Augmented Reality (AR) In Healthcare

Augmented Reality (AR) in Healthcare
Ms.Khushboo Sethiya, Management Student,Cardiff Metropoliton University,
UNIVERSAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
Prof.M.Guruprasad, UNIVERSAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
Abstract
Many of us correlate Augmented Technologies with gaming as in Poke-monGo and many others.
However, in this research paper, we will discuss the application of Augmented Reality in the healthcare
Industry. In order to understand the impact of the technology, we will study various fields of healthcare
where this is being applied, map the impact to the previous situation and calculate the worthiness of the
technology. The infrastructure required will also be analysed as it will play an essential role in promoting
or installing such technologies.
The paper will analyse 11 publications to understand the utility of Augmented Reality in Healthcare.
These papers have also compared the results and output of the events using AR and non-AR situations to
understand the impact of the technology thoroughly.
Furthermore, based on the study, the paper concludes if the introduction of AR technology could enhance
the efficiency of healthcare industry and projects the future work to be done in this space.
Keywords
Augmented Reality, AR, Medical Education, Anatomy Education, Surgery, Medical Technology,
Education Technology, Ed tech
Introduction
The entire aim of the comprehensive study is to understand what AR technology is. What are the fields in
Healthcare? Where can AR technology be applied? What are the benefits of this technology in comparison
to traditional methods? Analysing the bottlenecks in the present-day application and how these
bottlenecks can be removed, Conclude how worthy it is to apply the new technology and introduce it into
the Healthcare System as an advanced mode of delivery and performance and lastly summarize the future
work required to be carried out concerning the technology development and application.
The structure of the paper is as follows-
 About AR Technology
 Types of AR devices
 Application Areas of AR in Healthcare
 Comparison of AR vs non-AR outcomes
 Problems in the implementation of the AR Technology
 Conclusion and Future work
The paper will synthesise various publications that have already compared the use of Non-AR and AR
technologies. The papers have also concluded on how AR has been used in various real-life scenarios
improving both process and results.
Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research
Volume XII, Issue XI, November/ 2020
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The publications have listed down the applications previously. In this paper, we will analyse the
applications of AR in healthcare and underlined benefits with the same. We will try to find the reasons
why is this technology still underutilised and what is the future of AR in healthcare.
Need of the study
The entire aim of the paper is to understand the application of Augmented Reality in various Medical areas
including education and practice. Various Research papers and previous experiments have been analysed
to understand the behavioural outcomes of the application of this technology. The study concludes how
this technology is presently being used in healthcare followed by the respective benefits. The paper
discovers the various fields that holds great potential of AR application in healthcare industry.
Objective
 To understand various possible applications of Augmented Reality in Healthcare Industry
 To understand the impact of Augment Reality on Medical Education and Practice.
 To understand the behaviour of stakeholders towards Augmented Reality in Healthcare.
All the analyses were put together in this paper to review comparisons and conclude the utility of this
technology in the healthcare industry.
Literature Review
Augmented Reality
In simple words, Augmented Reality is the process of integration of digital information to the user’s real
environment. Computer graphics are overlaid on the Real Environment. In this technology, the user
interacts with virtual objects placed in the real world. Three essential components of AR include:
1. Integration of Real and Virtual world
2. Interaction with the objects in real-time
3. Registration in 3D (Billinghurst, 2009)
Figure 1: Heart in Augmented Reality (Billinghurst, 2009)
This technology is a way to combine virtual and real world. These days it is being utilised in the
companies where carrying products is difficult. Ikea uses this technology to let its customers try their
furniture virtually in the real environment. Similarly various social media application use it to provide
various effects, for example Snapchat.
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Types of AR Devices
There have been various ways in which AR has evolved. The various devices of AR include:
Figure 2: Various Types of AR devices (Silva & Jauvane C. de, 2003)
Usually, the most commonly used device in the Healthcare industry is Monitor Based Display as it
provides convenience and access to ordinary people.3D virtual Educational content enables the student to
interact with them in their real environment. (Silva & Jauvane C. de, 2003).
Application fields of Augmented Reality in Healthcare
Medical Education
According to the recent trends, AR is mainly used where objects has to be viewed. The best component of
the technology that is used in Medical Education is its capability to let users interact with the models in
any environment. Anything, having limited instant access of vision can be viewed and interacted. One of
the best applications of this technology is in Human Anatomy to understand every bones, muscles, organs
and nerves. (Mccuskey, 2005)
Let us understand the work of “C. Rodriguez Pardo” in his paper “An Augmented Reality Application in
Human Anatomy.”
