Unit 4 th social groups and process.pptx

1. Unit 4 th
Social groups and process

2. Introduction
• is a group life to a large extent. If a person lives in society, he
typically is also a member of a number of groups which may
themselves be considered as existing in a society. A group is a
number of people involved in a pattern of association with one
another. Typical groups are a clique of friends, a political party, and
a sports club.
• The key to the nature of human grouping is the notion of association.
• Groups are created and maintained because they enable individual
members to attain certain goals or interests which they hold in
common.
• Our social behaviour and personalities are shaped by the groups to
which we belong. Throughout his life, individual is a member of
various groups, some are chosen by him, others are assigned to him
at birth.

3. Meaning of social groups
• Social group is a collection of human beings
who are brought into social relationship with
one another with a common goal under a
common set of codes.
• • It may be a pair, number of persons or even
a collection of millions of people
• ex. Sports club, a political party, a family etc

4. Defination
• According to Green, “A group is an aggregate of
individuals which persist in time, which has one
or more interests and activities in common and
which is organised.”
• According to Maclver and Page “Any collection of
human beings who are brought into social
relationship with one another
• Ogburn and Nimkoff – “Whenever two or more
individual come together and influence one
another, they may be said to constitute a social
group”.

5. Characteristics of social
1. Mutual Awareness:
The members of a social group must be
mutually related to one another
2. One or more Common Interests:
Groups are mostly formed for the fulfillment of
certain interests. The individuals who form a group
should possess one or more than one common
interests and ideals.
3. Sense of Unity:
Each social group requires sense of unity and
a feeling of sympathy for the development of a feeling
or sense of belongingnes

6. • 4 . We-feeling :
of we-feeling refers to the tendency on the part of the
members to identify themselves with the group. We-feeling
generates sympathy, loyalty and fosters cooperation among
members.
• 5. Similarity of Behaviour:
For the fulfillment of common interest, the members
of a group behave in a similar way. Social group represents
collective behaviour.
• 6. Group Norms:
Each and every group has its own ideals and norms and
the members are supposed to follow these. These norms may be in
the form of customs, folk ways, mores, traditions, laws etc. They
may be written or unwritten

7. Classification of social groups
• Groups Simmel considered size as a criterion for
classifying groups.
• Small size group
• Large size group
Dwight Sanderson suggested a three fold
classification of social groups by structure.
• Involuntary group
• Voluntary group
• Delegate group

8. Cont …….
• Cooly classifaied groups on the basis of kind of contacts.
• Primary group
• Secondary group
F.H. Giddings classified group into
• Genetic (involuntarily. Ex: family)
• Congregate (voluntarily. Ex: union)
Sumner made distinction between an in group and out
groups
The groups with which the individual identifies himself
are his in-groups such as his family, tribe, college,
occupation etc. All other groups to which he does not
belong are his out-groups.

9. Cont …..
* In-group
with the individual indentifies himself are his in-
group, his family or tribe or sex or college or
occupation or religion.
• Usually expressed in the contrast between “they” and
“us”.
• Every group they are communists; we are Hindu, they
are Muslims; we are Brahmins, they are others not my
people etc.,
* Out-group
• Its opposite of in-group

10. In – group
• The groups with which the
individual identifies himself are
his in-groups
• Ex. his family or tribe or sex or
college or occupation or religion
• . Produces sense of belonging
• In-group attitudes contain some
element of sympathy and a sense
of attachment to the other
members of the group Outgroup
contains a sense of remoteness
among the members
• It embodies the collective
pronoun ‘we
Out – group
• An outgroup is defined by an
individual with reference to his
in-group
• Ex. his family or tribe or sex or
college or occupation or religion
• The relationship of an individual
to his out-group is marked by
detachment and sometimes even
of hostility.
• Outgroup contains a sense of
remoteness among the members
• It embodies the word “”They” or
othe

11. Cooley classified groups on basis of
kind of contacts
• 1) primary
• 2) secondary

12. Primary groups
1 ) Meaning: Groups which re
characterized by face-to- face
relations, mutual aid are primary
group. Ex: family, friends etc
2) Nature of Social Relations: social
relations are face- to- face, direct
intimate, personal, non-partisan in
character
3) . Size: primary groups are smaller in
size
4) Physical proximity: group are confined
to a small geographic area
5) Communication: its not only direct
but also quick and effective.
6) Group interest: interest of members
are not specific but general.
Secondary groups
1) Groups which provide experience
lacking in intimacy are secondary
group. Ex: political parties, unions
etc.
2) Social relations are indirect,
impersonal, contractual,
specialized, and more economic
nature.
3) Secondary groups are relatively
bigger in size
4) Groups are not characterized by
physical area
5) Members are spread over a vast
area direct communication is
difficult
6) Interest of members are more
specific

13. Class
• Social class also called class, a group of people
within a society who possess the same
socioeconomic status.

