designing of microstrip antenna using CST software

1. Capstone Project Report
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Ece-442B/Capstone Project
Designing of Microstrip Antenna for Wireless application by
integrating Embedded and IoT
By
Swarna Bhavendra
11607737
Under the Guidance of:
Dr. Parulpreet Singh ( Professor L.P.U )
School Of Electronics and Communication Engineering
DEC 2021

2. Acknowledgment:
In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected
persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this project gives us
much Pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Dr. Parulpreet
singh,Professor, Lovely Professional University for giving us a good guideline
for our project throughout numerous consultations. I would like to thank all the
people who helped me to deliver this project.
Many people have made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal which gave
us an inspiration to improve our project.
Swarna Bhavendra
11607737
Date: 30th
November, 2021
Supervisor signature

3. INDEX
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Introduction to Antenna Design
4. Designing Parameters
5. How Project Works?
6. About Software
7. Designing of Antenna in CST Software
8. Literature Review
9. Conclusion
10. Reference

4. ABSTRACT
The project is about to design a microstrip antenna using different modes of
feeding techniques and integrate with embedded and IoT for wireless applications.
microstrip antenna has several advantages compared to other antennas. This type of
antenna are light weight, low volume and thin profile configurations, which can be
made conformal. The cost of fabrication is also low and can be in a large quantities.
This project will discuss about the microstrip antenna. The aim of this project is to
design a microstrip antenna. Here we are integrating Embedded and IoT .We are
using Embedded for data transmission via IoT(Wifi-module).Finally the Main
objective of our project is to design a microstrip antenna and Transfer the data using
wireless transmission as a medium and store the data.
Here we used computer simulation technology(CST) Software for designing and
analyzing antenna
The antenna is optimized to improve the performance measures like gain, return
loss and efficiency.
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio software used to
analyze the radiation pattern of the antenna before fabricated the antenna. Vector
Network Analyzer (VNA) used to measure the manufactured fabricated antenna to
obtain the measurement result. The simulation and measurement results shows a
little bit differences for both of the material substrates. Comparison between
simulation and measurement result has been made.
INTRODUCTION

5. In radio engineering, an antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating
through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a
transmitter or reciver.
HOW TRANSMISSION OCCURS :
In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's
terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic
waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio
wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is applied to a
receiver to be amplified.
“Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment.”
TERMINOLOGY: ELECTRONIC SYMBOL FOR ANTENNANA fig(1.1)
Fig (1)
The words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the equivalent
term “aerial” is used to specifically mean an elevated wire antenna
In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale.

6. Antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure,
enclosure (if any), etc., in addition to the actual functional components.
A receiving antenna may include not only the passive metal receiving elements, but
also an integrated preamplifier or mixer, especially at and above microwave
frequencies.
OVERVIEW
Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical
connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves
which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with
almost no transmission loss.
Antennas can be classified as omnidirectional, radiating energy approximately
equally in all directions, or directional, where energy radiates more along one
direction than others. (Antennas are reciprocal, so the same effect occurs for
reception of radio waves.) A completely uniform omnidirectional antenna is not
physically possible.
In order to contact a remote area , the wiring has to be laid down throughout the
whole route along the valleys , the mountains , the tedious paths , the tunnels etc., to
reach the remote location .
The evolution of wireless technology has made this whole process very simple.
“Antenna is the key element of this wireless Technology”
The basic communication parameters are discussed in this paper to have a better
idea about the wireless communication using antennas.
The parameters are :

7. • Frequency
• Wavelength
• Impedance matching
• VSWR & reflected power
• Bandwidth
1. Frequency:
F=1/t
Units are hertz
F is frequency
T is time in seconds
2. Wavelength:
Lambda is the wavelength
wavelength = wave velocity/frequency.(v/f)
units is meters(m)

8. 3. Impedance matching(Z):
Units is ohms

9. app
Fig(4)
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna)
usually means an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed

10. circuit board(PCB).