According to the paper, various teaching tools like blackboards and pens are being used from long time,
which, according to him,is not dynamic. On the hand, AR technology is dynamic providing 3D visuals and
interaction convenience with the content.
For example, Students can learn to perform heart surgeries without performing it in a real-life scenario
which reduces the scope of errors. Also, everyonecan have access to the simulation and learn at their own
pace. The motivation and interest in subject is also increased using such technology.(Rodriguez-Pardo,
2015)
In the paper by Michael H Kurniawan, he has justified the need for Medical Anatomy AR application.
According to Michael, medical students have to visualise the body via 2D diagrams, Images and 3D
1. Optical See Through
Vertical Head mounted is used to project virtual
objects in real world
2. Virtual Retina System
Image is actually formed on the retinas
3. Video See Through
Opaque HMD to display merged videos
4. Monitor Based Display
Displays merged videos on computer based and hand
held
5. Projection Based
Read world objects are base for virtual environment
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Statures. Some of them also use Cadaver surgeries to learn. Though these methods have been used from
long, they are not economical and easily accessible. Besides, these physical 3D models carry a high risk of
damage and inconvenience of transportation.
Inaddition to that, students face problem in converting 2D tools or diagrams to 3D organs or parts in real
life. Augmented Reality can solve the above mentioned problems by clearly providing 3D interactive
models, that has no physical damage risk and no transportation burden. The user can open the AR
application, select the model they aspire to study, view it from all angles by finger touch and also find the
related labels and required information. It is best when used with texts or textbooks to understand a
particular part or concept.(Kurniawan, 2018)
The primary benefit includes reduction in student’s learning curve for basic concepts while providing
better clarity; this gives student the motivation to learn more in the same time as earlier. This will enable
students to visualise the materials that are being taught through 3D physical models.
Similarly, according to Soon-ye Yeom in his article “Augmented Reality for learning Anatomy states that
it is challenging to visualise body parts in 2D during traditional methods. In his paper, he analysed whether
technology like Augmented Reality makes it easier to learn the subject and to what degree.
Augmented Reality, according to him, provides practical solutions in viewing layered structures, spatial
relations, and providing views from different angles.
In his experiment of providing AR Anatomy applications, the results were much better than the traditional
learning methods.
He conducted the experiments to understand the student’s learning gap with the AR application tool and
traditional methods that include textbooks, web, DVD s etc. The survey was done with 23 students for 1.5
hours.(Yeom S. , 2011)
Result Mapping with traditional methods
S.
NO
Method Drawbacks Solution by AR
1 Textbooks 2D to 3D spatial
conversion in the actual
situation
Provides 3D models
almost like an actual
organ, hence bridging
the understanding gap.
View different layers,
spatial relations and
differ angular views
Provides interactive
feature to rotate, zoom
and dissect.
2. E-books and videos Minute details of
different layers.
Interaction feature to
zoom in and out
Learning at own pace The user decides the
pace
3. Cadaver (dissection on real
body)
Limited access Anytime access
Complicated and
confusing
Easy and clear
Figure 3: Comparison of Traditional Method to AR Technology(Yeom S.-j. , 2011)
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So,the application of Augmented Reality in Anatomy has shown promising results in improving the
teaching and self-learning both. It has also shown additional benefits over current technology. (Yeom S.-j.
, 2011)
The 3D videos also came out as the universal medium of education delivery, but in the subject area like
Anatomy, organ interaction plays an important role and adds more significant value.
From the Research work of Chien-Huan, interactive technologies like AR reduces the time taken to
understand the Human Anatomy. He has made a clear comparison of 2D images in Human Atlas to 3D
interactive structures which are much closer to the original ones.”
His paper also reflects that AR technology significantly improves spatial memory of the user, hence
leading to a better understanding of body parts.
In his experiment done with 30 students, where ten students were given Human Anatomy Atlas to
understand Human Skull, other ten were given Virtual Reality Application, and remaining ten were given
AR interactive application to understand 31 parts of Human skull.
