to withstand
atomic oxygen in space. [1, p. 23]
In accordance with the current materials, the research is going on them to bring the modifications to the
existing materials to discover new materials or to use these materials in the future.
4. CONCLUSION
The discussion in this paper shows that the evolution of materials in the universe and the discovery of
materials and how the man can relate their skills and intelligence to convert the materials into useful
products for their survival. Trends emerging from the past in material science shows that the man used
materials only to fulfill their needs but with the passage of generations man becomes more interested in
research and there is an exponential growth of research in the 20th
century with the fusion of disciplines and
to ease the life of human beings for their future more innovative ideas are required to bring the futuristic
materials in the present realistic world by conducting research to reduce their cost and for its usage in bulk
applications.

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5. REFERENCES-
[1] A. Kassim, “Material science and technology: past, present and the future,” UPM inaugural lecture
series, no. LG173 S45 S981 no.85, p. 7, 12 NOV 2007.
[2] W. D. Callister, in Material Science and Engineering, 7th ed., John Wiley and sons, inc., 2007, p. 2.
[3] R. W. Cahn, “Material Science: past, present and future,” in International conference on advanced
materials[IUMRS-ICAM'99], Beijing, JUN 4 1999.
[4] B. MURTY, in HIGH ENTROPY ALLOYS, ELSEVIER, 2014, p. 2.
[5] E. MCCAFFERTY, in Introduction to Corrosion Science, USA, Springer, 2010, p. 9.
[6] R. S. a. P. S. Waseem Khan, “Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites:” vol. chapter 1, pp. 1-2.