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introduction to oceanography and History of ocean science
- 1. Joyanta Bir Assistant Professor, Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Email: joy@fmrt.ku.ac.bd Introduction to Oceanography Name of the Course: Physical Oceanography Course No.: FMRT-2205 Credit Hours: 3.0
- 2. Essentials of Oceanography, Alan P. Trujillo And Harold V. Thurman Introduction to Physical Oceanography, Robert H Stewart Essentials of Oceanography, Sixth Edition Tom Garrison References
- 3. Ocean? -The ocean is a continuous body of saltwater -covers more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface - sea is part of the ocean partially enclosed by land -a great body of salt water that covers much of the earth -Water body distinguished from the land and air Sea??
- 4. What Is Oceanography? ocean = the marine environment graphy = the name of a descriptive science Study of the ocean; include the water of the ocean, the life within it, and the (not so) solid Earth beneath it Geological oceanography Chemical oceanography Physical oceanography Biological oceanography Earth s Oceans Unique? -Single defining feature in earth -water sources -Reliable shelter -shaped political boundaries and human history -Driver of climate and weather -lungs of the planet
- 6. Why should study of the ocean?
- 7. Interior of the Earth
- 8. Based on physical properties, Earth is composed of five layers 1. The Inner Core 2. The Outer Core, 3. The Mesosphere 4. The Asthenosphere 5. The Lithosphere
- 10. Lithosphere -Cool and outermost layer -Contain all the crust and the topmost part of the mantle. -100 kilometers (62 miles) thick -subdivided into oceanic crust and continental crust
- 11. Oceanic Crust -underlies the ocean basins, deep ocean -composed of the igneous rock: basalt -high density of about 3g/cm3 -Very thin (8 kilometers) -Younger crust; 65 M age Continental Crust -Beneath the land and shallow seas -composed of the igneous rock: Granite -Low density of about 2.7g/cm3 -Very thick (35-65 km) -Older crust: 1.8 billion
- 12. Asthenosphere -relatively hot, plastic region beneath the lithosphere. -It extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles) and is entirely contained within the upper mantle. -High viscosity: The asthenosphere can deform without fracturing if a force is applied slowly. -Plate movement occur: Result of heat transfer -Composition; O2, Si, Al, Fe, Ca and Na
- 13. -The waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers -Generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and magma movement -Velocity depend on the density and Elasticity of the medium Seismic waves Three Type of Seismic wave Primary wave (P) Secondary waves(S Surface waves -compressional Waves and longitudinal waves, reach first to the seismic station -shear waves, reach to seismic station after P wave -Very slow travel along the Earth's surface. -become weaken as they get further from the surface. -if a large earthquakes, surface waves can have an amplitude of several centimeters
- 14. Seismic waves Primary wave (P) Secondary waves(S
- 15. P Wave S Wave Compressional and longitudinal waves shear wave 1st to arrive at seismic stations 2nd to arrive at siesmic stations Faster wave: Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and 5000 m/s in granite 1.7 times slower than P waves shake the ground in the direction they are propagating shake the ground perpendicular to the direction in which they are propagating travel through the Earth's core do not travel through liquid (ie. water, molten rock, the Earth's outer core)
- 16. -Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities -Earthquakes generate three types of seismic waves: P (primary) waves, S (secondary) waves and surface waves Seismic waves
- 17. Wave Propagation within the earth layer
- 18. Wave Propagation within the earth layer
- 19. Wave Propagation within the earth layer
- 20. Oceanic and continental fault
- 21. Oceanic and continental fault Ocean Floor
- 22. Oceanic and continental fault Mid Ocean Ridge Deep Ocean Floor Continental Margin # Important feature in Ocean floor
- 23. Oceanic and continental fault
- 24. Oceanic and continental fault
- 25. Oceanic and continental fault Continental Margin 2 main types of continental margin: Active Passive
- 26. Rock And Rock Type Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rock Sedimentary Rocks
- 27. SINKING INSIDE THE OCEAN
- 31. History of Ocean Science -Very earlier for fishing and -Navigation -Local Transport
- 32. History of Ocean Science Greeks : Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean around 900–700 BEC -”Okeanos.” - word ocean is derived from oceanus Aristotle’s thought The Greek philosopher (384- 322 BC) “Meteorologia” and in some of its “Problemata”.