Results from the experiment concluded that students with the Augmented technology came out to be the
fastest with better position understanding and longer retention. In his paper, it is also concluded that AR
interactive application can be better used as a “self-learning tool” against the teaching tool (Chien-Huan
Chien, 2010)
Practitioners have claimed that learning through Virtual 3D methods like Augmented Reality makes it
easier for them to perform better during actual surgeries as they gain a better understanding of body parts
and early experience benefit.
Also, In the areas of microanatomy and cross-sectional anatomy, which is challenging to be viewed from
naked eyes, this technique serves the best solution (Preim, 2018)
Augmented Anatomy can be superimposed on an actual person standing in front of camera irrespective of
Anatomy being patient-specific as it is being used for teaching and treatment. This gives better
understanding of body movements and spatial relations.
Application in Anatomical and CT superimposition
It is crucial to understand Human Anatomy as it is the base while practising medicine and future diagnosis
between colleagues and patients.
The traditional method of studying Anatomy includes the dissection of cadavers. Sequential-division of
tissues and layers are performed.
AR can serve as an alternative to cadavers by providing frequent opportunity of surgeries. One of the
advantages of AR is that it provides real-time feedback. (Snelling, 2003)
AR has been beautifully applied in the product “Magic Mirror”.In this product, one person must stand in
front of the monitor or screen, which will be connected to Kinect and camera. This entire setup will act as
the mirror to the person.
Now, CT datasets(already existing can be Augmented on the person’s body to the respective places. The
user interface, with the help of Artificial Intelligence, can enable gesture-based manipulations. The user
can view in transverse, sagittal and coronal slices mode controlled by the hand gestures in the real body.
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Figure 4: Magic Mirror AR Setup (Barsom, 2014)
The setup is quite inexpensive with colossal value addition. It delivers greater meaning compared to that of
textbooks and plastic models. Also, it provides real-time feedback, real-time material(CT SCAN) and
reflects spatial relations. Experts also claim that this is still not the fullest utilisation of Augmented
Reality.
The primary utilisation of this technology can be in the teaching and training space where spatial relations
could be understood in a much better way. (Barsom, 2014)
Superimposition of Augmented Patient-Specific Report on Human Body during Surgery
Figure 5: Lung Superimposition during Surgery(Kamphuis, 2004)
Augmented Reality can be used to visualise the complex human body during surgery. Hamza-Lup
developed a technique to enable real-time visualisation of 3D lung dynamics during the surgery. Patient-
specific data is superimposed on the patient’s body to provide the accurate anatomy of the body. Usually,
the surgeon can wear HMD to see the dynamics during the time of surgery.
This reduces the time of surgery and saves expenses at the same time.
High-Resolution Computed Tomography can also be superimposed to visualise the internal dynamics of
the lungs.
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In order to make acute diagnostic decisions, trainees can use this technology in various clinical scenarios,
especially in non-invasive procedures. (Kamphuis, 2004)
Figure 6: AR superimposition from the Radiology Report
Surgeons will be able to know where the organs, bones, muscles and nerves are before even making any
cut. This will improve accuracy for injecting medicines. In St.Mary’s Hospital London and Imperial
College, doctors are using Hololens to visualise the nerves near the wounds, which was earlier done with
hand scanners. (Vávra, 2017)
Augmented Reality Application to view Real-Time Patient-Specific Reports
Using Holo-lens or HMD, the CT or ultrasound details will not just be limited to 2D anymore. 3D
structure of the report can be superimposed on the patient’s anatomy using Augmented Reality. This is
making treatment much more straightforward when it comes to surgery.
This is majorly used while learning surgeries. Not just the position is displayed; on the other hand, HMD
is used to view the patient-specific 3D structures superimposed on Human Body.
The result can be viewed in 3D after wearing the gadgets,which also enables 3D interaction.
Figure 7: 3D Model of CT using HMD DEVICE
The entire process shoots up the accuracy and precision of the surgery. This has helped many hospitals to
shorten surgery time and treat more patients in return.
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Similarly, ultrasound, CT, Radiology can many other test reports can be now viewed in 3D and now be
interacted with, while increasing the efficiency of thetreatment. (der, 2008)
Surgery Simulations
AR can be used by college students to practice surgeries before they can go out in the real world. This
increases efficiency by more than 50 percent while performing actual surgeries. Using such technologies
can bring down healthcare perfection average age.
