PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048) CLASS XII CBSE SYLLABUS

1. IN
SPORT
S
CHILDREN & WOMEN

2. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT & FACTORS AFFECTING IT
EXERCISE GUIDELINES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
COMMON POSTURAL DEFORMITIES : KNOCK – KNEE, FLAT FOOT, ROUND SHOULDERS, LORDOSIS,
KYPHOSIS, BOW LEGS AND SCOLIOSIS & THEIR CORRECTIVE MEASURES
SPORTS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (MENARCH & MENSTURAL DISFUNCTION)
FEMALE ATHLETES TRAID (OESTOPEROSIS, AMENORIA, EATING DISORDERS)
C O N T E N T

3. Meaning of Motor Development
 Development of a child’s bone, muscles and ability to move around and ability to
manipulate his / her environment.
 Motor skills are essential for everyday life activities such as walking, running, jumping
 Motor development means the development of various motor abilities from birth till
death. (Sitting, walking, running, jumping, skipping, throwing etc.)

4. TYPES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Gross Motor Development Fine Motor Development
 It involves the development of
LARGE / BIG MUSCLE in the
child’s body specially while
sitting, walking, running,
climbing etc.
 It involves the development of
SMALL MUSCLES of the body,
especially during the small
movement of the fingers and
hands. (Catching, Smashing,
Holding, Gymnastics)

5. FACTOR’S AFFECTING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Parent and Heredity
Nutrition
Immunisation
Environment
Psychological Feedback &
Motivation
Disability and Disease
Factors Affecting Motor Development
Regular Practice Body Weight Gender or Sex Difference
Nutrition
Rest & Relaxation

6. EXERCISE GUIDELINES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Babyhood Growth & Development (From Birth to 1 Year)
Infancy Growth and Development (From 1 to 2 Years)
Early Childhood Growth & Development (2 to 6 Years)
Later Childhood Growth and Development (From 7 to 12 Years)
Adolescence Growth & Development (From 13 to 19 Year)

7. Babyhood Growth & Development
(From Birth to 1 Year)
Motor development starts after birth and
follows progressive & sequential patterns
from to bottom.
Gross motor dev. Is the primarily concern of dev. Parents
play considerable role for dev. of motor skills. (Crawling,
Sitting, Standing, Walking, Rolling etc.)
Parents should provide healthy diet, clean & safe environment
as well as proper vaccination.

8. Infancy Growth and Development (From 1 to 2 Years)
 This is known as – Toddlers Stage.
 Parents should provide healthy diet and playful environment
for gross motor development.
 Parents should check the growth & dev. of
child and they should consult doctors for
the same.
 Activities for Infant : Stepping, Block
Building etc.

9. Early Childhood Growth & Development (2 to 6 Years)
 To develop gross motor components along with fine motor
components.
 Provided healthy playful area and special care should be given
to diet, habits, moral values and recreational activities etc.
 Activities for Early Childhood :
Running, throwing, kicking, catching,
climbing, rope jumping etc.

10. Later Childhood Growth and Dev. (From 7 to 12 Years)
 Gross and Fine motor development activities are performed
 Activities for Later Childhood :
Yoga Asanas, Gymnastic, Athletics & Swimming, Football,
Basketball, Handball, Volleyball

11. Adolescence Growth & Development
(From 13 to 19 Year)
 This period is delicate period and challenge for parents.
 Sex difference is prominent & bring sex consciousness in this stage.
 Adolescence age causes many changes related to physical, social &
psychological.
 Activity for Adolescents :
Heavy physical workout, Creative activities

12. POSTURAL DEFORMITIES AND THEIR CORRECTIVE
MEASURES
 Various types of postural deformities :
1. Spinal Curvature
2. Flatfoot
3. Knock – knees
4. Bow Legs
5. Round Shoulders

13. 1. Spinal Curvature : Deformity related to the spine.
There are three types of Spinal deformities –
(a) Kyphosis (b) Lordosis (c) Scoliosis.

14. (a)Kyphosis : This postural deformity is also named as ‘Round Upper Back’.
This is the problem of thoracic cage and clevical spine. In kyphosis
depression of chest is very common.
Cause :
Malnutrition, illness, crowded areas, unavailability of pure air, insufficient
exercise, rickets, carrying heavy loads on shoulders, unsuitable furniture,
weak muscles, shyness among girls, habit of doing work by leaning
forward etc.
Remedies :
Sit in a chair such that your hips should touch the back of the chair.
Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.
Bend your head backward in standing position.
Perform Dhanurasana, the yogic asana regularly.

