2. CONTENTS
CHAPTER I LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Culture
Definition of Culture
Cultural Universal
Types of Culture
Cultural Patterns of Behavior
Language
The Relationship Between Language and
Culture
CHAPTER II GENERAL AMERICAN VALUES
Freedom
Individualism
Punctuality
Volunteerism
Equality
F. Informality
Idealizing what is practical
Mobility
Progress
JAYA, S.Pd., M.Li 2
3. CONTENTS
HAPTER III STEREOTYPE
Kinds of Stereotypes
Nationality stereotypes
Racial stereotypes
Political stereotypes
Gender stereotypes
Stereotypes in Media
Positive and Negative Side of Stereotype
Dealing with Stereotypes
Between Individuals
the Media
Educatio
CHAPTER IV INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Barriers to Intercultural Communication Attitude
Perception
Stereotype
Interpretation
Culture Shock
Non-Verbal Behavior
Cultural Learning
Dealing with Difference
JAYA, S.Pd., M.Li 3
4. CONTENTS
Improving Intercultural Communication
Break the Assumptions
Empathise Involve
Discourage Herd Mentality
Avoid Insensitive Behavior
CHAPTER V NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Body Language (Kinesics)
Body movement (gesture)
Body Position
Facial Expressions
Dress
Eye Contact (Oculistics)
Touch (Haptics)
Body Distance/Space (Proxemics)
Paralangue
Turn – taking
CHAPTER VI CULTURE SHOCK
Cause of shock culture
The symptoms of shock culture
The Stages of Shock Culture
Coping shock culture
JAYA, S.Pd., M.Li 4
5. Introduction
Cross-cultural understanding is concerned with understanding people
from different cultural backgrounds/culture of the people so we can
construct our attitudes and world view, more tolerable and generous
toward strange ways that may be shown by other citizen of another
country
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6. Definition of Culture
1. Culture comes from Latin cultura, means cultivation. British
anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which
is widely quoted: Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
2. Newmark describes culture as a way of life of a certain society which
is expressed by certain language
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7. Culture is
characterized by
the following four
basic features:
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1) Culture is a kind of social inheritance
instead of biological heritage;
2) Culture is shared by the whole
community, not belonging to any
particular individual;
3) Culture is a symbolic meaning system
in which language is one of the most
important ones;
4) Culture is a unified system, the
integral parts of which are closely
related to one another.
8. In general, culture can be divided into three categories:
1
Material culture as the
product of human
manufacture
2
Social culture as the
people‘s form of
social organization
3
Ideological culture
including people‘s
belief and values.
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9. Culture itself is like an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg is the
smallest part. Most of the iceberg is submerged.
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10. The concept of
belief, norm, and
value
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1) The belief system of a society
includes all the cognition namely
ideas, knowledge, superstitions,
myths, and legend, shared by
most members of society.
2) Cultural norms are rules of
standard behavior accepted by
members of society. Norms are
divided into folkways and mores
3) Value is a collection of guiding
principles; what one deems to be
correct and desirable in life
13. The idea of cultural universals itself runs contrary to cultural relativism.
Cultural relativism is the idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are
dependent on their cultural context, and should not be used in the study or
description of another culture.
Cultural relativism is, in part, a response to Western ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the
perspective of one's own culture.
Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms, in which one consciously believes
that one people's arts are the most beautiful, values the most virtuous, and
beliefs the most truthful.
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14. Types of
Culture
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1) Corporate culture (for example, the culture
of Apple, Microsoft)
2) Professional culture (for example, the
culture of doctors, lawyers)
3) Gender (different cultures of men and
women)
4) Age ( the different cultures of young,
middle-aged, and old-people)
5) Religious culture (for example, Catholicism,
Islam, Budha)
6) Regional culture (for example, Western,
Eastern)
7) Class culture (for example, working class,
middle class, upper class)
15. Cultural
Patterns of
Behavior
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1) They originate in the human mind.
2) They facilitate human and
environmental interactions.
3) They satisfy human basic needs.
4) They are cumulative and adjust to
changes in external and internal
conditions.
5) They tend to form a consistent
structure.
6) They are learned and shared by all
members of the society.
7) They are transmitted to new
generations.
16. The Relationship Between Language and Culture
- language is a key component of culture.
- Children learning their native language are learning their own
culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second
culture to varying degrees.
- Language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture.
- Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing
misunderstanding, unpleasantness and even conflict in cross-
cultural communication.
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18. A few selected values are at the core of the American value system.
Freedom
1
Equality
5
Individualism
2
Informality
6
Punctuality
3
Idealizing what is
practical
7
Volunteerism .
4
Mobility and
Progress
8
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19. EXERCISE 2:
Discuss a Western
movie you’ve
watched before and
find the American
values, belief, and
norms on it!
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xercise
21. What is Stereotype?
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• A stereotype is generalizations of people groups based on past
experiences, which are deep-rooted in the psyche of the people.
• stereotype is a fixed idea or image that many people have a particular
type of person, thing, or event, but sometimes it is not true in reality
• Cultural stereotypes mean applying both evidence and our existing beliefs
about the members of that cultural group.
