VYUR76G

1. “ URBAN PLANNING
CLASSIFICATION”
Lecture Three :

2. URBAN PLANNING CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR PLANNING TYPES:
1. Master/ Comprehensive /General Planning
2.Structure Planning
3.Strategic Planning
4.Basic Plan (Sketch Plan)
5.Local development Planning: renewal, regeneration,
upgrading, Urban development.
6.Action planning: micro, strategic
7.Development Planning.

3. 1.Master / comprehensive / general Planning
A master plan is a plan that shows an overall development concept that
includes urban design, landscaping, infrastructure, service provision, circulation,
open space, present and future land use and built form.
all activities on all land located within the planning area
Individual land parcels
Considers multiple programs
Uses Zoning or similar by-laws
Land use categories, densities, building heights, set-backs etc
Requires extensive studies covering spatial , demographic and economic
aspects

4. Master / comprehensive / general Planning /contd.
guide development at city level
Static: difficult to change on demand( inflexible)
statutory/backed by law/
Three important factors of this planning type are
all land area subject to the planning or regulatory jurisdiction
all subject matter related to the development of the city
A long time horizon usually of 20 years

5. 2. Structure planning
A structure plan is a legally binding plan along with its explanatory texts
formulated and drawn at the level of an entire urban boundary that sets out the
basic requirements regarding physical development which could produce a coherent
urban development in social, economic and spatial spheres
‘guide plan’ or ‘framework planning’ or ‘indicative’ planning
major planning issues, broad policies and proposals
deals with broad magnitudes and directions of urban growth E.g.
placement of
Infrastructure networks
Major facilities such as air ports, hospitals, universities

6. Structure planning /contd.
Do not go in detail to plot level land uses or road network
identify those areas where growth and change are located / for
more detailed local and action area plans
Do not require excessive effort for gathering data
Not static , can be updated on demand
Provide long-term framework from 10 to 20 years

7. 3. Strategic planning
it is a range of choices for intervention
Multi sectoral strategies and programmes
Participation and ownership by key actors
Flexible and responsive to actor capacity
can be developed incrementally and hence it is a tool for institutional
capacity building.
Provide long-term framework for10 years

8. 4. Basic Plan
The plan shows physical or spatial (land management and infrastructural
plans).
Basic Plan does not need a detailed plan and can be implemented on its
own.
Social/economic, physical/environmental and spatial studies could be
conducted in the preparation of Basic Plan for small towns.
Basic Plan is prepared for small towns for a five to ten years period with a
scale of 1:2000.

9. 5. local development planning
Statutory or non-statutory planning
Deal with detail planning issues
Based on area specific policies such as
upgrading,
renewal,
new land development and
conservation areas
Rehabilitation

10. 6. Action plans
non-statutory planning
Where urban problems accidentally persisted or changes were too fast
for analytical planning to positively respond
Divided in to two
a. Micro Action Planning
b. Strategic Action Planning

11. A. Micro Action planning
Detailed local planning for perceived locality problems
Intensive participation
For comprehensive treatment and intensive change of an area
short period of time usually 3 years
Covers small area
Implementation focused /action

12. B. Strategic Action planning
Broader in scope than micro action planning
management of the city as a whole with remedial, deficiency
correction
sub-components of a city often integrating them
• Housing, land, infrastructure, finance etc.
Integrates technical, resource and institutional implications of
implementation

13. 7. Development planning
A development plan is a document which details the overall strategy of the
council for the proper planning and sustainable development of an area and
generally consists of a written statement and accompanying maps.
a broad framework (structure) or a very specific site development program
(local development)
Indicates where physical development is to be located
Shows the way a specific area is to be developed
Many writers consider these planning as any type of planning that guide
development

14. Planning Type Legal basis Spatial scale Study extent and
resource
application
Time span
Master •statutory •City level •Extensive data
and effort
•20 years
Structure •statutory •City level •Limited data and
effort
•10-20 years
Strategic plans •statutory •City level •Limited data and
effort
Varies by type
Local •Statutory or non-
statutory
•Local area •Extensive or
limited data and
effort
Varies by type
Micro Action
planning
•non-statutory •Local area •Extensive or
limited data and
effort
3 years
Strategic Action
planning
•non-statutory •City level •Limited data and
effort
Varies by type
Development
planning
Statutory or non-
statutory
•different levels
/city to local
Extensive or limited
data
Varies by type

15. Urban Panning Practices in Ethiopia
•In the 1930s (Sketch and master plans)
•In the 1960s (Master Plans, Detailed Plan (Addis Ababa & 40 Towns)
•In the 1980s Master and Development plans
•In the late 1990s Structure Plan (Addis Ababa and Adama Master Plan
Revisions)
•In the mid 2000s Integrated Development Plan(IDP) Mekelle, Hawassa, Dire
Dawa, Bahir Dar, etc.
•In the late 2000s Structure plan, basic plan, LDP and urban design
•Currently approved Types of plans are Structure, Strategic, Basic and Sketch
plans; NDP, Urban Design and Block Design.

