9. Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Systemic mycoses: Deep within body Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi
22. Anamorphs Teleomorphic fungi Produce sexual and asexual spores. Anamorphic fungi Produce asexual spores only. rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota; a few are Basidiomycota. Penicillium Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis) Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses) Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)
29. Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning Figure 12.14
31. Viruses Contain DNA or RNA Contain a protein coat Some are enclosed by an envelope Some viruses have spikes Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
37. Viral Taxonomy Family names end in -viridae. Genus names end in -virus. Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common names are used for species. Subspecies are designated by a number.
38. Viral Taxonomy Herpesviridae Herpesvirus Human herpes virus HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 Retroviridae Lentivirus Human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1, HIV-2
39. Growing Viruses Viruses must be grown in living cells. Bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria. Figure 13.6
40. Growing Viruses Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs. Figure 13.7
41. Growing Viruses Animal and plants viruses may be grown in cell culture. Continuous cell lines may be maintained indefinitely. Figure 13.8
42. Virus Identification Cytopathic effects Serological tests Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient. Use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot. Nucleic acids RFLPs PCR
44. Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle) Attachment: Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell. Penetration: Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell. Biosynthesis: Production of phage DNA and proteins. Maturation: Assembly of phage particles. Release: Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall.
51. Multiplication of Animal viruses Attachment: Viruses attach to cell membrane. Penetration by endocytosis or fusion. Uncoating by viral or host enzymes. Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid and proteins. Maturation: Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble. Release by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture.
56. DNA and RNA Viruses Compared DNA: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus. DNA, reverse transcriptase: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus; reverse transcriptase copies mRNA to make viral DNA. RNA, + strand: Viral RNA is a template for synthesis of RNA polymerase.
57. DNA and RNA Viruses Compared RNA – strand: Viral enzyme copies viral RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm. RNA, double-stranded: Viral enzyme copies – strand RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm. RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA to make DNA in cytoplasm.
58. Cancer Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor specific transplant and T antigens. The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA.
59. Oncogenic Viruses Oncogenic DNA viruses Adenoviridae Heresviridae Poxviridae Papovaviridae Hepadnaviridae Oncogenic RNA viruses Retroviridae Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA which can integrate into host DNA HTLV 1 HTLV 2
60. Latent viral infections Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods. Cold sores, shingles Presistent viral infections Disease processes occurs over a long period; generally is fatal. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles virus) Figure 13.21
61. Infectious proteins Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow disease PrPC: Normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface PrPSc: Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells forming plaques PLAY Animation: Prion Reproduction Prions
66. Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped Viruses Papillomavirus (human wart virus) Polyomavirus Cause tumors; some cause cancer Table 13.2 (3 of 20)
67. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses) Molluscipoxvirus Smallpox Molluscumcontagiosum Cowpox Table 13.2 (4 of 20)
68. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2) Varicellavirus (HHV 3) Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4) Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5) Roseolovirus (HHV 6) HHV 7 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8) Some herpesviruses can remain latent in host cells. Table 13.2 (5 of 20)
69. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B virus) Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from mRNA. Table 13.2 (6 of 20)
70. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped Enterovirus Enteroviruses include poliovirus and coxsackievirus. Rhinovirus Hepatitis A virus Table 13.2 (7 of 20)
71. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped Hepatitis E virus Norovirus causes gastroenteritis. Table 13.2 (8 of 20)
72. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped Alphavirus Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods; include EEE, WEE. Rubivirus (rubella virus) Table 13.2 (9 of 20)
73. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped Arboviruses can replicate in arthropods; include yellow fever, dengue, SLE, and West Nile viruses Hepatitis C virus Table 13.2 (10 of 20)
75. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Vesiculovirus Lyssavirus (rabies virus) Cause numerous animal diseases Table 13.2 (12 of 20)
76. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Filovirus Enveloped, helical viruses Ebola and Marburg viruses Table 13.2 (13 of 20)
77. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Paramyxovirus Morbillivirus Paramyxovirus Parainfluenza Mumps Newcastle disease Table 13.2 (14 of 20)
78. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Hepatitis D virus Depends on coinfection with Hepadnavirus Table 13.2 (15 of 20)
79. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, Multiple RNA Strands Influenzavirus (Influenza viruses A and B) Influenza C virus Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBCs. Table 13.2 (16 of 20)
82. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, Multiple RNA Strands Arenavirus Helical capsids contain RNA-containing granules Lymphocytic choriomeningitis VEE and Lassa Fever Table 13.2 (18 of 20)
83. Single-Stranded RNA, Two RNA Strands, Produce DNA Lentivirus (HIV) Oncogenic viruses Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome. Includes all RNA tumor viruses Table 13.2 (19 of 20)