14. Tribe
• defined as a social group bound together by kin and
duly associated with a particular territory; members of
the tribe share the social cohesion and associated with
the family together with the sense of political
autonomy of the nation.
• • W.H.R. Rivers defined a tribe as 'a social group of
simple kind, the members of which speak a common
dialect, have a single government, and act together for
such common purposes as warfare’.
• The tribes in India are also called as “adivasis” The
tribal population accounts for 8.2% of the total
population of the country.

15. Characteristics of a tribal community
• 1. Common territory- Tribal people live in a
definite geographical area.
• 2. Common name- Each and every tribe has
their own names Ex- Todas,Khashi
• 3. Common Dialect- EachTribe has its own
Dialect( Spoken language with no script)
• 4. Common culture – Tribal communities have
their own distinct culture that differs from
culture of civilized people.

16. Cont ……
• 5 . Common religion Tribal communities have their own
religion and members of a tribe worship a common
ancestor.
• 6. Authority of the Chief – Each tribe has its own
political set up. The tribal chief occupies an important
place in the tribal organization.
• 7. Endogamy- Tribal people marry within their own
tribal organization but they practice clan exogamy that
is why they are endogamous in nature.
• 8. Blood relatives- The members of the tribe are
related by blood because of practicing endogamy.

17. Problems of tribals in india
• Six Main Problems Faced by the Indian Tribes
• Loss of Control over Natural Resources
• Lack of Education .
• Displacement and Rehabilitation
• Problems of Health and Nutrition
• Gender Issues
• Erosion of Identity

18. Caste
• Caste any of the ranked, hereditary,
endogamous social groups, often linked with
occupation, that together constitute
traditional societies in South Asia, particularly
among Hindus in India.

19. Religious groups
• the major religious groups in India are as
follows:
• 1. Hinduism
• 2. Islam
• 3. Christianity
• 4. Sikhism
• 5. Buddhism
• 6. Jainism

20. Crowd
• defined as a collection of individuals united
temporarily and in close proximity to each
other. Their objects may be diverse kinds. It is
an unorganized manifestation.
After the people collected in a garden
for a picnic are called crowd. A crowd is
quickly created and quickly dissolved

21. Defination of crowd
• MacIver it as a physically compact aggregation of
human being brought into direct, temporary and
un-organized contact with one another.
• Kimball and Young a crowd is a gathering of a
considerable number of persons around a center
or point of common attraction.
• Lundberg a crowd is a temporary collection of
persons who react to a common focus of
attention, and engage in spontaneous interaction.

22. Characteristics of crowd
• Anonymity -because its large and temporary.
• Narrow attention -one or two things at one time.
• Suggestibility -crowd are not open to conviction.
• Credulity -easily believe others words.
• Low mental level- ideas not deep and wide.
• Emotional -crowd are highly emotional.
• Irresponsibility- crowd sense very poor of it.

23. Mob
• is always a transitory(not permanent) and
unstable organization. Thus a group of students
recreating by the seashore are an aggregate; if
they hear a film actor they become a crowd. But
if the actor makes insulting remarks to the
country they may become unruly and turn into a
mob.
• Mob is a violent group it concern more
emotional people, they are creating problem they
dont maintain a peace . They have some struggle
mind. Ex: Caste violence

24. Public
• The public is merely a psychological group
who think and feel about social issues.
• They are diffused, and are found in far off
places.
• They are psychologically united due to some
social issues.

25. Definition of public
• Kingsley Davis A dispersed group; it is a feeling
and thinking group.
• • Schettler The public is a group of individuals
who are united together by common interest
or objectives.
• • Horton & Hunt A public is a scattered group of
people who share an interest in a particular
topic.

