2. Individualisation
• Individualisation is the process by which, an individual is
made independent of his group.
• It is carried out by individual himself and it is mainly a
mental process, which is spread through the prevailing
ideas.
• Socialisation brings man in relation with others.
3. Aspects of
Individualisation
• The process of becoming different from people.
• Democratisation
• Free competition
• Social mobility
• Aware of one’s own specific character
• A new kind of evaluation
• Individual will consider himself superior to others and
evaluate himself in high terms
• A feeling of self- glorification
• Feeling of loneliness may lead the individual to
introspection.
4. Aspects of
Individualization
Karl Mannheim has distinguished four main aspects of
individualization.
• Individualization as a process of learning different from
other people.
• Individualization on the level of new forms of self
regarding attitudes.
• Individualization through objects.
• Individualization as a kind of depending into ourselves.
5. Individualization as a
process of learning different
from other people
• Compare with other persons for any kind of different
ablities from others.
• The people isolated from other people, develop different
types of personality.
• Ex: highly mature, over intelligence, shyness etc.,
6. Individualization on the level of
new forms of self, regarding
attitudes
• A new thinking develop within himself.
• It consists in becoming aware of one’s specific character
and in the rise of a new kind of self evaluation.
• He begins to regard his life and character as unique.
7. Individualization
through objects
• The individualization process develop through objects.
• Some people come to have a fixed feeling towards
certain people and objects.
• For example: The peasant and the landed aristocrat are
more settled in their wishes than the rich mobile.
• The family condition also shape the individual
8. Individualization as a kind
of depending into ourselves
• The feeling of separation becoming lonely may lead an
individual to introspection (examine one’s one feelings).
• Under such conditions the individual develops the feeling
of privacy, partial isolation.
9. Society
• Society derived by Latin word “Socious” it means
companionship or friendship.
• In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers not a group of
people but to the complex pattern of the norms of
interaction that arise among them.
• MacIver has said that society is a web of social
relationship
10. Definition of Society
• A number of like- minded individuals who know and
enjoy their like-mindedness and are therefore able to
work together for common aids.
• M. Ginberg- Collections of individuals united by certain
relations or modes of behavior which marks them off
from others who do not enter into these relations or who
differ from them in behavior.
• Giddings – The sum of formal relations in which
individuals are associating together or are bound
together.
11. Elements of Society
• Mutual interactions of individuals
• Mutual inter-relationship between individual
• A pattern of system
• Reciprocal awareness is an essential ingredient of social
relationship.
• Society means like-mindedness.
• Society also implies difference.
• Inter-dependence.
• Co-operation.
12. Society means likeness:
• Is an essential pre-requisite of society.
• The sense of likeness was focused in early society on
kinships that is real or supposed blood relationships.
• In modern societies the conditions of social likeness
have broadened out in the principle of nationality or one
world.
13. Society also implies difference:
• But the sense of likeness does not eliminate diversity or
variation.
• Society also implies difference and it depends on the
latter as much as on likeness of all people were exactly
alike, their social relationships would become very much
limited.
• They would contribute very little to one another.
14. Inter-dependence:
• Family, the first society with which we all are closely
associated, is based on the biological inter-dependence
of the sexes.
• None of the two sexes is complete by itself and,
therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other.
• This fact of inter-dependence is very much visible in the
present world.
15. Co-operation:
• Without co-operation no society can exist.
• Unless people cooperate with each other, they cannot
live a happy life.
• Family rests on co-operation.
• The members of the family cooperate with one another
to live happy and joyfully.
16. Characteristics of Society
• It is composed of people.
• They have mutual awareness, continuous reciprocal
interaction and interrelationship among societal
members.
• They have likeness and differences too.
• They have cooperation and common interest, hold
responsibilities by means of division of labour and
delegation of authority.
17. Characteristics of Society
• Society is dynamic; changes may take place abruptly or
slowly; gradually or suddenly.
• Each society have its own distinct culture; bit is
expression of human behaviour.
• Society controls individual’s talents, and capacities.