13. RECTANGULAR PATCH
1. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch
which looks like a truncated microstrip transmission line. It is approximately
of one-half wavelength long. When air is used as the dielectric substrate, the
length of the rectangular microstrip antenna is approximately one-half of a
free-space wavelength. As the antenna is loaded with a dielectric as its
substrate, the length of the antenna decreases as the relative dielectric
constant of the substrate increases. The resonant length of the antenna is
slightly shorter because of the extended electric "fringing fields" which
increase the electrical length of the antenna slightly. An early model of the
microstrip antenna is a section of microstrip transmission line with
equivalent loads on either end to represent the radiation loss.
Fig(5)

14. FEEDING TECHNIQUES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA:
The patch antennas may be powered with many methods. The processes feeding are
categorized in two methods: • In category contacting, the feeding technique is
powered by means of a connecting element such as a microstrip line into the
radiating patch. • Without contact category, a transfer of power between the
microstrip line and radiating element is performed with the electromagnetic field
coupling. The most famous feeding techniques employed in the microstrip patch
antenna are: coaxial probe, feeding technique with microstrip line and aperture or
proximity coupling methods.

16. About CST Software:
CST Studio Suite® is a high-performance 3D EM analysis software package for
designing, analyzing and optimizing electromagnetic (EM) components and
systems.
Electromagnetic field solvers for applications across the EM spectrum are contained
within a single user interface in CST Studio Suite. The solvers can be coupled to
perform hybrid simulations, giving engineers the flexibility to analyze whole
systems made up of multiple components in an efficient and straightforward way.
CST Studio Suite is used in leading technology and engineering companies around
the world. It offers considerable product to market advantages, facilitating shorter
development cycles and reduced costs. Simulation enables the use of virtual
prototyping. Device performance can be optimized, potential compliance issues
identified and mitigated early in the design process, the number of physical
prototypes required can be reduced, and the risk of test failures and recalls are
minimized.
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This is a stunning application which offers exact and exact answers for deliver the
electromagnetic structures. The designers put the long periods of research to grow such an
immaculate instrument for the specialists.
It enables the client to build up the abnormal state structuring and recurrence improving
circuits which are straightforward and actualize on the field.

17. Fig(6)
This is the superb program which offers the astonishing highlights of structuring.
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The client will figure out how to draw the grand structures of control circuits, gather
with the expansion of model and electromagnetic frameworks in 3D.

18. You can likewise reenact the numeric in electromagnetic fields with any further
procedure. It gives the coordinated condition in which you can without much of a
stretch play out every one of the functionalities. The client is permitted to use every
one of the assets which are given in the interface.
It let them make the intricate and huge plans enable the client to reproduce the
numeric in electromagnetic fields. This program offers the consistent condition in
which you can without much of a stretch play out all the usefulness in a viable way.
Fig(7)
The client will be master on framework get together, multi-usefulness, and
displaying of the circuits. It contains the diverse circuits which are there and
profoundly valuable for designing purposes.
There are different other helpful preferences of the product which incorporates the
shorter advancement cycle, item improvement, and virtual prototyping. The program
offers numerous interfaces in the archives.
It contains the message windows, variable devices and parameters for the best
execution. It underpins the transmission of parameters and competent to naturally

19. install and interface the servers.The program will bolster you in programmed
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20. Design of microstrip Antenna on CST:
After installation of CST
software in our system we need to select the Microwaves and Rf/Optical template
then Antenna then Planar workflow then frequency domain in solvers after we need
select units then we need to give minimum and maximum frequency.
I have given frequency as 8GHZ and 12GHZ and defined at 8,10,11.4,12.

23. 1.For GROUND:
I have taken dimensions as -9 to +9 on x which is length
And -9 to 9 on y which is width
And for z 0 to 0.018 for copper annealed material.

24. 2. Substate:
I have taken dimensions as -9 to+9 on x which is length
And -9 to 9 on y which is width
And for z 0.018 to 0.818 for PTFE(lossy) material.
3.patch:
I have taken dimensions as -5 to +5 on x which is length
And -4.85 to +4.85 on y which is the width
And for z 0.818 to 0.836 for copper annealed material.
4. Feedline:
I have taken dimensions as -1.2 to +1.2 on x which is the length
And -9 to -7.8 on y which is the width
And for z 0.818 to 0.836 for copper
5.Transform: (lambda/4)
I have taken dimensions as -0.18 to +0.18 on x which is the length

25. And -4.85 to +4.85 on y which is the width
And for z -7.8 to -4.85 for copper annealed material.
After we need to March patch, feedline, transform
Firstly we need to march feedline and transform by using Booleans add tool after
getting a result we need to march with patch using Booleans add tool.
After that by using rotating tool we need to provide a port (by using macros then
solver then port)

