Disinfection, Community Medicine

1. DISINFECTION
Community medicine
Principles of epidemiology and epidemiological methods

2. SUBMITTED TO:
The Department of Community Medicine
SUBMITTED BY:
S. Ayisha Mufsira
III BNYS

3. DEFINITIONS

4. DISINFECTION
◦ Thermal or chemical destruction of pathogens to render the object
‘safe’.
◦ Does not imply complete inactivation of all viruses or removal of
bacterial spores
◦ Less lethal than sterilization.

5. STERILIZATION
• Validated process used to
render a product free of all
forms of viable
microorganisms
• Includes fungi, bacteria,
viruses and spores
• STERILIZER: The apparatus
used to sterilize medical
devices, equipments or
supplies.
• STERILE: State of being free
from all living
microorganisms.
• Types:
•Physical: heat sterilization
and radiation
•Chemical: ethylene oxide,
ozone,..

6. ASEPSIS
◦ Measures to prevent infection from
contamination of wounds or other sites by
microorganisms.
ANTISEPTIC
◦ Substance that prevents or arrests the
growth or action of micro-organisms.
◦ In other words, exclusion or elimination of
pathogens.
◦ Inhibits their activity or destroys them.
◦ The term is used for preparations applied
topically to living tissue.
“ Asepsis is about ensuring
everything getting in contact with
body is sterile while Antisepsis is
removal of microorganisms from
body parts ”
SEPSIS
State of infection

7. SANITIZER
◦ Agent that reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to safe levels
◦ The safe levels are based on public health requirements.
◦ Commonly used with substances applied to inanimate objects.
GERMICIDE
o Agent that destroys micro-organisms, especially pathogenic organisms.
DEODRANT
o Substance which suppresses or neutralizes bad odors
o e.g., lime and bleaching powder.

8. CLEANING
◦ The process (mechanical or manual) of removing the adherent visible soil, blood, protein
substances, micro-organisms and other debris from the surfaces, crevices, serrations, joints,
and lumens of instruments, devices and equipment.
◦ Done with detergent and water or enzyme cleaner.
◦ Prepares the items for safe handling and/or further decontamination.
◦ DETERGENT:
 Surface cleaning agent
 No antimicrobial claims.
 Has a hydrophilic component and a lipophilic component.
 Acts by lowering surface tension
 e.g. soap which removes bacteria along with dirt.

9. TYPES
OF
DISINFECTION

10. DISINFECTION
CONCURRENT
TERMINAL
PRECURRENT

11. CONCURRENT DISINFECTION:
• The application of disinfection measures as
soon as possible after the discharge of
infectious material from the body of an
infected person, or after the soiling of
articles with such infectious discharges
• The disease agent is destroyed as soon as it
is released from the body, and in this way
further spread of the agent is stopped.
• Includes disinfection of urine, feces, vomit,
contaminated linen, clothes, hands,
dressings, aprons, gloves, etc. throughout
the course of an illness.

12. TERMINAL DISINFECTION:
• The application of disinfection measures
after the patient has been removed by
death or to a hospital or has ceased to be
a source of infection or after other
hospital isolation practices have been
discontinued.
• Scarcely practiced now.
• Considered adequate, along with airing
and sunning of rooms, furniture and
bedding.

13. PRECURRENT
DISINFECTION:
• The application of disinfection
measures in prophylactic aspect.
• Examples of precurrent
disinfection: Disinfection of water
by chlorine, pasteurization of milk
and handwashing

14. DISINFECTANT

15. o An agent (chemical or physical) that destroys disease causing pathogens or
other harmful microorganisms.
o Only act on surfaces (environmental surfaces, equipments)
o Do not penetrate layers of dirt or grease
o Two main groups:
⌐ Environmental disinfectants
⌐ Skin disinfectants
DISINFECTANT:

16. ⌐ ENVIRONMENTAL DISINFECTANTS
◦ Toxic to skin; requires protective clothing.
◦ Hospital disinfectant : Disinfectant
registered for use in hospitals, clinics,
dental offices or any other medical
related facility.
◦ Examples:
 Hypochlorites (bleach): Best general-
purpose disinfectants.
 Phenolics: Used in laboratory and post-
mortem rooms.
 Chloroxylenols: Household disinfectants.
⌐ SKIN DISINFECTANTS
◦ Also called antiseptics
◦ Limited range of action
◦ Examples:
 Alcohols: Often used as a base for other skin
disinfectants,
 Iodine: Surgical scrubs, shampoos,..
 Chlorohexidine: Surgical scrubs, popular
disinfectant in hospitals and laboratories
 Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs):
trauma wounds and other special situations, not
used in routine wound cleaning.

17. An ideal disinfectant must fulfil the following
criteria:
◦ Solubility: should be soluble in water
◦ Odorless: should have a pleasant odor or no odor to facilitate its routine use.
◦ Unaffected by environmental factors: should be active in the presence of organic matter (e.g.,
blood, sputum, faeces) and compatible with soaps, detergents, and other chemicals encountered
in use.
◦ Residual effect on treated surfaces: should leave an antimicrobial film on the treated surface.
◦ Cleaner: should have good cleaning properties.
◦ Environmentally friendly: should not damage the environment on disposal.
◦ Stability: should be stable in concentrate and usedilution.

18. ◦ Broad spectrum: should have a wide antimicrobial spectrum.
◦ Easy to use with clear label directions.
◦ Economical: should not be prohibitively high in cost.
◦ Nontoxic: should not be harmful to the user or patient.
◦ Fast acting: should produce a rapid kill.
◦ Surface compatibility : should not corrode instruments and metallic surfaces, and should not
cause the deterioration of cloth, rubber, plastics, and other materials.
MNEUMONIC: SOURCES BEEN Fully Sterile

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
◦ K. Park-Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine-Banarsidas Bhanot
◦ Review of Preventive and Social Medicine - Vivek Jain
◦ Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

20. THANK YOU !