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- 1. Welcome Kwantlen Plagiarism Tutorial THIS TUTORIAL HAS AUDIO Part Two: Referencing Skills PLAY/ FORWAR D
- 2. Why we cite To acknowledge/give credit To identify where an idea originated To distinguish previous from new contributions To pass on information accurately To allow the reader to consult the source To show how well a topic was researched To support arguments made Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills Some studies show… As Barnes points out… I agree that… This does not prove I don’t agree… There is evidence that…
- 3. What you need to cite Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills Generally, you don’t need to cite YOUR OWN thoughts, ideas, data, creations, etc. You need to cite what is NOT YOUR OWN thought, idea, data, creation, etc. Ok, so Smith concludes that… In my opinion this shows that… Image courtesy of Stuart Miles/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Image courtesy of imagerymajestic/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
- 4. What you need to cite Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills Radio & TV programs Videos & movies Performances of all kind Podcasts Conferences & Lectures Interviews Statistics Discussions Photographs Art Music Speeches Data Graphs Articles Reports Class handouts
- 5. What about common knowledge? General common knowledge is information: That can be verified easily and consistently in several different sources That many people are believed to know Examples: capital cities, important historical dates and persons, basic mathematics, common sense observations This information does not need to be cited Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills
- 6. What about common knowledge? Discipline specific common knowledge: Information that is well known only within a specific field of study It is NOT considered common knowledge outside of the specific discipline Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills To determine what is common knowledge can be tricky, so WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE!
- 7. Common knowledge? Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills The Milgram Shock Experiment caused subjects various levels of stress Columbus discovered North America in 1492 REMEMBER, WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE! E=mc2 was formulated by Einstein In 2013, 783 million people still don’t have access to clean water CITE! CITE! No need to cite No need to cite
- 8. What about my own previous work? Can you re-submit YOUR OWN previous work in another course? Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills If you submit the same paper in different courses you are not acknowledging your own previous contribution, but pretend your work is new and original. Therefore, you are committing a form of plagiarism called SELF-PLAGIARISM. Click here for the answer
- 9. What about my own previous work? Can you use PART of YOUR OWN previous work in another course? Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills If you want to reuse part of a paper, you must get permission from your instructor AND you need to cite what you wrote before. Not citing yourself is also SELF-PLAGIARISM! Click here for the answer
- 10. Citation styles Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills APA (American Psychological Association) MLA (Modern Language Association) Chicago (University of Chicago Press) ©Modern Language Association. Reprinted with permission. KPU Citation Style handouts
- 11. Where to cite Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills 2Places In a list at the end of your paper called: References (APA) Works cited (MLA) Bibliography (Chicago) Within your work where you: Quote Paraphrase Summarize borrowed information Listing a source only in the reference list is a form of plagiarism
- 12. Citing in text: APA, MLA, Chicago - 1 Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills APA Parentheses Authors, date, also page number if quoting word for word Crook (2003) states that “the most difficult thing for them was the attitude of their parents” (p. 157). MLA Parentheses Authors and page number Chicago • Footnotes or Endnotes are preferred • Full citation information, including page number Crook states that “the most difficult thing for them was the attitude of their parents” (157). Crook states that “the most difficult thing for them was the attitude of their parents”.1 ____________________________ 1. Marion Crook, Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp, 2003), 157. QUOTE FROM A BOOK
- 13. Reference list: basic elements of a book citation Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills Author: Title: Subtitle: Publisher: Location: Year: APA: Crook, M. (2003). Out of the darkness: Teens and suicide. Vancouver, Canada: Arsenal Pulp Press. MLA: Crook, Marion. Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide. Arsenal Pulp P, 2003. Chicago: Crook, Marion. Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp, 2003. Out of the darkness Teens and suicide Arsenal Pulp Press Vancouver 2003 Marion Crook ©Arsenal Pulp Press. Reprinted with permission.