The high application has already been observed in Dental and Neurosurgery.The application extends to:
 Neurosurgery: In order to shorten down the area of surgery, students are trained via AR models to
detect the specific are of the brain and apply the same during surgeries. AR gives the luxury to
attempt the surgery multiple times to let the hands-on already existing common brain surgeries.
 General Surgery: Soler reconstructed the 3D model of the liver with all the minute details to help
students get into the details of the organ.
 Orthopaedic Surgery: Although to date,Musco-skeletal models are not often used in clinics, but this
holds great potential ahead. The entire virtual patient-specific model can be superimposed on the
real body to check the movements.
Figure 8: AR SNS (B, 2008)
 Cardiovascular Surgery: With great use in cardio surgery, virtual 3D generated from echo report
(patient-specific), and various internal dynamics can be analysed with better precision and
perfection.
Survey 1
This paper is exploratory research done in order to understand the application of AR Technology in
healthcare. Although previously, many papers have discussed the benefits of AR, this paper is the review
of the comparison made between AR and non-AR situations to understand the impact.
The literature review consists of the secondary research done by studying various publications who have
compared the results of AR and non-AR technology and analysed the fields where AR brings considerable
advantage to traditional methods.
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Methodology
Various research papers, books, journals and articles were the source of the research. The study is
qualitative as the aim is to understand the impact of AR technology, which is still used by a handful of
people having adequate awareness. Twelve publications were studied, where Experimentation method
used as a mode of analysis. Application of AR was thoroughly studied and reviewed with the help of these
publications. Various real-life applications are analysed to understand the procedure and outcome. Other
sources, like a book and real-life start-ups, were referred to understand the problems and benefits of the
technology in healthcare.
As we have seen that various cases were referred to understand the behaviour of Medical students towards
the Augmented Reality Application.
In the paper, the AR application was provided to 30 students: 15 in high school and 15 at level 1
education to understand the various features of the application.
Likert Scale was used to understand the rating of the application out of 5. The results were as follows.
Analysis from the study
Figure 9: Feature Wise Ratings of Respondents (Kurniawan, 2018)
Inference
The above-average value indicates that every student in the experiment rated the application more than
three (3), which implies this helped them in understanding Human Anatomy. Moreover, comparatively,
the interactive feature in the application was most liked by the user, which helped them in accomplish
learning. (Irawati, 2006)
S.no Feature Average
Rating out of
5
1 Teaching Material 3.997
2 Design of the user interface 3.983
3 Multimedia features 4.097
4 Interactive function 4.163
5 Practicability 4.05
Mean 4.058
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Figure 10: Figure 10: Ratings Comparison of Application Features (Kurniawan, 2018)
Survey Study II
Similarly, using ARCS model, impact of AR in student’s motivation was determined through a survey. For
each aspect of ARCS model, a research questionnaire was developed to evaluate the impact of AR on each
of the factors of health education. Below are the prominent questions reflecting problem statement whose
answer is derived from the respective questionnaire.
S.no ARCS factors Objective Question
1. Attention How AR aspect affected the Attention
aspect of UCT undergraduate health science
students.
2. Relevance How AR aspect affected the Relevance
students.
3. Confidence How AR aspect affected the Confidence
students.
4. Satisfaction How AR aspect affected the Satisfaction
students.
Figure 11: ARCS survey
Methodology
ARCS model was used in whichthe target sample group were the studentspersuingBachelor of Medicine
and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) at UCT.
The sample size of this survey was 78 who filled both pre usage and post usage questionnaire. The type of
the research is quantitative. The instruments used were in the form of Pre-usage and Post usage
questionnaires. The questionnaires used Likert Scale to respond in the form of rating. The questions were
about the motivation to read Anatomy with and without the use of AR Application.
Difference in mean value of both the studies show the impact of AR on Healthcare education on the basis
of the 4 factors. (Khan, 20)
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Data Analysis
Microsoft Excel was used to find the mean. The survey result analysis is done below:
S.no Aspects Pre-usage Post-Usage Percentage difference
1 Attention 2.93 3.83 30.72
2 Relevance 3.37 3.26 -3.26
3 Confidence 2.98 3.30 10.74
4 Satisfaction 2.96 3.33 10.50
Overall 3.05 3.49 14.43
Figure 12: Data Analysis (Khan, 20)
The comparison of mean values were performed graphically.