16. A Framework of the Hierarchy in the Current Ethiopian Urban Planning System

18. Urban Level Classifications
Level 1-Small Towns ----------with population from 2000 to 20,000
Level 2-Medium Towns ----------with population of 20,001 to 50,000
Level 3-Large Towns ----------with population of 50,001 to 100,000
Level 4-Cities -----------with population of 100,001 to 1,000,000
Level 5-Metropolitans ---------with population over one million
Level 6-Mega city ----------------with population over ten million

19. Local development plan
•LDP is a detail development plan of a defined locality.
•Local development plan is a legally binding plan depicting medium term,
phased and integrated urban upgrading, renewal and expansion activities of an
urban area with the view to facilitating the implementation of the structure plan
by focusing on strategic areas.
•LDP is a statutory instrument that zooms out the general and broader proposals
of a structure plan of an urban center.
•It serves as a transition between a structure plan and projects in the process of
implementation of urban plans.
•It is the tools of implementation for the structural plan of city

20. Urban renewal
A continuous process of remodeling older parts of urban areas, including
their central business areas by means of rehabilitation and conservation as well
as urban redevelopment.
Urban redevelopment is a process through which areas in a city are
improved for the purpose of attracting mores table, affluent residents.
The displacement of an existing low in come population, creating space for
more profitable office, commercial and luxury residential development or the
provision of transport facilities.

21. Basic Concepts
Urban Renewal programs are generally undertaken by public authorities or by local
governments.
The emphasis is on those parts which have fallen below standards of public
acceptability. These are commonly to be founding:
the residential parts of the inner city,
In the central business district itself.
Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are:
•In adequate housing, environmental degradation,
•Presence of non-conforming uses.
Indicators for central business district are:
Traffic problems, congestion,
Dilapidated buildings.

22. Additional Conditions for Renewal
•Over-crowding
•Poverty
•Crime
•More than 50% households had no fixed baths & hot water
•many shared an outside toilet
•High unemployment
•very poor standards of healthcare and education
•derelict land and pollution

23. Importance of Urban Renewal
Urban Renewal is of growing importance because of:
•Urban renewal created major opportunities for large scale intervention in
the city planning and building process.
•Urban areas are be coming larger and older, so more and more renewal
of urban fabric has to take place.
•Constant expansion of urban areas into agricultural hinterland, while
large quantities of urban land and buildings area abandoned and left
dilapidated.

24. Approaches of urban renewal
Slum Clearance
Demolition of dilapidated dwellings located in a slum(an area of sub-
standard, over crowded housing occupied by the poor immigrants)
Redevelopment
The demolition of an existing building and its replacement by a new
building
Rehabilitation
The repair and improvement of existing structurally sound property

25. Housing Improvement
•Improvements of dwellings by provision of essential basic amenities
Conservation
•To retain intact or unchanged. Also meant as 'Preservation’
Environmental Improvements
•Main emphasis is to improve environmental conditions
Economic Renewal
•Improvement of economic conditions of dwellers
Approaches……….

26. Benefits of urban renewal
•Drives urban productivity
•Creating mixed use development
•Create employment opportunity
•Attracts increased investment
•Enhance housing affordability
•Capitalize on existing infrastructure
•Increases tourism revenue

27. Urban upgrading
•It is slum improvement in low income urban communities by providing basic
service like: clean water supply and adequate sewage disposal to improve the
well-being of the community.
•Upgrading customarily provides a package of improvements in streets,
footpaths, and drainage as well.
•fundamental is legalizing and ‘regularizing’ the properties in situations of
insecure or unclear tenure
•It focuses on the physical improvement of health issues need to be addressed
by providing clinics and health education program, school facilities and
programs are offered to increase income earning opportunities and the general
economic health of a community.

