2. REACTION INTERMEDIATES:
• Homolytic and heterolytic bond fission forms short
lived species called as reaction Intermediates.
• These short lived species are very reaction and are
quickly converted to more stable molecules.
3. • The carbon atom is Sp² Hybridised
• The carbocation have a planar structure.
• The bond angle between all the 3 sigma
bonds 120◦
a) Structure of Carbocation:
6. When the positively charged carbon atom is in conjugation with pi-bond, the
stability is greater because of increased delocalisation due to resonance and
because of it the +ve charge is spread over the molecule
12. Free Radicals
•Chemical Species having an unpaired electron is called
as free radical.
•It can be formed by homolytic bond fission.
Structure:
It could be planar or pyramidal
in structure, having an Odd
electron .
17. Stability of Carbene
Triplet carbene is more stable than the Singlet Carbene. Triplet
Carbene has lower energy because of the presence of 2
electrons in different orbitals leads to less electron-electron
repulsion.
18. Benzyne
Benzyne are neutral intermediate derived from Benzene ring by removing
2 ortho Substituents.
It is also called as 1,2 Didehydrobenzene
Benzyne is very unstable molecule.
Benzyne is represented by a single molecule with Carbon-carbon triple
bond
Benzyne are aromatic in nature