Figure 13: Comparison of different means graphically (Khan, 20)
In the analysis, Cronbach Alpha Test was performed using SPSS. The aim of this test was to evaluate how
well questions for the survey fit together. When Alpha score is greater than 0.7, it is acceptable, greater
than 0.8 it is good and greater than 0.9 it is excellent. It measures the internal consistency.
Test analysis results
Aspects Cronbach
Alpha Values
Attention 0.845
Relevance 0.836
Confidence 0.840
Satisfaction 0.744
Overall 0.833
Figure 14: Cronbach Alpha Values (Khan, 20)
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Inference
Figure 13 represents the difference in means. The increase in mean for Attention, Confidence and
Satisfaction was high whereas decrease in mean for Relevance was relatively lower. This means that
behaviour of students towards AR Application is positive and they see overall improvement in their
motivation.
The overall Cronbach Alpha value is 0.833, using mean technique, which implies that the questions in the
questionnaire are well fitted and acceptable.
This inference address two objectives of the paper, understanding the impact of AR on Healthcare
education and also behaviour of users towards the AR application.
Depending on the various analysis, the following benefits can be inferred:
Benefits from AR Technology
According to Radu in his paper “Augmented reality in education: a meta-review and cross-media
analysis”, the various benefits of Augmented Reality in Healthcare includes
Better Understanding of Concepts
According to surveyed papers, it is evident that the subjects which involve high visualisations like
Anatomy; Geography etc is better understood in interactive 3D technology like Augmented Reality.
Using the observation method, learners were subjected to two different conditions to learn anatomy. One
with web-based interaction and other with full-body interaction, bothmediums in AR. It was observed
that-
1. Users who were subjected to web-based learning focused more on microanatomy. There learnt
minute details while focusing on Regional Anatomy.
2. Users subjected to whole-body interaction focused more on surface movements and spatial
relations.
Long-time Memory Retention
It has been observed that content studied via AR is retained longer than the ones studied from traditional
methods.
Vincenzi and Valimontexperimented on two sets of people. One side were the candidates taught through
AR medium against printed media on the other hand. The retention of the same content was tested after a
week.
It was observed that people with technology had longer retention of the subject. On the other hand, no
significant difference was seen in short-time memory. (Radu, 2014)
Better Clinical Decision Making
These days many AR applications are helping in Clinical Decision Making. This is of more importance in
evidence-based medicine. While practising, the nurses and doctors can have already loaded database of
possible circumstances. AR interactive 3D models portray various circumstances. With the help of this
technology, they can now have access to many drugs and medical references to be applied in respective
circumstances.
With the experiment conducted, the result reflects that there was much increase in the appropriateness of
treating diseases and diagnosis when CDSS application was taken use. In the experiment, the drug
knowledge was significantly increased (P = 0.005), and incorrect or unsafe drug prescribing was reduced
by (P = 0.001)(Ventola, 2016)
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Improved Physical Task Performance
Experiments have shown that in medical, the candidates who were subjected to AR-based learning were
better able to perform the physical task in surgery.
This is because they are better able to transfer the learnings to the actual cadavers. Also, the task was
performed with higher accuracy.
Reduction in Teaching Hours
With the capability to teach and visualise students directly in 3D rather than teaching in 2D and then
imagining it in 3D. This also leads to imagination error. On the other hand, 3D models in AR provide
direct visual of the body part.
Leung in 2006, published in his newspaper that Gross Anatomy Teaching Time is going down in the US.
(Iqbal, 2016) The data were
as follows:
Figure 15: Anatomy Teaching Duration (Iqbal, 2016)
Analysis of AI Application in Covid-19 War on the basis of Case Studies
Covid-19 is the world’s largest healthcare crisis in 21st
century. In the current situation, AI is being used
on and off field. From virus detection technologies to medicine production, AI is being used in following
field:
Virus Research
The virus has been changing patterns and the appropriate types is still a mystry as it is completely new to
the world. But this is where scientists are not giving up. Technology at such places play important role.
Deepmind, Google owned AI firm, is using Machine Learning to predict the protein structure of
coronavirus. This gives scope of better understanding on what can be the symptoms or how virus will
evolve and how we are going to detect or control it.
S.no Year Mean Teaching
Time(Hours)
1 1902 549
2 1955 330
3 1991 190
4 1997 167
5 2000 48
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Controlled Decisions
When the corona outbreak happened, the only option to control was to stop the spread as no medication
was available.
