Cutting petrography

1. Cutting Petrography
By: B. Esrafili-Dizaji

2. Review of Sedimentary Rocks

3. Relative abundance of Sedimentary rocks

4. SedimentaryRocks
Siliciclastic
Rudite (Conglomerate, Breccia)
Arenite (Sandstone)
Lutite (Siltstone, Mudstone, Shale)
Biogenic, Biochemical, Organic
Carbonate (Limestone, Dolomite)
Organic deposit (Coal, Oil shale, Petroleum)
Siliceous deposit
Phosphate deposit
Chemical
Evaporite (Anhydrite, Gypsum, Halite, etc)
Iron deposit
Volcaniclastic Tuff, Ignimbrite, etc
Classification of Sedimentary rocks

5. dolomite
shale

6. Sedimentary Rocks
Chalk
Coal Phosphorite
Chert
Tuff
Diatomite

7. Sedimentary succession of Zagros

8. Clastic Rocks

9. Classification of siliciclastic rocks

10. Formation of siliciclastic rocks

14. Carbonates

15. Chalk Tufa
Fossiliferous
Micrite
Limestone

16. Dolomite

18. Coal

19. Oil shale Coal
Boghead coal Cannel coal

20. Siliceous deposits

21. Bedded Chert Nodular Chert
DiatomiteRadiolarite

22. Evaporites

23. Evaporites

24. Evaporites

25. Alabasterian
Anhydrite Gypsum

26. Selenite Swallow-tail
Gypsum
Laminated Anhydrite
Chicken-wire
Anhydrite
Gypsum and Anhydrite

27. Halite

28. Cutting description and
logging

29. Equipment

30. Description order
1. Rock type (% and modifier, if required)
2. Color or color range
3. Hardness
4. Fracture and texture (Break)
5. Grain size: Range and Dominant size
6. Sorting
7. Angularity or Roundness
8. Sphericity
9. Matrix
10. Cementation: Degree, Percentage of each cement and composition
11. Accessories and Fossils: Type and Percentage of rock
12. Effective Visual porosity, type(s) and amount
13. Hydrocarbon indications – shows description (separate module)

32. Rock name
React with HCL
Powdered form
Dolomite
Rock chips
Limestone
Do not react with
HCL
Crystalline
texture
Anhydrite,
Gypsum, …
Grainy texture
Sandstone, shale
Sed. Rocks

34. Frequency

35. 30% white, 70% red-brownish fragments

36. Color

37. Hardness

38. Hardness/Induration

39. Break shape

40. Grain Parameters
Size Analysis
Sorting
Roundness

41. Grain size analysis

42. Grain size analysis

43. Sorting and Roundness

44. Roundness

45. Porosity

46. Archie Classification

47. Archie type I
Archie type I: Crystalline,
hard, dense, compact,
interlocking crystals,
sharp edges and smooth
faces
on breaking, resinous
Porosity: approx 0-5%

48. Archie type II
Archie type II: Dull,
earthy, chalky appearance,
friable,
reflecting light in
different directions
Porosity: approx 20-35%

49. Archie type III
Archie type III: Sandy,
sugary appearance,
breaks along individual
crystal/particle faces
Porosity: approx 15-25%

50. Show evaluation

51. Show
evaluation

53. Rotliegendes conglomerate ( fluviatile/ wadi), Groningen, The Netherlands
No fizz HCl, color: purple/ brown
Very coarse, well rounded sand with some pebbles, sorting: poor
Cemented with fine sand
Good porosity –intergranular
Reasonably cemented
Break of cuttings: between grains subrounded
H = 4 –5
Abbreviated: Cgl-sst, brn-pur, crsSL-crsSU, S13, R45, O35, occPbl, cons, cmt, P intergran25%, (rnd)
break, H:4-5

54. Rotliegendes sandstone, dune/wadideposits, Bebertal, Germany
No fizz HCl; color: light yellow
Medium sandstone, well rounded; very well sorted with quartz and shale erratics(broken pebbles?)
Break of cuttings: subrounded
Quartz cementation
H = 5
Accessory components: shale/quartz pebbles
Abbreviated : Sst, ltyel-yel(95%) dkbrn-dkgy(5%), mSU, S79,R6, QzcmtC56, (rnd)break, H:5, por-por,
acc. Lcl/Qzcrs-pbl

55. Bentheim sandstone, beach/upper shorefacedep.; Lower Cretaceous, Schoonebeek, The Netherlands
No fizz HCl, color: brown
Medium sand, wellsorted, subrounded
Good porosity because of loose matrix material (not very well cemented)
Break of cuttings: subrounded
H = 5
Hydrocarbon indication (oil) because of “dirty”colourand the oil is separated by HCl
Abbreviated: Sst, dkbrn-ltbrn, mSU, S68, R4, O45, P intergran5%, (md)-crmblybreak, H:5, (cmt) C3, acc.
Bit(M?)

