CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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2. EVAPORATORSEVAPORATORS
DAIRY INDUSTRY APPLICATIONDAIRY INDUSTRY APPLICATION
Asist. Prof. Levent AKYALÇINAsist. Prof. Levent AKYALÇIN
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3. EvaporationEvaporation
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4. EvaporatorsEvaporators
 Evaporators are used to separateEvaporators are used to separate
materials based on differences in theirmaterials based on differences in their
boiling temperatures.boiling temperatures.
 Its purpose is to concentrate nonvolatileIts purpose is to concentrate nonvolatile
solutes such as organic compounds,solutes such as organic compounds,
inorganic salts, acids or bases. Typicalinorganic salts, acids or bases. Typical
solutes include phosphoric acid, causticsolutes include phosphoric acid, caustic
soda, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate,soda, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate,
gelatin, syrups and urea.gelatin, syrups and urea.
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5. Types of EvaporatorsTypes of Evaporators
1)1) Long-Tube Vertical EvaporatorsLong-Tube Vertical Evaporators
2)2) Short-Tube (Calandria) VerticalShort-Tube (Calandria) Vertical
EvaporatorsEvaporators
3)3) Horizontal-Tube EvaporatorsHorizontal-Tube Evaporators
4)4) Forced Circulation EvaporatorsForced Circulation Evaporators
5)5) Agitated, Thin Film EvaporatorsAgitated, Thin Film Evaporators
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6. LONG-TUBELONG-TUBE VERTICAL (LTV)VERTICAL (LTV)
EVAPORATORSEVAPORATORS
 These types of evaporators are used more thanThese types of evaporators are used more than
all other types combined for evaporationall other types combined for evaporation
because ofbecause of
 low cost per unit capacitylow cost per unit capacity
 simplicity of constructionsimplicity of construction
 heat transfer performanceheat transfer performance
 The LTV-type evaporator cannot handleThe LTV-type evaporator cannot handle
crystallizing solutions but excellent for foamingcrystallizing solutions but excellent for foaming
solution.solution.
 There are two main types of LTV evaporators:There are two main types of LTV evaporators:
a)a) Climbing (Rising) filmClimbing (Rising) film evaporatorsevaporators
b)b) Falling filmFalling film evaporatorsevaporators
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7. Climbing (Rising) Film EvaporatorsClimbing (Rising) Film Evaporators
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8. Double-Effect, LTV Climbing (Rising) Film EvaporatorDouble-Effect, LTV Climbing (Rising) Film Evaporator
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9. Falling Film EvaporatorsFalling Film Evaporators
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10. Two, 4-Stage, Mechanical Recompression, Falling-FilmTwo, 4-Stage, Mechanical Recompression, Falling-Film
EvaporatorsEvaporators31/05/15 10

11. SHORT-TUBE (CALANDRIASHORT-TUBE (CALANDRIA))
VERTICAL EVAPORATORS (STV)VERTICAL EVAPORATORS (STV)
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12. AdvantagesAdvantages
 InexpensiveInexpensive
 Efficient heat transfer at high temperatureEfficient heat transfer at high temperature
 Easy to descaleEasy to descale
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
× Poor heat transfer at low temperaturePoor heat transfer at low temperature
differences or with viscous liquidsdifferences or with viscous liquids
× Require a great deal of floor spaceRequire a great deal of floor space
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13. HORIZONTAL TUBEHORIZONTAL TUBE
EVAPORATORSEVAPORATORS
 Horizontal tube evaporators use a tube andHorizontal tube evaporators use a tube and
spray method of heat transferspray method of heat transfer..
 The tubes are arranged so as to maximizeThe tubes are arranged so as to maximize
the heat transfer area between the steam andthe heat transfer area between the steam and
the liquor.the liquor.
Symbols:Symbols:
 C = condensateC = condensate
 F = feedF = feed
 N = noncondensibles’ ventN = noncondensibles’ vent
 P = product or concentrateP = product or concentrate
 S = steamS = steam
 V = vaporV = vapor
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14.  The major use is for making distilled waterThe major use is for making distilled water
for boiler feed. Horizontal tube evaporatorsfor boiler feed. Horizontal tube evaporators
are used in the pharmaceutical industryare used in the pharmaceutical industry,,
pulp and paper industrypulp and paper industry..
