Stereotypes and Prejudice as Barriers

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1. Nur Herwin Indahsari (16202241002)
2. Fitriana (16202241008)
3. Ninda Striratna T H (16202241038)
Cross Cultural Understanding
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
2017/2018
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STEREOTYPES
PREJUDICE
RACISM
THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION
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FROM INTERCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

STEREOTYPES
Jun Akizaki
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 The term stereotype is the boarder term commonly used to refer to negative or positive
judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group
membership.
 The word stereotyping was first used by journalist Walter Lippmann in 1922 to describe
judgments made about others on basis of their ethnic group membership. Today, the term is
more broadly used to refer to judgments made on the basis of any group membership.
 Psychologists have attempted to explain stereotyping is as mistakes our brains make in the
perception of other people that are similar to those mistakes our brains make in the perception of
visual illusions (Nisbett,1980).
 Although you may think of stereotypes as being negative judgments, they can also be positive.
Some people hold positive stereotypes of other individuals based on their professional group
membership.

Stereotypes as harmful because they impede
communication in at least four ways :
They cause us to assume that a widely held belief is
true when it may not be.
Continued use of the stereotype reinforces the
belief.
Stereotypes also impede communication when they
cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true
of any one individual.
The stereotype can become a “self-fulfilling” for
person stereotyped.
When stereotypes lead us to interpret an individual’s behavior
from the perceptual screen of the stereotype they impede

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During the civil rights era of the 1960’s, “Asian-American” became
associated with the stereotype of the “model minority” who achieved
success through hard work, perseverance, silent stoicism, strong family
ties, and strong support for education. This stereotype seemed to
continue the belief that any group can achieve the American Dream if
its member “just work hard enough”. This stereotype continues in the
media. Asian-American of all groups are most often portrayed in the
press as industrious and intelligent, enterprising and polite, with strong
values, and successful in schools and business and in science and
engineering.

PREJUDICE
Jun Akizaki

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 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race,
religion, or sexual orientation (Rothenberg, 1992).
 The Random House Dictionary defines prejudice as “an unfavorable opinion or feeling
formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason; any preconceived opinion or
feeling, favorable or unfavorable; unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially
of a hostile nature.”
 Psychologists have identified the highly prejudiced individual as having an authoritarian
personality (Andorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson, and Sanford, 1950).

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Andorno identified the autoritarian personality type as having these characteristics:
 The authoritarian personality does not want to give orders, their personality type
wants to take orders
 People with this type of personality seek conformity, security, and stability
 They become anxious and insecure when events or circumstances upset their
previously existing world view
 They are very intolerant of any divergence from what they consider to be the
normal (which is usually conseptualized in terms of their religion, race, history,
nationality, culture, language, etc.)

 The Roma
• The Roma are believed to have migrated from India more
than a millenium ago, then arriving in Europe in 13th or
14th century.
• The medieval Europeans -- mistakenly applied “Gypsy”—
person who has dark skin comes from Egypt.
• Migration—The Roma leading a nomadic life.The Roma
often regarded as tramps and accused of thefts and
robberies.
• From the beginning of the 17t century, attempts were made
to forcibly assimilate the Roma people by requiring
permanent settlement and banning the Romany language.
• For decades, Eastern European Commnunist governments
suppressed prejudice against the Roma and banned the
nomadic life.
• The European Union have made better treatment of the Roma
a condition for new members. Critics charge that these efforts
are for the purpose of reducing migration into the more
prosperous Western European nations.

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 United States
• Many Irish people migrated to United States and took jobs. The Irish worked in
mines and mills and constructed canals and railroad lines. Editorial cartoons depicted
the Irish as lazy, “fighting”, and drunken.
• German Jews who migrated to the United States between 1830 and 1860 established
small businesses.
• Cartoon drawings in U.S. publications often characterized Jewish people as money-
grubbing shysters with large noses and funny accents.
• Henry Ford published books and articles in the 1920s accusing Jews of causing the
Civil War and Lincoln’s assassination and of plotting to take over the world.

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 Media Potrayal of Minorities
• It’s long been known that negative portrayals by the media increase prejudiced
attitudes.
• In 1933, Ruth Peterson and Lewis Thurstone showed that viewing the classic silent
film The Birth of a Nation increased prejudice toward African-Americans.
• The 1992 Los Angeles rioting following the Rodney King verdict brought the media
under scrutiny. Most media images were of the White victims and of African-
American rioters described commentators as “thugs” and “goons”. In fact many
rioters were not African-American, but many victim were.

