The document discusses syllogisms and deductive reasoning. It explains the relationships between sets in syllogisms using Venn diagrams, such as "all A are B" meaning A is contained within B. Examples are provided of evaluating conclusions based on given statements using Venn diagrams to represent set relationships. Techniques like focusing on directionality and whether relationships are unidirectional or bidirectional are discussed. Practice exercises are included for the reader to apply these concepts.

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Syllogism
1
Syllogisms are just argument sentences that require deductive reasoning to
arrive at some conclusions.
1. All A are B
This phrase means that A is contained in B but not necessarily vice versa.
This means A is a subset of B, but B may not be a subset of A. The Venn
diagram for this is:
A
B

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• No A are B
• It is simply understandable that B does not
contain any of A and so A is not contained
in B. This means that A and B are disjoint
sets. The Venn diagram for this case is:
A B

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• Some A are B
• This is the case when some of A is in B
that is A and B are intersecting, and thus
some B are A will also be true. The Venn
diagram depiction is as:
AB

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• Some A are not B
• This means that some portion of A is not
included in B for sure while the other part of
A is uncertain whether it is included in B or
not. The Venn diagram is;
A B

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TRICK & RULES
TRICK :-1.Solve these Questions using Venn Diagram
Only.
2. Focus on Direction Only
Rule 1. All is Unidirectional..Inside…Outside
Rule 2. Some is Bidirectional..

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Example
On the basis of Statements given below ,determine
which Conclusion (C1,C2,C3…) is True Or False
• Statement 1 . All A are B
• Statement 2 . All B are C
• C1. All A are C
• C2. All C are A
• C3. Some A are B
• C4. Some B are C
• C5. Some C are A

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Solution
A
C
B C1…TRUE
C2.
FALSE
C3..TRUE
C4..TRUE
C5..TRUE

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Statement 1 . All A are B
Statement 2 . All B are C
Rule 1. All is Unidirectional..Inside…Outside
Rule 2. Some is Bidirectional..
C1. All A are C….True
C2. All C are A….False
C3.Some A are B C4. Some B are C
C5. Some C are A
A B C

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S1. Some A are B
S2. Some B are C
C1. Some A are C..False
A B C

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S1. Some A are B
S2. Some B are C
C1. Some A are C..True
A B
C

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Statements: Some doctors are lawyers.
All teachers are lawyers.
Some engineers are lawyers.
All engineers are businessmen.
Conclusions: I. Some teachers are doctors
II. Some businessmen are lawyers.
III. some businessmen are teachers.
(a) None follows
(b) only II follows
(c) Only III follows
(d) Only II and IV follow
(e) None of these

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Statements: Some doctors are lawyers.
All teachers are lawyers.
Some engineers are lawyers.
All engineers are businessmen.
TEACHERS
LAW
YERS
Dr.
ENGG
.
BUSINESSMAN

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TEACHERS
LAW
YERS
Dr.
ENGG
.
BUSINESSMAN
Conclusions: I. Some teachers are doctors
II. Some businessmen are lawyers.
III. some businessmen are teachers.

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Statements: All plastics are glasses.
Some sponges are glasses.
All sponges are clothes.
All clothes are liquids.
Conclusions: I. All liquids are sponges.
II. Some plastics are clothes
III. All glasses are plastics
IV. All liquids are clothes
.

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Statements: All plastics are glasses.
Some sponges are glasses.
All sponges are clothes.
All clothes are liquids.
PLASTICS
GLA
SSES
.
SPON
GE
LIQUIDS CLOTHES

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. Conclusions: I. All liquids are sponges.
II. Some plastics are clothes
III. All glasses are plastics
IV. All liquids are clothes
PLASTICS
GLA
SSES
.
SPON
GE
LIQUIDS CLOTHES

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PRACTICE EXERCISE

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PRACTICE EXERCISE

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PRACTICE EXERCISE

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ANSWERS