Smart Grid

1. Smart Grid Domains and Zones
An Overview
Arulkumar A, Elavarasi Chandrasekaran & M.B.Balaji

2.  Conventional power system
 Challenges faced by today’s power system
 Technology advancements in communication
 Power flow model
 Future power flow model
 Smart Grid domains
 Smart Grid Zones
 Smart Grid Plane
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 2
Agenda

3. Evolution of Electricity
4/8/2020 HVDC3
War of Currents
Static Electricity
Thales
600 BC
Electrochemistry
Volta
1800
Electromagnetism
Oersted1820
Faraday
1831
Edison
DC Grid
1880
Tesla 1888
AC GRID
1890
FACTS
HVDC
1950
HVAC
1965

4.  The Edison Electric Light Company - Pearl Street in New York City (September 4, 1882)
 3,000 lamps for 59 customers at 120V DC.
 Transmission Line limited to around half-a-mile (800 m)
Conventional power system (DC GRID)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 4
Pearl Street

5.  Westinghouse - Great Barrington (March 1886 )
 23 businesses (500V to 100V)
 Transmission Line length about 4000 ft.
Conventional power system (AC GRID)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 5
 Solar PV, Power Electronics, DC Appliances
 Low Voltage DC
 Edison had a Last laugh

6. Power System
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 6

7. Substation (Isolator)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 7
Device to isolate the electrical Circuits
33 kV 220 kV 765 kV

8. Substation (Arc Quenching Mechanism)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 8
Current can’t be made zero instantaneously

9. Substation (Circuit Breakers)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 9
Device to break the electrical Circuits
33 kV 220 kV 765 kV
Two Poles

10. Substation (Other Equipment's)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 10
Lighting Arrestor Wave Trap CT Capacitive VT
Voltage
Surge
Prevention
Power Line
Carrier
Communication
Instrument
transformer

11. Typical Substation at distribution side
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Smart Grid Domains and Zones
Slide 11
Transmission at 400kV Load at 220kVLightingArrestor
Isolator
CircuitBreaker
Transformer
CurrentTransformer
VoltageTransformer
ControlRoom

12. Substation (SLD)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 12

13. Ring Main Unit (Distribution)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 13

14. Power Electronics in Power System
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 14
SCR
IGBT
IGCT
Thyristor

15. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 15

16. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 16
HVDC scheme based on thyristor valves -Eel River scheme in Canada, General
Electric-1972
Monopole, ground return
Monopole, metallic return
Bipole
12-pulse
groups
12-pulse
groups
Back – to -Back

17. Flexible AC transmission System (FACTS)
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 17
A power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of
one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability
General Electric (GE) at Nebraska, North America in 1974

18. Challenges Faced by Today’s grid
 Blackouts/ Brownouts and climate change
 Distributed generation, storage, management
 Peak demand
 Power theft
 Aging Infrastructure and Workforce
 Distribution grid reliability is inadequate
 Change & complexity
 Costs and revenue
 The grid is not secure
 New disruptive enabling technologies
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19. 4/8/2020 Smart Grid Domains and Zones19
Electricity
40%
Transport
20%Industries
20%
Agriculture
12%
Others
8%
Electricity Transport Industries Agriculture Others
Blackouts
 July 2012
 23 cores without power
 10 hours of no supply
Carbon Emission
Blackouts/ Brownouts and climate change

20. Supply Vs Demand
Generation
Actual Demand
Projected Demand
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Smart Grid Domains and Zones
20
MW
t
Peak Demand

21. Supply Vs Demand
Generation
Actual Demand
Projected
Demand
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Smart Grid Domains and Zones
21
Peak Plants generates
power to compensate
the sudden demand
Un-Scheduled Peak
DemandMW
t
Peak Demand-Peak Plants (DG)

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 Power Tapping
 Meter Tampering
 Billing Error
Power Theft

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India Losses around 10,000 cores annually in power theft
sufficient to fund 1,50,000 students a free degree
 Power Tapping
 Meter Tampering
 Billing Error
Power Theft

24. 4/8/2020 Smart Grid Domains and Zones24
 In the world of internet, people wants to call to utilities to say there is no power
 Wireman finds difficult to identify the faulted Area.
No
Power Where is
the fault ?
Less visibility in Grid

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Aging
Transformer
 40 years is the age of the transformer
 The Old it gets the more we need to maintain
Aging Infrastructure

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Advancements in Electricity
Advancements in Telecommunications
-Source: The Smart Grid: An Introduction, US DOE
Thomas Edison & Graham Bell

27. Advancements in Telecommunications
April 8, 2020 Smart Grid Domains and ZonesSlide 27

28. Power flow model
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-Source: Principles of Power Systems By V.K Mehta

29. Power flow model
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Generation is no longer
centralized, it is
distributed all over the grid
Cochin Airport

30. Future power flow model
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Transmission Distribution Prosumer
Generation
- India’s vision to produce 100,000 MW of energy from renewables
by 2022
- 50 Cities will be equipped by solar power generation

31. MicroGrid
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Transmission Distribution Prosumer
Bulk
Generation
MicroGrid
Power Required for a locality is
produced near the locality itself.
Reduced Transmission
Losses
Distributed Energy
Resources

32. Smart Grid Domains
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-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Generation Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Transmission Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Distribution Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

36. 4/8/2020 Smart Grid Domains and Zones36
Consumer Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Operation Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Service Provider Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

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Markets Domain
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

40. Conceptual model of Smart Grid
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Power Flow
Information Flow
Transmission Distribution Prosumer
Generation
Markets Operations
Service
Provider

41. 4/8/2020 Smart Grid Domains and Zones41
CB, Isolators, CT, PTGenerators Robots HVAC EV Smart Appliances
Remote Terminal
Unit
Intelligent Electronic
Device
Smart Meter Smart Phone & Tab
Smart Grid Zones
Information Flow
Information Flow Process
Field
Station

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Locality -1
Bengaluru
Locality -2
Chennai
Locality -3
Mysore
Process
Field
Station
Information Flow
Global Positioning
System
Wide Area
Operations
Customer
Information System
Smart Grid Zones
Operations

43. Enterprise Resource Planning (Information Technology)
4/8/2020 Advanced Metering Infrastructure43

44. 4/8/2020 Smart Grid Domains and Zones44
Smart Grid Zones
Process
Field
Station
Operations
Information Flow
Information Flow
Enterprise
Information Technology (IT) &
Operation Technology (OT)
Integration
Markets

45. Smart Grid Domains & Zones
4/8/2020 Advanced Metering Infrastructure45
-Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards

46. Smart Grid plane
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-Source: Smart Grid Reference Architecture, EU SGCG

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Smart Grid Conceptual Diagram

48. What is Smart Grid ?
"Smart Grid" is today used as a marketing term, rather than a technical definition. For this
reason there is no well defined and commonly accepted scope of what "smart" is and
what it is not.
An electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and
react to local changes in usage.
The general understanding is that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric
grid.
Through the addition of Smart Grid technologies the grid becomes more flexible,
interactive and is able to provide real time feedback
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49. What Smart Grid should do?
A Smart Grid employs innovative products and services together with
intelligent monitoring & control, communication, and self-healing technologies to:
 facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies;
 allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system;
 provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply;
 significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system;
 deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.
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50. References
https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/smartgrid/NIST-SP-1108r3.pdf
https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/77/slides/intarea-7.pdf
http://www.sgip.org/wp-content/uploads/Smart_Grid_Conceptual_Model_20100420.pdf
https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_affairs/releases/smartgrid_interoperability_
final.pdf
https://www.smartgrid.gov
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