More Related Content Similar to Behavior fall 2019 blank pt 2 of 2 (12) 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe how behavior can improve survival.
• Describe how behavior can improve
reproductive success.
• Describe the benefits and drawbacks of
living in a group.
• Compare and contrast the behavioral
adaptations of solitary and social animals.
• Explain how female mimics and sneaky
males’ fitness compares to territorial males.
3. Many behaviors improve survival
Section 36.3
Behavioral ecology explores the
survival value and evolution of
behavior patterns. Most behavior
can be linked to adaptations that
increase survival, reproduction, or
both.
Keys to improving survival include
• predator avoidance
• finding resources or shelter
• balancing foraging effort with
the energy content of food
Figure 36.12
©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
4. Many behaviors promote reproductive
success
Section 36.4
Most reproductive activities fall
into the category of social
behaviors, which are
interactions among members
of the same species.
Social behaviors that promote
reproductive success include
courtship, mating, and parental
care.
Figure 36.15
(tail fanned): ©Corbis/SuperStock RF
22. Group living increases chances for
survival
Section 36.3
Group living also offers
defense against predators.
These meerkats are watching
for potential threats.
When a sentry barks an
alarm call, the entire
community dashes
underground to safety.
Figure 36.12
©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
23. Advantages of group living
Section 36.5
Advantages of group living:
• Finding food
• Protection from
environmental conditions
• Protection from predators
Figure 36.12
©Roy Toft/National Geographic/Getty Images
24. Disadvantages of group living
Section 36.5
Disadvantages of group living:
• Competition between
group members
• Predators may more easily
detect groups
• Disease could spread
quickly through the group
Establishing a territory helps
reduce competition for
resources among group
members. These lions are
fighting to establish their
territories.
Figure 36.21
©imageBROKER/Alamy
25. Section 36.5
Social behavior sometimes
seem to be altruistic
direct fitness
indirect fitness
kin selection
inclusive fitness
Ground squirrel: ©Joe McDonald/Corbis
Social Behaviors May Seem Altruistic
Figure 36.24
31. Investigating Life
Section 36.6 Figure 36.26
Competition to fertilize an egg has selected for
unique mating strategies among cuttlefish males.
Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
32. Section 36.6 Figure 36.26
Females mate several times, so males try to flush out
sperm packets from other males.
After mating, he guards her until she lays fertilized eggs.
Investigating Life
Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
33. Section 36.6 Figures 36.26, 36.27
Males that guard mates have higher fertilization success
than those that don’t.
Investigating Life
Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
34. Section 36.6 Figure 36.26
A smaller male may impersonate a female,
changing his skin color and hiding the arms that reveal his sex.
Investigating Life
Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
35. Section 36.6 Figures 36.26, 36.28
If the ruse fools a guarding male, then the small male can try
to mate with the female. Sometimes, he successfully fertilizes eggs.
Investigating Life
Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
36. Section 36.6
Even within one species, there may be more than one path
to reproductive success.
Investigating Life
Figures 36.26, 36.28Cuttlefish: © Georgette Douwma/Science Source