56. Rotliegendes sandstone, dune deposits, subsurface Groningen, the Netherlands
No fizz HCl; color: red/brown
Sst. Medium –fine, well sorted , graded, rounded
Matrix of quartzite and clay?; reasonably cemented
Good porosity
Break of cuttings subrounded
H = 5
Abbreviated: Sst, red-redbrn, fSU-mSL, S7, grd, R5, P intergran20%, (cmt), round-crumbly break, H:5

57. Triassic sandstone, subsurface West Netherlands
No fizz HCl; color: light grey
“Clean”sst. Fine –medium, rounded, well sorted
Good porosity
Matrix of fines, reasonably loose
Break of cuttings angular
H = 6/7
Abbreviated: Sst, wh-ltgy, fSU-mSL, S57, R45, O5, P intergran20%, fine-cmtC35, angbreak, H>5, acc Qz,
Mic

58. Shale, subsurface Drenthe, the Netherlands
No fizz HCl,; color: medium grey
Shale (fissile)
Porosity: very poor
Break of cuttings angular and fissile
H = 4
Abbreviated: Sh, med gy, fSL-fSU, S9, nonpor, ang-fisbreak, cons: C7, H:4

59. Muschelkalk, shallow marine limestone, Triassic, Winterswijk
Fizz HCl; color: light grey
Limestone mudstone
Archie type: III with some vuggy porosity, 15% -25% porosity
Break of cuttings blocky/angular
H = 3
Abbreviated: Lst, ltgy, Mdst, 100III B2d, (por), blky-fisbreak, H:3

60. Devonian limestone, le Molignee, Ardennes, Belgium
Fizz HCl;
Color: grey
Limestone, crystalline carbonate
Archie type I, porosity 0-5%
Break of cuttings blocky to angular with sharp edges
H = 4
Abbreviated :Lst, gy(90%) wh-ltgy(10%), fxln-mxln, 100I B3d, blky-angbreak, acc. Calc, Bcl, ang, H:4

61. Chalk; Upper Cretaceous; A-Blocks; offshore The Netherlands
Fizzes HCl; color: white
Limestone mudstone
Archie III; visible pores: class B ---------total porosity 15 –25 %
Break of cuttings: angular
H = 2.5
Abbreviated: Lst, wh, MdstfSL, 100III B2d, por, angbreak, H:2.5

62. Anhydrite /evaporate, Permian (Zechstein), Osterode, Germany
No fizz HCl; microcrystalline structure; does not dissolve in water
Color: white
H = 2.5
Archie type: I: 80%; II: 20%, porosity 5 –7%
Break of cuttings: blocky/angular
Accessory components: some grains “contaminated”by a green/brown layering (weed/algae??)
Abbreviated: Anhd, wh-ltgy, 80I 20II, (micro) xln, blky-angbreak, nonpor, H:2.5, occ. Sh, gy-gn, fSL-fSU

63. Anhydrite, subsurface Overijssel, The Netherlands
No fizz HCl; color: white
Microcrystalline texture
Archie I, porosity 0 -5 %
No visible pores
Break of cuttings angular to blocky
H = 2.5
Abbreviated: Anhd, wh, microxln, 100I, nonpor, ang-blkybreak occfis, H:2.5

64. Salt, evaporite, Fleringen, the Netherlands
No fizz HCl, dissolves in water (takes a while), taste of salt
Microcrystalline, transparent
Porosity: 0
Break of cuttings angular
H = 2
Abbreviated: Salt, translucent, microxln, nonpor, angbreak, H:2

65. Carboniferous Coal, Limburg, Belgium, “briquette”
No fizz HCl; black and shiny
Light in weight
Break of cuttings: blocky
H = 1 –2
Abbreviated: Co, blkshiny, fSL, blkybreak, nonpor, Wd?, H:1-2

66. Cement, Shell Training Centre Lab., The Netherlands, good quality
Fizz HCl, leaves residue (>50%),
color: light grey
Very fine grained no grains visible, very well sorted
Spheroid vuggy porosity
Break of cuttings rounded to blocky
Reacts with phenolphthalein
H:3-3.5
Abbreviated: Cmt, ltgy, fSL, v.srt, sphvugpor, rnd-blkybreak, pustain, H:3-3.5

67. Logging

68. Sample log/Litho log

69. Sample log/Litho log

70. References

71. • Behrooz Esrafili-Dizaji, Ph.D. (in Sedimentology & Sedimentary Petrology)
http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b8wEPYgAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao
• https://tehran.academia.edu/BehroozEsrafiliDizaji
• Email: ESRAFILY@Khayam.ut.ac.ir
http://strata.blogfa.com