1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences; Institute for waste management and circular economy
Biological waste treatment /
Biogas from waste
2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Renewable Energy in Germany
• Biomass and Substrates for biogas production
• Demands on biogas plants
• Examples
4. Waste-to-Energy in the city of
tomorrow 4
WHY BIOGAS PRODUCTION?
Avoidance of emissions
Waste Treatment
Production of Renewable Energy
Safe of fertilizers for
agricultural production
5. Waste-to-Energy in the city of
tomorrow 5
NUMBER OF BIOGAS PLANTS IN
GERMANY
reference: Biogas Basisdaten Deutschland, FNR, 2015
Electric
capacity
(installed
[MW]
Number
of
biogasplants
6. Waste-to-Energy in the city of
tomorrow 6
BIOMASS
• Manure
• Green waste like grass, leaves, branches
• Biowaste
• Sewage sludge
• Industrial sludge
• Energy crops
7. POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES OF USAGE OF BIOMASS
biomass
Sampling, Transport, Mechanical Treatment
Thermal-chemical physical-chemical biochemical conversion
conversion conversion
carbonazation
gasification
liquefaction
pressing/
extraction
Alcoholic digestion
Anaerobic
degradation
Aerobic degradation
Solid fuel liquid fuel gaseous fuel
Solid
fuel
Additional use of energetic potencial of biological rediues
and Renewables and subsequent utilization
reference: Kaltschmitt, Reinhardt, 1997 (moved)
9. DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSTRATES FOR
BIOGASPRODUCTION IN GERMANY
Industrial
remnants
6%
municipal
remnants
9%
landfill
6%
Agricultural
remnants
39%
Sewage sludge
7%
Waste water
3%
Energy plants
30%
• main importance:
agrycultural subsrates
industrial municipal substrates
• different qualities Eigenschaften are responsible for different technical requirements
10. TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTE AND OTHER
SUBSTRATE FOR BIOGASPLANTS
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Liquid
manure
Residual
waste
Waste
food
Biowaste
Clarification
sludge
Waste
from
processing
Fruit
and
vegetables
Organic
waste
from
from
parks
and
gardens
Marc
and
preclarifiied
effluent
from
wine
manufacture
pot.
biogas
yield
[mio.
m³/
a]
Biogas potential
of organic waste
(approx. 4,300 MWel.)
Reference: Wittmaier, 2010
12. ENERGY FROM BIOGAS – DATA BASE
1 m³ Biogas 5.0 – 7.5 kWhsum
1 m³ Biogas 1.5 – 3 kWhel
1 BAU 6.6 – 35 t manure/a
1 BAU up to 250 m³ methane/a
Gas power station degreeel 30 – 40 %
Gas power station degreeth 40 – 60 %
Gas power station degreesum ca. 85 %
reference: Biogas Basisdaten Deutschland, FNR, 2008
13. ENERGY FROM BIOGAS – DATA BASE
For the production of 1 MW of electricity there is a demand on:
• about 16,000 t/a Maize silage is grown of about 400 ha farm land
Or:
• about 16,000 t/a Biowaste
1,0 MW of electricity can be used for:
• up to 2000 families (in Germany) for electricity and
• 1000 families for heating
every ha farm land
• can produce more than 20,000 kWh electricity by the use of biogasplants or
• five Families can be provided with electricity one year
reference: Friedmann and Zellmann, 2006
14. USE OF BIOGAS
Incineration of
Biogas in gas power
stations (BHKW)
Additional outcome
in the gas power
station (BHKW)
Biogas from 1 ha
Maize silage: natural
gas-car goes about
70,000 Kilometres
(double length of the
equator)
About 10 perecent
of the german use
of natural gas are
replacable by
biogas (usable
Potencal)
Biogas
electricity heat diesel gasnet
Biogas is nessesary for mobility and for production of energy
Reference: Biogas Fachverband, 2010
about 4,700 BGP About 33 BGP
about 2 BGP
18. DEMAND ON USE
Amount /
grow /
harvest
Biogas-
production
storage
Transport
transport
of
digested
sludge
storage
output
production
of heat and
electricity
heat
elec-
tricity
Pre-treatment
Transport
to the
gasnet
production
of heat and
electricity
heat
elec-
tricity
fuel
Demand on logistics
Demand on physically
qualities
Demand on biochemical
qualities
Legal demands / restrictions
Demand on use of
digested sludge
reference: Scholwin, DBFZ Leipzig, 2006
19. DEMAND ON LOGISTICS - AVAILABILITY OF
SUBSTRATES
Collection of biowaste in the municipalities
Amounts of manure, other agricultural waste and energy crops
Biogasproduction is an continouesly process! – Possibility of
sorage of substrates
Avoidance of emissions and losses during intermediate storage
keep Temperatures low to avoid biological activity
control of biomass-quality
20. DEMAND ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Area for growing for microorganisms (TS, solid state)
Temperature – homogeneously distribution in the fermenter
Water content
Viscosity
21. DEMAND ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES –
PROCESS GUIDING OF BIOGAS FERMENTATION
Mesophilic
30 – 37°C
thermophilic
50 – 55°C
dry fermentation
18 – 40 % TS
wet fermentation
5 – 18 % TS
dry fermentation
18 – 40 % TS
One step One step two steps One step
Classification of operation methods
23. DEMAND ON BIOCHEMICAL QUALITIES
Conditions for the single microorganisms
Choise of substrates (Mono / Co-fermentation)
Pre-treatment of substrates
Concentration of nutrients and trace elements
pH-value
Inhibition substances
24. DEMANDS OF THE USE OF DIGESTED SLUDGE
Use as fertilizer and soil
Supply of nutrients
Load on heavy metals and
organics
Demand on area
Rerence: Budewig, 2010