- 14. Citing in text: APA, MLA, Chicago - 2 Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills APA Parentheses Authors, date, also page number if quoting word for word A recent study found that adolescents with low self-esteem are the ones most likely to be bullied (Guerra, Williams, & Sadek, 2011). MLA Parentheses Authors and page number Chicago • Footnotes or Endnotes are preferred • Full citation information, including page number A recent study found that adolescents with low self-esteem are the ones most likely to be bullied (Guerra, Williams, and Sadek 305). A recent study found that adolescents with low self-esteem are the ones most likely to be bullied 2 ___________________________ 2. Nancy G. Guerra, Kirk R. Williams, and Shelly Sadek," Understanding Bullying and Victimization during Childhood and Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study ," Child Development 82, no. 1 (January/February 2011): 305. PARAPHRASE FROM AN ARTICLE
- 15. Reference list: elements of an article citation Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills APA: Guerra, N. G., Williams, K. R., & Sadek. S. (2011). Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: A mixed methods study. Child Development, 82(1), 295-310. MLA: Guerra, Nancy G., Kirk R. Williams, and Shelly Sadek. “Understanding Bullying and Victimization during Childhood and Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study.” Child Development, vol. 81, no. 1, 2011, pp. 295-310. Chicago: Guerra, Nancy G., Kirk R. Williams, and Shelly Sadek. “Understanding Bullying and Victimization during Childhood and Adolescence: A Mixed Methods Study." Child Development 82, no. 1 (January/February 2011): 295-310. Author: Article title: Journal title: Date: Volume/Issue: Pages: Nancy G. Guerra, Kirk R. Williams, Shelly Sadek Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: a mixed methods study Child Development January/February 2011 vol. 82, iss. 1 295-310
- 16. Electronic sources Some have print equivalents, some do not Each style has its own rules for citing these For example, citing an online article from a database APA requires: DOI or stable URL or journal homepage MLA requires: Database name plus DOI or stable URL Chicago requires: DOI or stable URL or database name. No author? No date? No title? No…? Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills No matter what is missing, YOU NEED TO CITE THE SOURCE!
- 17. Citing in text Example using APA citation style Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. Detractors argue that the state should not enshrine differences into policy, but should rather aim to treat everyone the same, or more accurately, provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities (Barry, 2001). One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority (Day & Sadick, 2002). Mitchell (1996) goes even further with this, arguing that it is a policy designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites”. At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills • Clearly distinguish your own ideas from other people’s ideas by including citations in the appropriate places • Put the citation right after the borrowed information or use it to introduce someone else’s ideas
- 18. Corresponding references Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. Detractors argue that the state should not enshrine differences into policy, but should rather aim to treat everyone the same, or more accurately, provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities (Barry, 2001). One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority (Day & Sadick, 2002). Mitchell (1996) goes even further with this, arguing that it is a policy designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites”. At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills References Barry, B. (2001). Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Day, R. F., & Sadick, T. (2002). The BC land question, liberal multiculturalism, and the spectre of aboriginal nationhood. BC Studies, 134, 5-34. Retrieved from http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/ index.php/ bcstudies/index Mitchell, K. (1996). In whose interest? Transnational capital and the production of multiculturalism in Canada. In R. Wilson, & W. Dissanayake (Eds.), Global/local: Cultural production and the transnational imaginary (pp. 219-254). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Paragraph adapted from an essay by Paul Li and used with permission Citations in the essay – APA style Corresponding reference list entries – APA style Book Online Article Book chapter
- 19. Common examples of plagiarism Example using APA citation style Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. The state should not enshrine differences into policy, but should rather aim to treat everyone the same, or more accurately, provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities. One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority and is indeed designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites”. At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Paragraph adapted from an essay by Paul Li and used with permission Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills What is wrong? There is a mix of the student’s arguments and borrowed information, but there are no citations to show which is which. The reader is led to believe that everything is the student’s idea. • your own ideas • other people’s ideas • citations