15. (b) Lordosis (Hollow Back) : Lordosis is the problem of lumbar-spine. In
this postural deformity the lumbar-spine bends in front beyond the
normal level. Lordosis is abnormal curvature of spine in front at lumbar
spine. In Lordosis deformity, the body weight is shifted backward. Thus,
lot of pressure is over heels.
Cause :
1) Lack of exercise 4) Overeating
2) Absence of balanced diet 5) Wrong walking habits
3) Multiple pregnancies in case of women
Remedies :
Stride standing position. The trunk flexion, grasping left ankle with both
hands and pulling trunk downward for three counts.
Sitting position, knees extended & feet spread. Bend forward, grasping
ankles, pull trunk forward, relax.

16. (c) Scoliosis : It is the problem of spine in which vertebral column bends to
sideward. Scoliosis causes one shoulder down & other is raised up. Body
weight is shifted to sideward and it causes lot of pressure on one side of
the foot.
Cause : The main causes of scoliosis deformity are differences in leg
lengths; undeveloped legs or backbone, lifting weight towards one side of
should in routine, disease of backbone etc.
Remedies :
 Bending exercise should be performed in opposite side of the ‘C’
shaped curve.
 Hold the horizontal bar with hands & let your body hang for some
time.
 To swim by using break-stroke technique.

17. 2. FLATFOOT :
Flat Foot is an abnormal condition of foot in which the arch of the foot
collapses, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near
complete contact with the ground. (no arch in the foot and the foot is
completely flat.)
Causes :
The main cause of flat foot are weak muscles. Weak muscles of the foot
cannot bear the body weight. Hence, feet become flat or without arches.
Along with this rapid increase in body weight, improper shoes, carrying
heavy weight for a longer period are also the cause of flat foot.

18. Remedies for Flat Foot :
 Walking on heels.
 Walking on inner and outer side of feet.
 Walking on toes.
 Stand up and down on the heels.
 Jumping on toes for some time.
 Skip on rope.
 Perform Vajrasana, the yogic asana.

19. 3. KNOCK - KNEES :
In this postural deformity the legs are bent inward and knees strike each
other while walking or running. Knees touches or overlap each other in
normal standing position.
Causes :
The main causes of this deformity are Rickets, Deficiency of Vitamin D,
weak legs, obesity during childhood, overweight, Calcium deficiency,
heavy weight etc.

20. Remedies for Knock - Knee :
 Horse – riding is the best exercise.
 Perform Padmasana & Gomukhasana regularly for some time.
 Pillow Exercise : Pillow kept between legs & person presses the legs
 Outward Walking : Tries to walk over the outer edges of foot.

21. 4. Bow Legs :
This is the defect of legs in which legs bend outward. It is opposite to
knock knee position. While standing if the gap between the knees is too
much. This deformity can easily be noticed while the man is standing,
walking or running.
Causes :
The main cause of Bow legs deformity are Rickets, deficiency of Vitamin D
and Calcium in diet, early childhood walking with weight, obesity,
defaulted footwear etc.

22. Remedies for Bow legs :
 Vitamin ‘D’ should be given in required dose.
 Balanced diet should be provided.
 One should walk on the inner edge of the feet.

23. 5. Rounder Shoulders :
It is the postural defect in which shoulders become round and sometime
they are projected forward. (Shoulders are bent forward)
Causes :
The main causes of this deformity are : carrying overloaded school bag by
children, wearing tight fitted clothes, weak muscles of chest and shoulder,
wrong posture during reading or writing over chair or bed, faulty furniture
etc.

24. Remedies for Round Shoulder :
 Keep your tips of fingers on your shoulder and encircle your elbows in
clockwise and anticlockwise direction.
 Hold the horizontal bar for some time.
 Perform Chakrasana & Dhanurasana regularly.

25. CORRECTIVE MEASURE FOR POSTURAL DEFORMITIES
Types of Postural deformities
(a) Functional Deformities (b) Structural Deformities
Only the soft tissues Bony structure is affected
(Muscles & Ligaments are affected)
 Correction is possible through > Correction is NOT possible through any
Various Physical Activities & Physical Activities and other Corrective
Corrective Measures. Measures.
 Physical Activities & other Corrective > SURGERY can be helpful for securing the
Measures are very effective desired improvement.