26. After we need to start the simulation

27. APPLICATIONS:
cST is a software used for electromagnetic design and analysis
in the high-frequency range by researchers.
Due to its compatibility, CST can solve any high-frequency field problem, and thus, it remains
the top choice of scientific researchers.
Conclusion:
Microstrip patch antennas are rapidly growing because of their low profile,
lightweight, and compact size which can also be used in various domains of
communication such as telecommunications, broadcasting, and satellite
communication technologies. Different positions of the slots is being checked and
among that slot etched on the ground is found to give better results. The gain has
been improved by truncating the edges of the patch. The antenna is thin and
compact in size by using low dielectric constant substrate making it suitable for
IoT applications. The main theme of the project considering all the literature and

28. references is to design a microstrip antenna which can be used for communication
.The project in brief was to receive, process a signal and share or save the
processed information to other device by using any of communication modules and
save it using black box. This type of project helps in sending the information
during unconventional conditions and its portability and simple mechanism make it
much comfortable to use in different domains.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.Optimized Microstrip Antenna Arrays for Emerging MillimeterWave
Wireless Applications
Two compact planar antennas operating in the unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band are presented
based on the physical layer specifications of IEEE 802.15.3c and ECMA 387 standards for

29. different classes of wireless applications. Each antenna is an array of 2 × 2 microstrip antennas
covering at least two channels of the 60 GHz spectrum. The first antenna is optimized to achieve
the highest gain, while the second antenna is optimized to give the largest beamwidth. The
maximum measured radiation gain of the first antenna is 13.2 dBi. The measured beamwidth and
gain of the second antenna are 76 °
and 10.3 dBi, respectively. The areas of these two antenna are
only 0.25 and 0.16 cm 2
. The variation of radiation gain of each antenna over the frequency
range of 57-65 GHz is less than 1 dB.
2. Compact Broadband Slotted Rectangular Microstrip
Antenna
By integrating a half-U-slot and a rectangular slot inside the RMSA, a new compact broadband
configuration is proposed. The proposed RMSA gives more than twice the BW compared to the
BW given by single half-U-slot-cut RMSA or RMSA with the rectangular slot. The MSA has
gain of more than 7 dBi over the entire BW with the broadside radiation pattern. A good
agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured input impedance, gain, and radiation
pattern plots.
3.Microstrip Stacked Patch Antenna With Circular
Polarization for 2.45-GHz Mobile RFID Reader
A compact and broadband antenna for 2.45-GHz RFID reader was presented. Based on the
matching condition with the S-shaped IMN technology, the compact antenna was optimized to
obtain a high performance. Excellent matching and optimal performance of the fabricated
antenna were verified by experiment as well. The optimized antenna had a peak gain of 6.32dBi,
a VSWR<2 impedance bandwidth of larger than 15.1%, a 3-dB beamwidth of more than 91°, and
an effective antenna efficiency of larger than 87%. The antenna also had a compact size of
58×58×11 mm3
. The antenna had an excellent performance of high gain and wide bandwidth.
Hence, it also has the potential to be used in other wireless communication systems, such as
WiFi.

30. REFERENCES :
1. M. A. Kossel, R. Kung, H. Benedickter, W. Bachtold, "An active tagging
system using circular polarization modulation", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Tech., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2242-2248, Dec. 1999.
2. Graf, Rudolf F., ed. (1999). "Antenna". Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Newnes. p.
29. ISBN 978-0750698665. –introduction

31. 3. C. Karnfelt, P. Hallbjorner, H. Zirath, A. Alping, "High gain active microstrip
antenna for 60-GHz WLAN/WPAN applications", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Tech., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2593-2603, Jun. 2006
4. P. C. Sharma, K. C. Gupta, "Analysis and optimized design of single feed
circularly polarized microstrip antennas", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
AP-31, no. 6, pp. 949-955, Nov. 1983.
5. Ashwini K. Arya, M. V. Kartikeyan, A .Patnaik, “Defected Ground Structure in the
perspective of Microstrip antenna,” Frequenz, Vol.64, Issue5-6, pp.79-84 , Oct 2010.
6. Deshmukh, A.A. and Ray, K.P., 2009. Compact broadband slotted rectangular microstrip
antenna. IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters, 8, pp.1410-1411