28. Benefits of urban upgrading
•The benefits are simply that people obtain an
improved, healthy and secure living environment
without being displaced.
•The investments they have already made to
their properties remain and are enhanced.
•. Recognizing title and security of tenure makes
a positive contribution to both the economic
prospects of the poor
•Social and economical benefits

29. Upgrading process
 Categorized into four phase
•Initiation of project/program
•Definition of project/program. Reach
agreement with all stakeholders.
•Implementation and supervision of
projects/programs
•Evaluation, monitoring and
incorporation of lessons.

30. Lesson learned from past project
Upgrading of slums and settlements is a viable and effective way to help the urban
poor solve their need for shelter and a clean, safe and healthy living environment.
Local participation is critical. Projects need to be designed from the bottom up working
with communities so that the communities decide what levels of service they receive.
Sustainability requires that consideration be given to the costs involved and to
designing a level of service that is affordable to the community and to the local
government.
Programs must be derived from the city level and country strategies to achieve
synergies with other supporting interventions addressing poverty in the country.
Upgrading programs are most effective when led by the municipal authority and
implemented at the community level through a broad set of intermediaries including
community based organizations, NGO’s, and UN agencies such as UNICEF and Habitat.

31. Land development
•Land development refers to altering the landscape in any number of ways
like changing landforms from natural or semi natural state for purpose such as
housing or sub dividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of
building homes.
•Real estate development or property development is a multifaceted business,
encompassing activities that range from the renovation and release of existing
building to the purchase of raw land and the sale of improved land or parcels
to others.

32. Local development plan process
•There are four major procedural stage used to perform LDP and Urban
planning project namely:
preparation stage,
planning stage,
approval stage, and
implementation, monitoring and evaluation stage.
•The Community involvement or participation should be sought early in the
process and at all relevant stages of the planning

34. INITIATION AND PROGRAMMING
the purpose of phase this phase is:
•Make the key decision-makers and actors aware of the necessary
preparations that need to be made prior to commencement of the project;
and
•Identify the major prerequisites that are essential for the project and
should be met before the actual planning activities and expectations by the
end of Plan preparation
•Identify the project area

35. Issues considered for LDP site selection criteria
•During need assessment the LDP site should selected based on the criteria
like:
•Development potential of the area
•The surrounding development pressure
•Weather the area is dilapidated/slum or not
•Applicability/feasibility of the project
•The ongoing development projects in the neighbourhood
•Location ( on and around CBD, Centre and sub centre ...)
•Infrastructure facilities
•Under Utilization of resource
•Environmental Risk area

36. Land use categories
1 Residence
2. Commerce, business and trade
3. Administration
4. Service
5. Manufacturing and storage
6. Transport
7. Recreational and Environmental
8. Urban agriculture
9. Special function

37. Planning participation

38. Participation
•The act of taking part or sharing something(
event or activity)
•A process through which stakeholders influence,
share and control over development initiatives and
the decisions and resource which affect them.
•Participatory planning is an urban planning
paradigm that emphasizes involving the entire
community in the strategic and management
processes of urban planning; or, community-level
planning processes, urban or rural.

48. Participatory planning tools/instruments
 Workshop: conducted either for providing information, for raising awareness,
training or inputs for policy decisions.
 Public meetings: are useful for sharing information.
 Public hearing: aim for asking people’s opinions and reactions to proposals and
for taking feedback.
 Planning ballot: mail or ballot boxes
 Referenda: public decision on certain issue by voting
 Focused group: consultative mechanism for problem identification and analysis

49. Cont.…
 Survey: is a mechanism to gather information and opinion through serious of
questions
 Round tables : discussion and negotiations to workout things between multiple
stakeholders which are less permanent
 Joint project team: project teams composed from stakeholders to carry on certain
responsibilities
 Resource centers: centers where the public can get information about projects and
proposed initiatives
 Participation centres: centres inviting visitors to obtain information and providing
a range of opportunities for participation
 Brain storming: generating and assimilating creative ideas

50. Principles in Participatory Planning
Participation should be:
 structured(pre-arranged)
who is to participate;
who is to directly participate?
On which issues should direct participation or consultation is needed?
The Council/community representative should be the ultimate decision-maker.
 Inclusiveness
Enable all to participate.
 Continuous Process
It should not be a one time action

51. Principles in Participatory …Cont’d
Bottom-up Process;
The public /mass should take the leading role
Collaborative and Interactive;
There must be harmonious understanding & every one should get room to reflect opinions.
Well Facilitated;
There must be conducive environment for effective participation
Decision by Consensus;
simply get accepted by all and majority vote.
Gender;
Language;
Religion;
Education level, etc.
Diversity
provide sufficient room to
diversity in terms of:
Different cultures;