26. Characteristics of public
• Public is disposed(willing) group It is a
psychological group. It thinks, feels, and
experiences certain common things.
• • In public, all people do not have unanimous
opinion.
• • The members of the public communicate
each other through mass media.
• • Public is an organized group.
• • There is no personal contact in public

27. Difference between crowd and public
• 1) The very constitution of a crowd
necessitates the presence of its
members in one particular area
• 2) Crowd gives the impression of
being collective and compact
• 3) In a crowd the media of mutual
exchange are direct and present on
the spot
• 4) Crowd is more fickle
• 5) In a crowd relations are
established through the direct
stimulation and excitation. 6)An
individual member of a crowd can be
a member of only one crowd at any
given period of time
• 7)The members of a crowd exhibit
physical contiguity rather than
mental unity or identity.
• 1) No such physical proximity is
essential
• 2) Public is obviously scattered.
• 3) While the unity of the public
increases through such media as the
newspapers, radio, press
• 4) A public is relatively constant or
permanent
• 5) In a public the basis of these
reaction is more indirect stimulation
• 6) . There is no restrictions on the
members of a public since his
physical presence within the public is
not required.
• 7) The members of the public
evince(indicates) a mental unity

28. Audience
• rooms, pubic meetings, etc.
• • It is a group that sees, listens, and thinks.
• • They dont have any leader but the organizer
control for all the participants or people. Ex:
theatre, programme etc.

29. Dafination of audience
• V V Akolkar An audience is a temporary
assembly whose members have gathered for a
definite and similar purpose, each one come
to the spot on account of his individual
interest.

30. Classification of audience
• Information audience: seeking audience. e.g.
class room, TV hall etc.,
• Conversational audience: discussion audience.
• Recreational audience: we have cinema, sports
etc.,
• Religious audience: religious worship, as in
churches, temples and mosques.
• Political audience: audience are addressed
usually by political leaders.

31. Difference between public and audience
• 1) Public is generally a
group of people.
• 2) It doesn’t define any
particular group of
people..
• 3) “Public” refers to all
types of people and it
means sharing
something without any
concealment(hiding)..
• 1) Audience” refers to a
crowd seeing or
listening to any speech
or performance.
• 2) It defines a particular
group of people
• 3) “Audience” refers to
a crowd seeing or
listening to any speech
or performance

32. Social interaction and social process
• Man is a socio-cultural being and society is necessary
for man.
• They always live in various groups and associations.
• As members of this group they act and behave in a
certain manner.
• This behaviour of individual is affected by the
behaviour of others.
• This behaviour we call as a social interaction.
• This interaction is essential of social life. Without
interaction there would be no social life.

33. Defination
• Dawson and Gettys Social interaction is the
process where by man interpreted the minds
of each other.
• Ginsberg - Social processes means the various
modes of interaction between individuals or
groups including co-operation and conflict,
social differentiation and integration,
development, arrest and decay.

34. Social interaction and social processes
• Social Processes Social Interaction and Social
Processes takes place in the forms of
• Co-operation
• Competition
• Conflicts
• Accommodation
• Assimilation
• Isolation.

35. Co- operation
• Co- operation is an Integrating activity it generally
means that working together in the pursuit of
common interest.
• Merril and Eldredge - Co-operation is a form
of social interaction wherein two or more
persons work together to gain a common
interest.
• Fairchild- Co-operation is the process by
which individual or groups combine their effort in
a more or less organized way for the attainment
of common objective.

36. Types of co-operation
• five Types co-operation:
• Direct Co-operation
• Indirect Co-operation
• Primary Co-operation
• Secondary Co-operation
• Tertiary Co-operation

37. Competition
• Competition the most fundamental form of
social struggle.
• Struggle for existence and better life. It is
one aspects of struggle which is universal not
only in human society but also in the animal
society.
• Its a source of motivation conducive to
progress.

38. Defination of competition
• Sutherl and Competition is an impersonal,
unconscious, continuous, struggle between
individuals or group which because of their
limited supply all may not have.
• Biesanz Competition is the struggling between
two or more persons for the same goal which
is limited so that all cannot share it.

39. Characteristics of competition
• Competition is impersonal(not influenced)
struggle.
• Competition is an unconscious activity.
• Competition is universal

40. Adavantages of competition
• 1 )Helps in assigning the individuals to proper places
• 2.) Competition is a source of motivation for the
individual.
• 3.) It stimulates achievements by lifting the level of
aspiration from lower level to higher level.
• 4.) Competition brings about progress in society
• 5.) It helps improvement in the quality of production
and service
• 6.) Healthy competition helps the full development of
personality of the members of the society.
• 7.) Competition encourages hardwork by people.

