introduction to anatomy ,terms movements and their planes

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2.  It is a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning
cutting up.
 Anatomy – the study of the structure of
body parts and their relationships to one
another.
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3.  Gross Anatomy
 Microscopic Anatomy
 Developmental Anatomy
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4.  Regional – all structures in one part of the
 body (such as the abdomen or leg)
 Systemic – gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
 Surface – study of internal structures as
they relate to the overlying skin
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5.  Cytology – study of the cell
 Histology – study of tissues
 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
 Embryology – study of developmental
changes of the body before birth
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6.  Some Anatomical Directions
 Superior
 Anferior
 Anterior
 Posterior
 Dorsal
 Ventral
 Proximal
 Distal
 Medial
 Lateral
 bilateral
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7.  Anatomical Position
 The anatomical position is a standardized
 method of observing or imaging the body
 that allows precise and consistent
 anatomical references.
 When in the anatomical position, the subject
 stands
 standing upright
 facing the observer, head level
 eyes facing forward
 feet flat on the floor
 arms at the sides
 palms turned forward (ventral)
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9.  Terms of position and
direction describe the
position of one body part
relative to another.
 It usually along one of
the three major body
planes
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10.  Superior
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the head or higher
than another structure in the
body
 Inferior
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the feet or lower
than another structure in the
body
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11.  Anterior
 Refers to a structure being more
in front than another structure in
the body
 Posterior
 Refers to a structure being more
in back than another structure in
the body
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12.  Medial
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the midline or median
plane of the body than another
structure of the body
 Lateral
Refers to a structure being
farther away from the midline
than another structure of the
body
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13.  Distal
 (Reference to the extremities only)
 Refers to a structure being
further away from the root of
the limb than another structure
in the limb
 Proximal
 (Reference to the extremities only)
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the root of the limb
than another structure in that
limb
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14.  Superficial
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the surface of the body
than another structure
 Deep
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the core of the body
than another structure
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15.  Ventral
 Towards the front or belly
 You Vent out or your nose and mouth.
 Dorsal
 Towards the back
 Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.
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16.  Prone
 Lying face down
 Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
 Supine
 Lying face up
 Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
 Unilateral
 Pertaining to one side of the body
 Bilateral
 Pertaining to both sides of the body
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17.  These terms are used
for planes or sections
that cut the body,
organs, tissues, or cells
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19. Sagittal plane
• The plane dividing the
body into right and
left portions
• Midsagittal or median
are names for the
plane dividing the
body into equal right
and left halves
Frontal plane
• The plane dividing
the body into front
and back portions
• Also called the
Coronal plane
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20.  Transverse plane
 The horizontal plane
 dividing the body
 into upper and lower
 portions
 Also called the
 Horizontal plane
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21.  Describe three-dimensional structures.
 Sectional Planes:
 Transverse Planes- divide the body into
superior/inferior sections.
 Frontal Planes - divide the body into anterior and
posterior sections.
 Sagittal Planes-divide the body into left and right
sections. Exactly equal halves- Midsagittal
Section
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22.  Flexion
 Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
 Extension
 Straightening a joint or increasing the
angle between two bones
In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
 Hyperextension
 Excessive extension of the parts at a
joint beyond anatomical position.
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23.  Adduction
 Moving a body part
towards the midline of the
body
 Abduction
 Moving a body part away
from the midline of the
body
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24.  Pronation
 Turning the arm or foot
downward
 (palm or sole of the foot -
down) Prone
 Supination
 Turning the arm or foot
upward
 (palm or sole of the foot
- up)
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25.  Retraction
 Moving a part backward
 Protraction
 Moving a part forward
 Elevation
 Raising a part
 Depression
 Lowering a part
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26.  Rotation
 Turning on a single axis
 Circumduction
 Tri-planar, circular motion
at the hip or shoulder
 Internal rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the
midline
 External rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline
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27.  Lateral Flexion
 Side-bending left or
right
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28.  Inversion
 Turning the sole of the foot
inward
 Eversion
 Turning the sole of the foot
outward
 Dorsiflexion
 Ankle movement bringing
the foot towards the shin
 Plantarflexion
 Ankle movement pointing
the foot downward
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29.  Radial Deviation
 Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.
 Ulnar Deviation
 Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.
 Opposition
 Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
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30.  Radial Deviation
 Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.
 Ulnar Deviation
 Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.
 Opposition
 Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
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