1. KARBOHIDRAT
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy compound which has the
empirical formula ketone CnH₂nOn. In general, carbohydrates can be grouped into:
Under hydrolysis, divided into:
1. Monosaccharides: a saccharide molecule / sugar which has five or six carbon atoms or
a carbohydrate that can not be further hydrolyzed into smaller units.
Composition Contained in Glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆ Fruits fructose
C₆H₁₂O₆ Fruits, honey galactose
C₆H₁₂O₆ Not found naturally
Based on the functional groups:
• Aldose: Monosaccharides having aldehyde functional group (Aldehyde)
• Ketoses: Monosaccharides having a ketone functional group (Alkanon).
2. Disaccharides: a carbohydrate that when hydrolyzed would be two monosaccharides.
Composition Contained in Maltose
Glucose + glucose Sprouts grains sucrose
Glucose + Fructose Sugar cane, sugar beet lactose
Glucose + galactose Milk
Disaccharide formed by two moles of hexose mono saccharides:
The formula: C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O
Example: Glucose + Fructose sucrose + water →
2. 3. Polysaccharides: are macromolecules composed of many monosaccharide units or
carbohydrates which when hydrolyzed would be some monosaccharides.
Composition Contained in Glycogen
Glucose polymers Animal energy savings starch starch
Glucose polymers Saves energy plants cellulose
Glucose polymers Fiber plants
Formed from monosaccharides polimeriasi compounds, with the general
formula: (C₆H₁₀O₅) n