- 20. Common examples of plagiarism Example using APA citation style Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. Detractors argue that the state should not enshrine differences into policy, but should rather aim to treat everyone the same, or more accurately, provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities (Barry, 2001). One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority (Day & Sadick, 2002) and it is indeed designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites”. At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Paragraph adapted from an essay by Paul Li and used with permission Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills What is wrong? The idea about capitalist interests is taken from Mitchell, but there is no citation. The reader is led to believe that the underlined sentence is the student’s idea • your own ideas • other people’s ideas • citations
- 21. Common examples of plagiarism Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills What is wrong? The citation is in the wrong spot. Only parts of Barry’s ideas are cited. The reader is led to believe that the underlined sentence is the student’s idea when in fact it is also taken from Barry Example using APA citation style Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. Detractors argue that the state should not enshrine differences into policy but should rather aim to treat everyone the same (Barry, 2001), or more accurately, it should provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities. One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority (Day & Sadick, 2002). Mitchell (1996) goes even further with this, arguing that it is a policy designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites”. At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Paragraph adapted from an essay by Paul Li and used with permission • your own ideas • other people’s ideas • citations
- 22. Common examples of plagiarism Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills • your own ideas • other people’s ideas • citations What is wrong? The citations are in the wrong spot. Although the student uses introductory phrases and cites all the sources, it is unclear which information comes from which source Example using APA citation style Although Canada’s multicultural policy is liberal and democratic in its goals, there are reasons to be sceptical about its value. Detractors argue that the state should not enshrine differences into policy, but should rather aim to treat everyone the same, or more accurately, provide the conditions such that all members of society can have access to equal opportunities. One could even argue that a multicultural policy magnifies cultural differences instead of promoting a homogenous diversity. The policy has also been attacked for promoting the interests of the English-Canadian majority. Some go even further with this, arguing that it is a policy designed to further the capitalist interests of the “elites” (Barry, 2001; Day & Sadick, 2002; Mitchell, 1996). At the core of the argument, however, is the question of whether or not the policy is any good… Paragraph adapted from an essay by Paul Li and used with permission
- 23. Recap part two Cite anything that you borrow other than common knowledge Use a citation style consistently and follow its rules precisely Clearly distinguish between your ideas and those from others by putting citations in the appropriate places Basic elements for book and journal reference list citations are: author, date, title(s), item specific publication information Plagiarism instances include: Not citing your sources at all Putting a citation only in the reference list Putting a citation in the wrong spot Submitting the same paper or reusing part of it without permission Part 2: Avoiding plagiarism – referencing skills
- 24. Completion Part Two You have completed Part Two of the Kwantlen Plagiarism Tutorial Please exit now and do the short quiz for Part Two. Note that you will need to get at least 80% in order to pass.
Editor's Notes
- Good referencing skills are one of the best ways to ensure that you don’t plagiarize. In this part of the tutorial, you will learn why and what we cite, and where and how to cite your sources properly. Click the forward button to begin.
- Although referencing or citing is the main tool to avoid plagiarism, there are many other reasons why we cite. In the academic environment, knowledge is built on previous thought and ideas, and this is often done in written form. As part of this process, it is necessary and expected that all contributors are credited. This serves several purposes: For one, it allows the reader to identify where an idea originated and to distinguish previous from new, original contributions – and to respond accordingly. It also ensures that someone else’s thoughts and ideas are passed on accurately as information can easily be verified by checking the original source, and it allows the reader to learn more about a work by consulting the source that was cited. In addition, citing reflects the extent of research done, as it shows which works were consulted and whether important previous works may have been omitted in a discussion. Lastly, citing authoritative sources, whether one agrees with them or not, is a very effective way to support one’s own arguments.