 They are relatively low cost. They haveThey are relatively low cost. They have
very low headroom.very low headroom. Horizontal tubeHorizontal tube
evaporators are not suitable for salting orevaporators are not suitable for salting or
scaling liquids, and they have smallerscaling liquids, and they have smaller
capacity than other evaporators.capacity than other evaporators.
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15. Horizontal Tube EvaporatorHorizontal Tube Evaporator
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16. FORCED CIRCILATIONFORCED CIRCILATION
EVAPORATORSEVAPORATORS
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17. Forced Circulation EvaporatorForced Circulation Evaporator
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18. AGITATED THIN (WIPED-FILM)AGITATED THIN (WIPED-FILM)
FILM EVAPORATORSFILM EVAPORATORS
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20. Evaporated and Condensed MilkEvaporated and Condensed Milk
Evaporated milk is made by reducing the water content byEvaporated milk is made by reducing the water content by
using an evaporator. Condensed milk is processed similarly tousing an evaporator. Condensed milk is processed similarly to
evaporated milk, but sugar is added to improve flavor andevaporated milk, but sugar is added to improve flavor and
increase storage life. The following processing steps areincrease storage life. The following processing steps are
usually involved:usually involved:
 Milk is received an cooled.Milk is received an cooled.
 Milk is sampled and evaluated for bacterial count, sediment, acidity, alcohol,Milk is sampled and evaluated for bacterial count, sediment, acidity, alcohol,
appearance, flavor, and odor.appearance, flavor, and odor.
 Milk is clarified or filtered.Milk is clarified or filtered.
 Milk is stored and fat standardized to solids not fat.Milk is stored and fat standardized to solids not fat.
 Milk is preheated and held.Milk is preheated and held.
 Water is removed by evaporation.Water is removed by evaporation.
 Product is homogenized.Product is homogenized.
 Product is cooled.Product is cooled. (If making condensed milk, homogenized precedes evaporation(If making condensed milk, homogenized precedes evaporation
and sugar is added immediately after condensation.)and sugar is added immediately after condensation.)
 Product is restandardizedProduct is restandardized
 Product is placed in cans which are sealed.Product is placed in cans which are sealed.
 Leaking cans are rejected.Leaking cans are rejected.
 Product in cans is heated, sterilized, and cooled.Product in cans is heated, sterilized, and cooled.
 Cans are cased.Cans are cased.
 Cans with product are stored.Cans with product are stored.
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21. EVAPORATION İN DAIRYEVAPORATION İN DAIRY
INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
 Definition of evaporation in application ofDefinition of evaporation in application of
dairy industry is removing moisture fromdairy industry is removing moisture from
milk under a vacuum with boiling.milk under a vacuum with boiling.
A type of evaporator used in milk industryA type of evaporator used in milk industry
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22. EVAPORATOR TYPES USED INEVAPORATOR TYPES USED IN
THE MILK INDUSTRYTHE MILK INDUSTRY
 Many evaporators are produced in variousMany evaporators are produced in various
designs.designs.
 Single-or multiple-effect evaporators areSingle-or multiple-effect evaporators are
used. Double- and triple- effect evaporatorsused. Double- and triple- effect evaporators
are most common.are most common.
 Appropriate types of evaporators that can beAppropriate types of evaporators that can be
used in the milk industry are as follows;used in the milk industry are as follows;
 Falling Film EvaporatorsFalling Film Evaporators
 Circulation/Vertical EvaporatorsCirculation/Vertical Evaporators
 Horizontal Tubes EvaporatorsHorizontal Tubes Evaporators
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23. Some Photos of Evaporators Which areSome Photos of Evaporators Which are used inused in
Bozüyük Milk IndustryBozüyük Milk Industry
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25. 31/05/15 25
NumberNumber NameName
2337832408023378324080 BERDA ALTUNBERDA ALTUN
2439537935024395379350 EMRAH ÖREKEMRAH ÖREK
3775047157637750471576 CANSU KAYAALPCANSU KAYAALP
5512957040855129570408 SEVİM ÖZGÜLSEVİM ÖZGÜL
6090713516860907135168 PINAR ERKUŞPINAR ERKUŞ

26. THANKS…THANKS…
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