• Society shapes the personality of individual, and meets
the basic needs and provides material comfort.
18. Community
• An area of social living.
• Whenever the members of any group, small or large,
live together in such a way that they share, not this or
that particular interest, but the basic conditions of a
common life, we call that group a community.
19. Definition of Community
• Bogardus – Community is a social group with some
degree of “we-feeling” and living in given area.
• Ogburn and Nimkoff – Community is the total
organization of social life with an limited area.
• Lundberg – Community is a human population living
within a limited geographic area and carrying on a
common inter-dependence life.
20. Element of Community
• Group of people
• Locality
• Community Sentiment
• Permanency
• Naturality
• Likeness
• Wider ends
• Particular name
21. • Group of people: Whenever the individuals live
together in such a way that they share the basic
conditions of a common life, we call them forming a
community.
• Locality: The group of people forms a community
when it begins to reside in a definite locality.
• Community always occupies a territorial area
22. • Community sentiment: Means a feeling of
belonging together.
• It is “we-feeling” among the members.
• Permanency: Its not transitory like a crowd. It
essentially includes a permanent life in a definite place.
• Naturality: Its not made or created by an act of will
but are natural.
23. • Likeness: There is a likeness in language, customs,
mores etc.
• Wider ends: The ends of community are wider.
• A particular name: Every community has some
particular name. Ex; Punjab are called Punjabis.
24. Difference between Society and Community
Society Community
• Society is a web of social
relationship.
• A definite geographic
area is not an essential
aspects of society.
• Society is a abstract.
• Community consisting of a
group of a individual living in
a particular area with some
degree of we feeling.
• Community always denotes
a definite locality or
geographic area.
• Community is a concrete
25. Difference between Society and Community
Society community
• Community sentiments or a
sense of we-feeling may be
present or may not be
present in society.
• Society is a wider. There
can be more than one
community in a society.
• The objectives and interest
of society are more
extensive and varied.
Society involved both
likeness and difference
• Community sentiment is an
essential element of
community.
• Community is smaller than
society.
• The objectives and interest
of a community are
comparatively less
extensive and varied.
Likeness is more important
than difference in
community.
26. Association
• An association is “ an organization deliberately formed
for the collective pursuit of some interest, or a set of
interest, which its member share.”
- By R.M.Maclever
• An association is “ a group of social beings related to
one another by the fact that they possess or have
instituted in common organization with a view to securing
a specific end.”
- By Morris Ginsberg
27. Characteristics of
Association
• Is a human group
• Common interest/s
• Co-operative spirits
• Organization
• Regulation of relations
• Durability of Association
28. Association Community
• Member is voluntary.
• Has some specific interest/s
• May or may not be long
lasting .
• Association is partial. It may
be regarded as a part of
community.
• By birth itself individual
become members of a
community. It is rather
compulsory.
• Has some general
interests.
• Is relatively more stable
and permanent.
• It is integral. It may have
within its boundary,
several association.
29. Institution
• Institution “ may be described as recognized and
established usages governing the relations between
individual and groups.”
-By Ginsberg
• Institution represents “ the social structure and the
machinery through which human society organizes,
directs and executes the activities required to satisfy
human needs.”
- By H.E.Barnes
30. Characteristics of
Institutions
• Social in nature
• Universality
• Institution have standardized norms
• Institutions as means of satisfying needs
• Institution are the controlling mechanism
• Relatively permanent
• Oral and written traditions
• Institution are interrelated
31. Functions of Social
Institutions
• Institutions caters to satisfaction of needs.
• Institutions control Human behavior.
• Institutions simplify actions of individuals
• Institutions assign roles and status to individual.
• Institutions contribute to unity and uniformity.
• Manifest functions of Institutions
33. Divine Origin Theory
• Human being are born to enjoy the relationship between
male and female.
• God has created them and also the society.
• This theory is not fully explaining the various social
phenomenon, societal relationship that exists in the
society.
34. Social Contract Theory
• Given by T. Hobhouse, Locke.