41. Difference between co-operation and competition
• 1 ) It is a form of social
interaction where 2 or more
persons work together to
gain common end.
• 2 ) It requires qualities such
as
kindness,sympathy,concern
for others, mutual
understanding.
• 3) Brings about satisfaction
in people
• 1) . It is a struggle between
2 or more persons for the
same goal which is limited
so that all cannot share it
• 2 ) It requires qualities such
as strong aspiration,self
confidence,spirit of
adventure and readiness to
suffer and struggle
• 3 ) May lead to
dissatisfaction,anxiety and
uncertainities.

42. Conflict
• it is the anti-thesis of co-operation. It is a
process of seeking to obtain rewards by
eliminating or weakening the competitors.
• Definition of conflict
Gillin and Gillin - Conflict is the social process
in which individuals or groups seeks their ends
by directly challenging the enemy by violence
or threat of violence.

43. Characteristics and casuse of conflicts
• conscious action
• it is a personal activity
• lacking continuity
• universal one

44. Casuse of conflict
• Individual differences
• Cultural differences
• Clash of interests
• Social change

45. Types of conflicts
• gilllin and Gillin mentioned five types of
conflict
• Personal conflict
• Racial conflict
• Class conflict
• Political conflict
• International conflict

46. Ways to resolve the conflict
• Conflict can be resolved in 2 main ways-
1. Accomodation
2. Assimilation
Accomodation refers to the adjustment of hostile individuals or
groups. It is a temporary solution to the conflict.
• It either suspends, stops or postpones the conflict for some
time.
• It may assume various forms such as coercion, compromise,
arbitration and conciliation, toleration, rationalization, sublimation
and conversion
Assimilation is a process whereby individuals or groups once dissimilar
becomes similar and identified in their interests and outlook. It is a
permanent way of settling conflict

47. Accommodation
• Accommodation resolution of conflicts which
generally means adjusting oneself to the new
environment.
• Adjustment may be to the physical or social
environment.
• Accommodation denotes acquired changes in
the behaviour of individuals which enable
them to adjust to their environment.

48. Defination of accommodation
• MacIver The term accommodation refers
particularly to the process in which man
attains a sense of harmony with his
environment.
• Ogburn and Nimkoff Accommodation is a term
used by the sociologists to describe the
adjustment of hostile (unfriendly) individuals
or groups

49. Characteristics of accommodation
• Accommodation is the natural result of
conflict.
• Accommodation is mainly an unconscious
activity.
• Accommodation is universal.
• Accommodation is a continuous process.
• Accommodation is a mixture of both love
and hatred

50. Assimilation
• it is more permanent than accommodation.
• It is a process by which persons and groups
acquire the culture of the other group in
which they come to live by adopting its
attitudes and values . In short, its way of life.

51. Definition of assimilation
• Bogardus Assimilation is a process whereby
attitudes of many persons are united, an thus
develop into a united group.
• Biesanz Assimilation is the social process
whereby individuals or groups come to share
the same sentiments and goals.

52. Characteristics of assimilation
• Its not confined to single field only its applied
to different groups.
• It is a slow and gradual process cannot take
place all of suddenly.
• It is an unconscious process we cannot see
the real things.
• It is a two way process its principle of give and
take.

53. Factors hindering assimilation
• The following factors are weakening the
process of assimilation:
1. Isolation
2. Racial difference
3. Cultural difference
4. Prejudice
5. Dominants and sub ordination.

54. Factors favouring assimilation
• The following factors help the process of
assimilation
1. Toleration
2. Intimate social relationship
3. Intercaste marriage
4. Cultural similarity
5. Education
6. Equal social and economic opportunity.

55. Acculturation
• the process of adapting to a new culture
• May involve learning the dominant language
,adopting new values and bahaviours
• Acculturation refers to those processes
whereby the culture of the society is modified
as the result of contact with the culture of one
or more other societies.

56. Isolation
• If the communicative interaction or social
contact is absent that condition can be called
as isolation.
• It occurs among individuals and groups.
• Absolute isolation is impossible.

57. Types of isolation
• Sptial & organic
• Spatial isolation is external.
• Organic defects of individual such as
deafness or blindness
• Shyness- partial isolation
• Privacy

58. Negative effects of social isolation
• social isolation Social isolation can lead to
feelings of loneliness, fear of others, or negative
self-esteem. Lack of consistent human contact
can also cause conflict with the (peripheral)
friends. The socially isolated person may
occasionally talk to or cause problems with family
members.
Hearing loss and isolation
1) Inability to effectively communicate
2) Difficult to maintain interpersonal relationships

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