26. Correction Measures For Kyphosis
1. Lie on the back
2. Lie down in the prone position
3. Sit in a normal position

27. Correction Measures For Lordosis
1. Lie down in prone position
2. Bend knees forward 3. Lunge forward with knee on a mat

28. 4. Sit on a chair with feet wide apart
5. Lie in prone position on the floor
6. Sit down with knees extended

29. Correction Measures For Scoliosis
1. Lie down in prone position
2. Stand erect with feet few
inches apart
3. Stand in the erect position with
feet several inches apart

30. Correction Measures For Knock - Knees
Generally, the deformity of knock-knees cannot be corrected through
exercise during later childhood & adulthood.
The favourable results of exercise can be achieved during the phase of
early childhood
1. Horse - Riding 2. Pillow Exercise
3. Padmasana 4. Gomukhasana

31. Correction Measures For Bow Legs
1. Squat 2. Walking
3. Ardhmatseyendrasana 4. Garudasana 5. Ardh Chakrasana

32. 1. Shoulder Exercise
Correction Measures For Round Shoulders
2. Use Horizontal Bar
3. Chakrasana 4. Dhanurasana

33. 1. Jumping on Toes
Correction Measures For Flat Foot
2. Skipping 3. Heels Un & Down
4. Walk on the toes 5. Pick up the papers with toes 6. Ball Exercise

34. SPORTS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA

35. SPORTS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
 In ancient Olympics Women's were not allowed to even watch sports competitions.
 Women started participating in the modern Olympic Games from 1900 onwards.
 Only 4 Indian women athlete were participated in the Helsinki Olympics held in
1952
 In 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, 26 female sportsperson participated form India
 Only 23 women's of India participated in the London Olympic Games held in 2012.

37. Mary Leela Ro (Athlete)
1st Woman to represent India
at Helsinki Olympics in 1952.
Karnam Malleswari (Weightlifter)
1st Indian woman won a Bronze
Medal at Sydney Olympic in 2000.
P.V. Sindhu (Badminton)
won Silver Medal at
Rio Olympic in 2016.
M.C.Mary Kom (Boxing)
won Bronze Medal at
London Olympics in 2012.
Saina Nehwal (Badminton)
won Bronze Medal
at London Olympics in 2012
Sakshi Malik (Wrestling)
won Bronze Medal at
Rio Olympic in 2016.
Role Models - Indian Women’s Olympic Winner's

38. REASONS FOR LESS PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN SPORTS
1. Lack of Family Support
2. No parental Encouragement
3. Less number of women coaches
4. Sexual Harassment
5. Less Knowledge
6. Lack of Media Support
7. Poor Implementation of Government Policies
8. Attitude of Society towards women’s sports
participation

39. Special Problems Faced by Women Sportspersons
(Menarche & Menstrual Dysfunction)
Menarche :
 Menarche is the beginning of menstrual cycle or first menstrual
bleeding in female. Menarche shows the girl’s transition to
womanhood.
 Girls experience menarche between 10 to 15 years of age.

40. Special Problems Faced by Women Sportspersons
(Menarche & Menstrual Dysfunction)
Menstrual Dysfunction :
 It is a disorder or irregular condition in women’s menstrual cycle. The disorders are :
1. Absence of menstrual period.
2. Abdominal Cramps.
3. Heavy or prolonged periods.
4. Irregular periods
5. Delay in first menstrual period.
 Menstrual dysfunction is the normal physiological phase in female. The research has proved that
female can participate in light to moderate physical activity without any complication.

41. FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
Female athlete triad is a syndrome
in which eating disorders (or low energy
availability), Amenorrhea and Osteoporosis
are present. This condition is seen in
females, participating in sports that
emphasize leanness or low body weight.
The triad is a serious illness with lifelong
health consequences and can potentially
be fatal.

42. Symptoms of Triad
Fatigue, frequent injuries, lost of endurance and power,
irritability increased healing time for injuries, enhanced
change of fracture etc.
Osteoporosis
(It is a skeletal disorder)
Factors –
a) Insufficient Calcium in
the Diet.
b) Amenorrhoea
c) Eating Disorders
Amenorrhoea
(It is menstrual Disorder )
Types - Primary & Secondary
Factors –
a) Hormonal Changes
b) Intensive Exercises
c) Intake of Less Calories
Eating Disorders
(Unhealthy Weight-Control Methods)
Types – (a) Anonexia Nervosa
Distorted body structure.
(b) Bulimia Nervosa
Eats excessive amount of
food and then vomits.

43. Psychological Aspects of Women Athlete
 Gender Role Orientation
 Competitiveness
 Confidence
 Self – esteem
 Self – Image or Body Image
 Depression
 Aggression

44.  Family
 School
 Culture
 Attitudes and Prejudices of Society
Sociological Aspects of Participation in Sports