• They explained how the individual is preceding the
society.
• All individual are born free and equal to fulfill the needs,
which he cannot fulfill by alone. Through socialization
process he is performing his function in society.
35. Organic Theory
• Explained by Plato and Herbert Spencer.
• The individual is a living organism, various system has to
coordinate to maintain his living function.
• Similarly, Individual is a part of social system, and
various social systems has to coordinate to meet the
societal needs.
• In the society if one system fails, the individual can
survive in another area.
36. Group Mind Theory
• Given by Maciver and Page.
• Collective thinking, cohesiveness among the group
members and cooperativeness are the main features of
this theory.
• Individuals in society develop rules, regulations,. And
norms in social system.
37. Group Mind Theory
• Group mind facilitates collective thinking, collective
acting, each group exhibits their own goals, needs which
have emerged out of interaction of group, within the
society, different needs of individuals formed into
different outlook.
• Universality among diversity is observed.
• Individual neither preceds society nor society preceds
the individual.
38. Evolution Theory
• Individual and society are mutually interdependent.
Individual needs society for socialisation.
• Man is social by nature, they like to live in company of
others, crave for other’s company and interact with
others and establish relationship.
• Socialisation is unending.
• Society determines the personality of the individual.
39. Personal
Disorganization
• Personal Disorganization represent the behaviour of
individual which deviates from the social norms.
• Any various behaviour which disturbs the integration of
the attitude system within the personality represents
called personal disorganization.
• It means that the individual is out of adjustment with
society, who has failed to organize the chief goals of his
life.
40. • It may be mild or violent.
• When the parts of social structure do not perform their
functions efficiently and effectively or perform them
badly, there occurs an imbalance in society.
• The social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets out
of gear because of this personal disorganization.
• For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes and drug
addicts etc., who are mentally normal but socially
abnormal.
Personal
Disorganization
42. Socialization
• Man is not only social but also cultural being.
• The culture provides opportunities for man to develop his
personality.
• The development process is not an automatic process.
• It is social training to the individual that kind of training is
called Socialization.
• Socialization is a process of moulding a human infant to
a member of society to which he belongs.
• This Socialization is differ from society to society.
Because of this process involves by culture.
43. Definition of
Socialization
• W.H. Ogburn says “Socialization is a process by which
the individual learns to conform to the norms of the
group”.
• Bogardus define “Socialization as the process of
working together, of developing group responsibility, of
being guided by welfare needs of others”.
• Green says “Socialization is the process which the child
acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood and
personality”.
44. Process of Socialization
• Socialization is the process of learning group norms,
ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.
• The process of Socialization starts long before the child
is born.
• The parents courtship, marital selection, the customs
concerning pregnancy and birth.
45. • Whole system of cultural practices surrounding the
family are important for the child’s growth .
• But direct socialization begins only after birth
46. Factors of the Process of
socialization
• Four factors are determine it
• 1. Imitation
• 2. Suggestion
• 3. Identification
• 4. Language
47. • Imitation:
• Imitation is copying by an individual of the actions of
another.
• Thus, when the child attempts to walk impressively like
his father swinging a stick and wearing spectacles, he is
imitating.
• Imitation may be conscious or unconscious,
spontaneous or deliberate.
48. • Suggestion:
• Suggestion is the process of communicating information
which has no logical or self evident basis.
• It may conveyed through language, pictures or some
similar medium.
• Propaganda and advertising are based on the
fundamental psychological principles of Suggestion.
49. • Identification:
• The child cannot make any distinction between his
organism and environment.
• Most of his actions are random.
• As he grows in age, he comes to know of the nature of
things which satisfy his needs.
• He gradually indentified what he need for happy in his
life.
50. • Language:
• Language is the medium of social intercourse.
• It is the means of cultural transmission.
• At first the child utters some random syllables which
have no meaning, but gradually he come to learn his
mother-tongue.
• Language moulds the personality of the individual form
infancy.
51. Agencies of Socialization
• The family
• The school
• The playmates or friends
• The church (religious institutions)
• The state