- So, what exactly do you need to cite in your paper? As a rule of thumb, you need to cite what is NOT your own thought, idea, data, or creation but you don’t need to cite thoughts, ideas, data or creations that are your own. Images: (Miles, 2011; Imagerymajestic, 2012)
- Be sure to cite all information you take from others, no matter what it is or where you got it from, whether it is from a printed source or from the Internet, whether it is something you saw on TV or heard on the radio, whether you got it from a tweet, a blog, a facebook posting or even a personal discussion.
- There is only one exception to the rule about citing information from others, and that is common knowledge. You may have heard that it is not necessary to cite common knowledge, and this is true, but deciding what is common knowledge and what isn’t, can be tricky. When we talk about general common knowledge we refer to something that can be verified easily and consistently through a variety of different sources and that many people know. Examples include capital cities, important historical dates and persons, basic mathematics and the like. This information does not need to be cited.
- Besides general common knowledge, there is also information that is so well-known within a field of study that it is considered common knowledge WITHIN this particular field. However, as this information would NOT be common knowledge outside of this field, it is always better that you cite it in order to avoid the possibility of plagiarizing.
- Have a look at the following statements and decide whether they would need to be cited or not. The first two statements fall under the definition of general common knowledge as they are well known and agreed upon facts, and hence they don’t need to be cited, while statement three is a particular statistic that always must be cited. The last statement about the Milgram Shock Experiment, on the other hand, is an example for discipline specific common knowledge that you MAY not need to cite within the field of psychology. However, this information would not necessarily be known outside of this field. Remember, it is always better to cite if you are unsure if something you have read is common knowledge.
- We have said that you do not need to cite your own thoughts, interpretations, ideas, concepts, data and so on, so what about reusing work that you yourself did previously? Can you submit your own previous work in another course? Click the red square for the answer. Self plagiarism is described in: American Psychological Association, 2010, p. 15.
- What about using part of your own previous work? Click the red square for the answer.
- Now that you know what to cite, let’s have a look at how and where to cite. First, you need to use a particular citation style that you must apply consistently throughout your paper. Sometimes, your instructor will tell you which style to use, other times you get to choose. The three main citation styles used at Kwantlen are APA, which is mostly used in the Sciences and Social Sciences; MLA, which is used in many of the Humanities, and Chicago style, which is the preferred style for history. Each style has their own rules about how to cite specific sources. The library has the official manuals for each style as well as short handouts in print an online.
- Generally, you need to cite in 2 places in your paper. First, within your work at the point where you use someone else’s information or idea, no matter if you quote word for word or put information you find in your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing it. Second, you need to put a full citation at the end of your paper in a reference list, also called a works cited list or bibliography. Note that listing a source only in the reference list is a form of plagiarism.
- Let’s have a brief look at how in-text citations differ in the 3 citation styles. APA style asks that you include the author’s last name(s), the year and, if you are quoting word for word, also the page number, and that you put this information in round brackets called parentheses. This applies to all types of sources you use in APA citation, whether it is a book, an article, a website or any other item. This is how a citation for a quote from Marion Crook’s book “Out of the Darkness” may look like. MLA style also uses parentheses for citations but requires you to use the author’s last name(s) and the page number. As with APA style, this applies to any type of source you use. The same citation in MLA style would look like this. Chicago Style has the option to use parentheses, but usually this style uses footnotes, which appear at the bottom of the page where you cite, or endnotes, meaning your in-text citations are all listed at the end of your write-up, and before your bibliography. Unlike APA and MLA style, Chicago style requires that you use the full citation information in your foot- or endnotes. The same citation from Crook’s book in Chicago style would look like this.
- For the reference list, you will always need to give the full citation information, no matter which citation style you use. The basic elements for books in print consist of author, title (and if available subtitle), publisher, publishing location and year, and you usually find this information on the title page of the book and the back of the title page. Note that in our example the subtitle on the book COVER says “Teens talk about suicide” while the subtitle on the title page is ”Teens and suicide”. Always go by the information on the title page. Each style has its own rules about arranging the information, about capitalization, punctuation, abbreviations and so on. The citation for this book in the 3 styles would look like this. Note that these are the basic elements, but that sometimes there will be additional information you need to add, such as editors or edition information, or some elements, such as an author, may not be available.