RACISM
Jun Akizaki

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 Racism is any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or
status to individuals based on their race.
 Racism can be either conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional.

Some Chinese refer to Africans as hei gwei, or “black devils” and refer to
Whites as “white devils”.
In Brazil, race is seen as a continuum rather than in mutually exclusive
categories.
Even though US has three centuries of a mixed gene pool. Some people still
see distinct categories.
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European views on racism or racial
superiority are most often associated with
the 19th-century French writer Count
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau. His well-
known articulation of White racial
superiority, Essa sur I’inegalite des races
humaines, established his position as the
“father of racism”
Gobineau used three discursive strategies:
categoring all people into clearly defined
groups—the White, the Black, and the
Yellow.

The Role of Communication
Jun Akizaki

Prejudice and racism are
commonly viewed as rooted
in the child’s early
socialization and fostered in
communication with other
people who are prejudiced or
racist.

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Researchers have suggested various reasons for the persistence of prejudice:
Socialization
Many prejudices are passed on from
parents to children.
Social Benefits
Expressing a prejudice may bring
support from others who share that
prejudice.
Economics Benefits
Prejudice can be strong when there
is direct competition for jobs.
Psychological Benefits
Prejudice can be used to generate
the feeling of superiority and to
explain a complex world.

Hate speech
• It includes threats or verbal slurs directed
against specific groups or physical acts
such as burning crosses or spray-painting
swastikas on public or private property
(Walker, 1994)
• Hate speech attacks a person or a group
on the basis of race, religion, gender, or
sexual orientation.

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 First Amandment Rights
The case:
A Minnesota teenage skinhead who burned a cross on the front lawn of
the only African-American family in a working-class neighborhood of
St. Paul. The teenager was charged under a city ordinance that banned
any action that one knows arouses anger in others on the basis of race,
creed, religion, or gender. The Court used as precedent its earlier ruling
striking down laws against flag burning.the Court’s rulling made it clear
that speech cannot be limited on the basis of its content.

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 Cable Television Programming
• In 1991, an Anti-Defamation League survey labeled 57 programs as preaching racial
and religius hatred on public access channels. These were being shown in 24 of the
top 100 markets.
• One examples is the series “Another Voice of Freedom” promoted by Ernst Zundel.
The Canadian citizen had been imprisoned for violating Canada’s hate laws until he
was cleared by the Canadian Supreme Court in 1992. zundel claims the Holocaust
was a hoax and distributes his message free over public access cable television in the
United States and worlwide over the internet.
 The Internet
• Case:
• A 19-year-old male former student at the University of California, Irvine, sent an e-
mail message signed “Asian hater” to about 60 Asian students, accusing Asians of
being responsible for all crimes on campus or be killed by him. He was convicted in
1998 of interfering with students’ civil rights to attend a public university.

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Cultural norms can minimize the public
exspression of discriminatory or otherwise
interracially insensitive behavior. Yum and
Park (1990), argue that for well-established
stereotypes to change, more frequen
Information and stronger content are needed.
Cultural Norms
Media have been used as a tool to confront
prejudice and racism first by reporting formss of
human rights abuses and second by potraying
all groups fairly. Another more positive
approach to prejudice and racism is to present a
more balanced picture of minority life in the
media
Media

From Intercultural Perspective
Jun Akizaki

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• Stereotyping is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just
because the person is a member of a specific group.
• Prejudice is feeling hatred for or expressing suspicion toward people who belong to a
group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.
• Racism is any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or
status to individuals based on their race.
• Stereotyping and prejudice both have negative effects on communication.
• Stereotype can have a negative effect when people use them to interpret behavior.
• Prejudice can have very serious effects, for it can lead to discrimination and hate
crimes.

Stereotypes and Prejudice
as Barriers

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References
E. Jandt, Fred. 2004. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. USA: Sage Publication.
http://defyhatenow.net/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/defyhatenow_whatishatespeech_JUL27.pdf accessed on 31 October
2017 at 12.11 WIB.
https://diversity.missouristate.edu/assets/diversity/MagazinesLecturette.pdf accessed on 31
October 2017 at 11.58 WIB.
https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/paulocoelh620592.html?src=t_culture
accessed on 5 November 2017 at 10.04 WIB.
https://www.slideshare.net/jeelchristine/prejudice-social-psychology accessed on 5
November 2017 at 10.08 WIB.

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Jun Akizaki - http://thepopp.com
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Stereotypes and Prejudice as Barriers

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