• Ex: : firemen are courageous, blondes are less intelligent, Italians are
noisy, and so forth.
• a readily available image of a given social group, usually based on rough,
often negative generalizations.
22. In intercultural communication, in
particular, it is vital to distinguish between
what is part of a person‘s cultural
background and what is part of their
personality.
“
”
27. Stereotypes in Media
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Many films, advertisements and television programs show such as:
- Men engaged in physically demanding pursuits such as sport, rock-climbing,
and beach surfing or canoeing. They also show young boys playing with
action toys such as trucks, robots and super-hero figures.
- On the other hand, the same media shows young girls putting on make-up,
brushing their hair and generally worrying about their overall appearance.
- Some other advertisements show mothers serving meals to their families.
28. Other positive sides of stereotypes are:
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• People rely on stereotypes everyday to help them function in society.
• To allow people to quickly process new information about an event or
person.
• To organize people‘s past experiences.
• To meaningfully assess differences between individuals and groups.
• To make predictions about other people‘s behavior.
29. Other negative sides of stereotypes are :
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• Oversimplified generalization
• Breeding ground for errant generalizations.
• Serve as a major source of disinformation about others.
• May easily conceal or feed into prejudice, racism, sexism, and other
forms of bigotry.
30. How to Deal with Stereotypes ?
The key to reversing negative stereotypes is to contradict them, in direct interactions between people, in the media,
and through education.
31. We can deal with stereotype by:
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• Presenting more balanced pictures of minority life in media.
• By reporting forms of human right abuses
• By portraiting all groups fairly
• Keep on talking and communicating fairly with each other (otherwise
these problems are going to get much worse).
32. EXERCISE 3:
In a group of 4,
choose a novel or a
movie. Enlist and
explain the samples
of stereotype in it. It
can be gender, race,
nationality, and other
kinds of stereotypes!
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xercise
34. Presentation title 34
Communication can be defined as the exchange of meaning.
This involves the sending and receiving of information
between a sender and a receiver.
This happens not only through the use of words, but also
through non verbal factors, such as gestures and facial
expression. The message received can be very different from
the message was sent.
36. Barriers to
Intercultural
Communication
1. Attitude
2. Perception
3. Interpretation
Ex: A Japanese businessman is
negotiating with an Australian partner.
Chan : The deal will be very
difficult… Andrew : Well, what can I
help to solve the problems, Chan?
Chan : ….
This is the case of misinterpretation, in
which two people have interpreted the
same statement in completely different
ways.
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37. Gudykunst (in Gibson, 2000) suggests three ways of
checking our interpretation of other people‘s
behavior:
1. Perception checking
The aim of perception
checking is to ensure that
our interpretation of the
other person‘s behavior is
what he or she meant it to
be
2. Listening effectively
Active listening involves
showing the speaker that
we are involved in the
conversation, trying to
understand them better(by
asking questions, for
instance, or restarting
what they have said).
3. Giving feedback
- Be specific
- Mix negative with
positive feedback
- Provide feedback at an
appropriate time
- Use “I” statement
whenever possible.
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38. Dealing with Difference.
Use the following statements to reflect on how well suited you are to be an international
student/employee. How many are true you?
1. I am a sociable person and have a lot
of friends.
7. I am a good listener.
2. I enjoy travel, and learning about
new culture.
8. I can cope with stress.
3. I have always been good at learning
languages.
9. I have experience working abroad.
4. I enjoy dealing with ambiguous
situation.
10. I have partner/family who is/are also
keen in living abroad.
5. I am tolerant of people who disagree
with me
11. I am patient when things don‘t work
out as I want them too.
6. I am prepared to change plans
according to what happens.
12. I prefer to work in a team rather
than on my own.
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40. Presentation title 40
Non-verbal communication is the process of
communicating through sending and receiving wordless
messages.
Non-verbal communication can be divided into 4 parts
namely body language (kinesics), eye contact (oculistics),
touch (haptics), body distance (proxemics), paralangue,
and turn taking.
41. Body
Language
(Kinesics)
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1) Body language can be defined as the
conscious and unconscious movements
and postures by which attitudes and
feelings are communicated.
2) It goes both ways:
- Your own body language reveals your
feelings and meanings to others.
- Other people's body language reveals
their feelings and meanings to you.
1) Kinesics is derived from the Greek word
kinesis, meaning motion. This includes
body movement, body position, facial
expression, as well as dress.
42. CHAPTER VI
(CULTURE SHOCK)
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A. Cause of shock culture
B. The Symptoms of Shock
Culture
C. The Stages of Shock Culture
and Cultural Adjustment
D. Coping Shock Culture
43. Berusahalah dengan keras karena
perubahan tidak datang secara tiba-tiba
-------Semoga kesuksesan menghampiri Anda--------
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45. Reference
s:
Main Sources:
Pujiyanti, U. and Fatkhunaimah, R.Z. 2014.
Cross Cultural Understanding: A Handbook To
Understand Others’ Cultures. Yogyakarta: CV
Hidayah
Richard, E. Porter. 1995. Cross Culture
Understanding. California: Wadsworth
Publishing Company