- Let’s have a brief look at another in text citation example. This time we are using information from an article that we paraphrased, meaning we put in our own words. For APA style, we again need the authors’ names and the date, but this time a page number is not required, because we are not quoting directly; for MLA, we again need authors and page number, and for Chicago style the full citation information for the article. This is how a citation for a paraphrase from an article by Guerra, Williams and Sadek could look like in the three different citation styles.
- For the reference list entry, you must again give the full citation information. The basic elements for journal articles in print consist of author, article and journal title, date, volume and issue information, and page numbers. The citation in the reference list for the article by Guerra, Williams and Sadek would look like this in the 3 different citation styles.
- Much of the information today is taken from online sources. Some of these have print equivalents, such as ebooks, online articles, online encyclopedias, and so on; other items exist only electronically, such as blogs or websites. Each style has its own rules for citing electronic sources. For example, depending on the citation style, you might need to include the name of the database, a long string of numbers and letters called a DOI or Digital Object Identifier (DOI), a stable URL or the journal homepage for an article that you retrieved from a library database. You may also come across situations where you cannot find an author or a date, or some other required information. No matter what the situation, remember that you still need to cite the source. Please consult the library citation style handouts for examples of how to cite a variety of print and online resources, including such materials as edited books, book chapters, course packs, photographs, streaming videos, blogs, emails, as well as sources that have no author, no date, and so on.
- Now that you have seen how to cite, let’s look at WHERE you need to put the citations when writing your essay. First of all, remember that other sources alone don’t make a good essay. It is YOUR paper that should show YOUR contribution. However, including information you researched is a good way to support your arguments and ideas. It is very important that you CLEARLY distinguish your own ideas from those of others by putting your citations in the appropriate places. A common place to put your citation is right after the borrowed information or just before it as part of an introductory phrase, such as “Mitchell concludes, or Mitchell argues, states, suggests, claims, found…”. Have a look at the paragraph which uses APA citation style format. The student’s own ideas are shown in purple, the borrowed ideas are in green, and the citations are in red. The first two citations follow the borrowed idea, while the third citation introduces it. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- Remember that your citations in the text generally must contain a corresponding reference in your reference list, works cited list or bibliography. This slide shows how the three references the student used within the body of the text appear in an APA style reference list. The first reference is a book, the second an online article and the third a book chapter. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- Let’s have a look at a few common examples of plagiarism, using the same essay excerpt as on the previous slides. In this example, the student has obviously done good research and is providing their own insights and arguments, but does not provide citations at all for the borrowed information. The reader therefore is led to believe that EVERYTHING is the student’s idea. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- In this example, the student clearly identifies the ideas borrowed from Barry and from Day and Sadick, but forgets to provide a citation for the idea taken from Mitchell. Therefore, the reader is led to believe that the underlined sentence is the student’s idea. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- In this example, the student provides citations for all of the sources used. However, the citation for Barry is in the wrong spot, and the reader is led to believe that the underlined sentence is the student’s idea when in fact it is also taken from Barry. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- In this example, all the sources are cited, but the citations are again in the wrong spot. By putting all the citations together at the end of the paragraph, it becomes unclear which information is taken from which author. Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)
- Let’s recap what you learned in part 2: cite anything you borrow other than common knowledge, use a citation style consistently and follow its rules precisely, clearly distinguish between your ideas and those from others by putting citations in the appropriate places. Basic elements for book and journal citations include author, date, title(s), and item specific publication information. Plagiarism instances include: not citing your sources at all, putting a citation only in the reference list, putting a citation in the wrong spot, submitting the same paper or reusing part of it without permission