- 33. History of Ocean Science Library of Alexandria, in Egypt. : Founded in the third century BC. By Alexander the Great
- 34. History of Ocean Science Eratosthenes (276 - 194 BC): -Father of geography, Born in Cyrene now in Libya -Longitude and latitude -Calculate the size of the earth
- 35. History of Ocean Science Chinese expedition Zheng He -Between 1405 and 1433 -317 ships and 27,500 men; 7 missions -Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Africa into the Atlantic
- 36. History of Ocean Science Christopher Columbus Santa María, Niña and Piñta 1451, Genoa, Italy
- 37. History of Ocean Science Prince Henry, Portugal -Established a center at Sagres for the study of marine science and navigation
- 38. History of Ocean Science Ferdinand magellan -Born in Portugal (1480), but work for Spain, -First discover Philippines and colonized -First voyage around the world to make alternative route for Spain -1519-1521, 5 Ships and 241 men
- 39. History of Ocean Science Vasco da gama - Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea - Gama landed in Calicut on 20 May 1498
- 40. History of Ocean Science
- 41. Captain James Cook History of Ocean Science: British Contribution 1728 -Marton, Yorkshire, England chronometers
- 42. History of Ocean Science: British Contribution
- 43. History of Ocean Science: British Contribution
- 44. Challenger Expedition 1872-76 -C W Thomson, Prof of Edinburg University -Sponsored: Royal Society of London
- 48. Challenger Expedition: Outcomes -Measure Temperature, Salinity, currents -Collect water sample -Degrade core and sediments -Discover mid Atlantic ridge -Pelagic and Hemi pelagic fauna Modern aspect of Marine Science
- 50. DEEP OCEAN RESEARCH Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) -Ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983 -Coordinated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. Glomar challenger http://deepseadrilling.org/about.htm
- 52. Sediment core Why are ocean sediment cores so special?
- 57. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
- 58. Modern Ocean Research côtes de la manche France https://www.flotteoceanographique.fr/La-flotte/Navires/Navires-cotiers/Cotes-d Manche
- 60. Modern Ocean Research Prof. Duncan Purdie
- 61. Modern Ocean Research STARESO Calvi Corsica, Ulg, Belgium
- 62. Modern Ocean Research Ship Gordon Gunter
Editor's Notes
- -We get food from the ocean -use the ocean for recreation, swimming, boating, fishing, surfing, and diving. -ocean influence the atmospheric weather and climate
- Basalt high dense: because it contain Fe and Mg where as Granite, Si, and O2
- -Velocity tends to increase with depth and ranges from approximately 2 to 8 km/s in the Earth's crust, up to 13 km/s in the deep mantle
- -
- -Both P and S waves penetrate the interior of the Earth while surface waves do not. Due to this, P and S waves are known as "body waves"
- -seismic velocity (V) varies with depth (Z). -Vp and Vs tend to vary smoothly over a large part of the Earth but have a number of discontinuities.
- -seismic velocity (V) varies with depth (Z). -Vp and Vs tend Mohorovicic discontinuity: ~10-60 km - marks crust/upper mantle boundary. At this depth there a change of seismic wave velocity and also a change in chemical composition. Named after Andrija Mohorovičić, the Istrian seismologist who discovered it. to vary smoothly over a large part of the Earth but have a number of discontinuities. Lehmann discontinuity: ~ 220 km depth. Increase in Vp and Vs by 3-4%. It may not be ubiquitous. It is sometimes called the after Inge Lehman
- -Th e Greeks began to explore outside the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean around 900–700 b.c.e. (Figure 2.2). Early Greek seafarers noticed a current running from north to south beyond Gibraltar.
- 1433, sixty years before Columbus sailed to America and Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa to get to Asia. -Aim of this expedition was to show wealth and power of the young Ming dynasty and to show kindness -The largest ship in the fleet, with nine masts and a legth of 134 meters (440 feet) (
- destruction of the native Americans. He is also seen as a man that created the slave trade and the Colombian Exchange.
- Henry was the third[1] child of the Portuguese king John I and responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes
- -Magellan was killed in the Philippines
- -Da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India was significant and opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia
- -first, and perhaps still most comprehensive, study of the global ocean ever attempted by one agency. The 11,000- kilometre (68,000 mile) trip took the ship and its crew of scientists to every ocean except the Arctic.
- -First—Tahati and New Zealand east coast of Australia 2nd voyage -Invent southern land -A secondary aim was to test out navigation using chronometers, 3rd -Cook was trying to find a route from the Pacific to the Atlantic round the top of North America -Hawaii Islamd
- -First—Tahati and New Zealand. 2nd voyage -Invent southern land -A secondary aim was to test out navigation using chronometers, -New Caledonia and South Georgia.
- -The Challenger expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. -first, and perhaps still most comprehensive, study of the global ocean ever attempted by one agency. The 11,000- kilometre (68,000 mile) trip took the ship and its crew of scientists to every ocean except the Arctic.
- -The Challenger expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. -first, and perhaps still most comprehensive, study of the global ocean ever attempted by one agency. The 11,000- kilometre (68,000 mile) trip took the ship and its crew of scientists to every ocean except the Arctic.
- -First international ocean drilling project -drilling 1,112 holes at 624 sites worldwide -
- -Typical oceanic sedimentation rates: 0.1-3 cm/100 yrs, so 500,000 years is represented by 5 m to 150 m. -Although evidence for past climate is found on land as well, the longest relatively complete record of climate change is contained in deep-sea sediment cores.