Using datasets and ML, decisions are being made for the execution pattern of Public Policies like
lockdown. Timings and phase of lockdown depends on the mobility of huge public datasets assessed by
emerging technologies.
Medicine
AI and ML is being used to understand the proportion of medicines and develop customise medicines
according to body needs. Also it enables personal healthcare and follow ups in hospitals. (Baeza, 2020)
Case Study:
Mumbai based students of college DY Patil, have
developed voice based diagnosis of Covid patients.
THey have used Artificial Intelligence to differentiate
the voice of Covid infected and non infected. The tool
is now tested by Tor Vergata, the university in Rome.
It will be helpful for pre testing.
Case Study :
In order to save the current healthcare from overburdening, a pilot
project is being initiated by data scientist Oliver. They analkyse the
mobility patterns during the pandemic time based on shared
authentic datasets. They analyse what and which part of human
mobility should be reduced to give the best results.
In Second phase, these models will be assessed together with SIR
models to iunderstand the impact of mobility on susceptible
candidates.
In the third phase, situation, social behaviour and economic
impact of public decisions are considered.
Case Study:
A homecare healthcare AI based application
Ubicare has been developed, specially for
elderly people.
The appliction tries to focus on how hospitals
work and helping them fill the service gap.
Various algorithms, datasets, and diagonisi
make it possible
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Case Study Analysis : How China is using AI to fight Covid-19
When the pandemic strived, China was equally not prepared, however they were the early adopters of
technologies like AI.
Today my giant ventures and start-ups specially technology leaders like Alibaba, Baiduand Huaweiare
undergoing sleepless nights to fight the threat.
For mass testing, Alibaba is using specific applications like CT Image Analytics. . AI-based mathematical
modelling is being used for predicting the probability of various pneumonia types. Techniques like the
lung segmentation methods, which are usually used for identifying the exact region for infection
assessment, are said to be almost 60 times faster than human detection and are in use. To map the specific
epidemic characteristics, Epidemic Prediction Solution play an important role. Alibaba Cloud has
launched running virus genome sequencing application which is said to be 5 times faster than the usual
methods, to detect new cases.
Tech company Baidu is using technologies like AI induced Computer Vision algorithms to help computer
understand images.They sense people and help to avoid crowding in public places. AI is undoubtedly
helping to speed up vaccine development process.
Overall, China is big time using emerging technologies like AI for every stage of pandemic from research
to public administration. (ABM, 2020)
Bottlenecks in the AR Technology Implementation
Cost:
Firstly, this technology requires specially designed devices like HMD, which demands a considerable
investment to implement such technology. Secondly, the design of the technology can be developed only
by skilled developers working from long time in this field. This pushes up the cost of the product.
However, as mobile phone penetration has increased exponentially, the first reason is not of much
importance anymore.
Budget for Healthcare
In many of the hospitals and Medical colleges, decision-makers are not ready to spend the required
amount. The reason could be, not enough awareness about the product and technology. They are not able
to map the return for their investment. (Schmitz, 2012)
Infrastructure
Hospitals and Colleges lack the required infrastructure for the installation of technology until now.
However, as the technology is advancing in every aspect and people have started carrying their devices to
learn digitally, there is a hope to this problem. (Radu, 2014)
Conclusion and Future work
After analysing 11 journals and various books, it can be concluded that Augmented Reality has a
transformational impact on Healthcare. This technology has various benefits and holds the potential to
make healthcare more effective and efficient.
Augmented Reality has an extraordinary impact in the healthcare education industry, providing real-time
feedback and 3D interactive visuals enabling self-learning.
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Augmented Reality is fairly applied to medical treatments and surgeries. Superimposition of human
anatomy derived from patient-specific reports on the patient’s body makes the surgery much more
comfortable, safer and cost-effective significantly improving the surgeon’s convenience.
Various 2D reports like CT, Ultrasound, Radiology etc can be now viewed in 3D with SAAS software.
The above factors mentioned in this paper are derived from unique design experiences of each AR
application. However, although this technology has evolved since 2007, the applications has been
restricted to a few fields only. There is a vast scope for the future in finding various technology
applications. Also, the scope lies in how the AR content be designed to cater to various segments in
healthcare.
This can be concluded that the technology will soon hold a good market in healthcare.
Colleges and individuals will use it for self-learning, training and clinical purpose. Specialists will adopt
this technology for various medical surgeries and research.
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