Indigenous crop varieties ignored in main stream agriculture are capable of giving substantial yield without compromising environment and health. The potentialities of those folk crops are immense and these are to be conserved and cultivated before it is too late.
Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
Role of folk crops in n Sustainable Agriculture
1. Role of Folk Crop Diversities in Sustainable Agriculture
Anupam Paul
Bio Diversity Conservation Farm
Agricultural Training Center
Fulia, Nadia, WB, India
anupampaul99@gmail.com
Sujata offered Milk Rice of Kalanamak to
Lord Buddha, 2600 YBC, still in cultivation
Alexander the Great took Basmati rice,
2227 YBC, still in cultivation
3. Protection of Environment and Bioviversity
• Upanishad
• Veda
• King Asoka 242 BC
• All the Aboriginals care for nature
• Jaherthan- Sacred Groves
• Worshipping of Gods
• All the countries have different Laws
• India has Bio Diversity Act 2002
• Chief Seattle letter – Red Indians
Aboriginal people, not environmentalists, are our
best bet for protecting the planet:
David Suzuki
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 3
5. Law of the Rights of Mother Earth
• Ecuador is the first country to recognize Rights of Nature
in its Constitution.
• Ecuador rewrote its Constitution in 2007-2008
• Rights for Nature articles acknowledge that nature in all
its life forms has the right to exist, persist, maintain and
regenerate its vital cycles
Bolivian law : Law of the Rights of Mother Earth (Ley de
Derechos de la Madre Tierra) 2010
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6. @ A Paul 6
Perceived threatofFamine?Food Shortage or Genocide?
Bengal Famine -1943
7. Food Production, Famine, Population and
Availability of Food
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 7
• Population and food production can not reach at an
infinite level.
• The Malthusian doctrine of population has been proved
wrong but we still equate the population growth with
non availability of food.
•Professor A Sen showed that historic famines were not
caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic
dynamics and a failure of public action.
• Non Linear Relationship
• Increase in production does not mean availability of food.
• Question of distribution and purchasing power.
• Man Made and Political Reasons
2nd World War and Churchill Policy of Genocide
8. Food Production, Famine, Population and availability of Food
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 8
Huge Food Production,
Nearly 37 Crores People are not getting food
Malnutrition, wasting and stunting, mortality of children
India also accounted for 25.5 million children out of
the 50.5 million children who are wasted globally
(Global Nutrition Report 2018)
Hunger Index 102 in 119 Countries
American poverty - lack of food and home
9. American Poverty
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 9
The poverty rate in Los Angeles is 20.4%. One out of
every 4.9 residents of Los Angeles lives in poverty.
790,320 of 3,881,668 Los Angeles residents reported
income levels below the poverty line in the last year.
The Poverty Rate across the state of California is
15.1% meaning Los Angeles has a significantly higher
than average percentage of residents below the
poverty line when compared to the rest of California.
Source: 2017 ACS 5 Year
www.welfareinfo.org/poverty-rate/california/los...
Los Angeles, a city of poverty and
unemployment, By Gabriel Black,
15 April 2014
10. Green Revolution and its Alternative-
Ecological ,Safer, Time tested
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 10
11. পাঞ্জাবে সেুজ বেল্পে
কীটনাশবকর ভয়ংকরপ্রভাে
‘Sweet’Fruit of GreenRevolution
Sacrococcygeal
Teratoma
Sacrococcygeal
Teratoma
Meningomyelocele Meningomyelocele
Duplication cyst
Yolk sac tumor
11
11@ A Paul সুত্র:উমেন্দ্রদত্ত,খেতিতিরাসািতেশন,ফতরদম াট
12. 12
পাঞ্জামের িাতিন্দা খেলায়ঘমরঘমর যান্সার। যান্সার এক্সমেমস েপয়সায় তিত ৎসা
রমিযায় তে ানীমর
Sweet’FruitofGreenRevolution
12@ A Paul
সুত্র:উমেন্দ্রদত্ত,খেতিতিরাসািতেশন,ফতরদম াট
13. Our Society
Everybody wants to be rich
anyhow
Farmers are no exception
@ A Paul 13
IdiocracyGreed
বিত্র-অর্ন্ত জাল সসৌজবনে
পনে সকনা
Consumerism
14. What needs to be addressed for S A ?
Its no use discussing SA without referencing:-
• Respecting our farmers and their techniques of
crop production by using natural resources
• Our traditional and regional crop production system
and how it has been ignored
• History of India agriculture
• Food politics and agribusiness
• Enormous crop diversity with high yielding capacity.
• Only soil and water conservation and organic matter
will not do.
14@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
15. The Origins of Rice in India-1
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 15
The earliest evidence in South Asia comes from
Lahuradewa (presently in Sant Kabir Nagar District,
Uttar Pradesh) in the middle Gangetic plain.
The charred rice grains found at the site have been
dated to 8409 YPB;
beginning of the cultivation of annual Wild Rice
(Oryza nivara, prostrate type) and its gradual
domestication into the Proto Indica rices.
The cultivation may have resembled Jhum systems.
It was essentially dry cropping based on monsoon
rains and seasonal flood recession.
These initial Proto Indica rice lacked sh4 (non
shattering), Prog1 (erect growth) & rc (white grain
pericarp) genes
16. Crossing of Japonica and Indica Rice
Similarity of Language Austric and Vietnamese
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 16
17. Origin of Indica Rice 4000 YBP
Oryza sativa japonica X
( temperate and tropical)
Oryza sativa indica
(Proto indica, Proto Aus- semi
domesticated ) Wild Rice
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 17
Indica Rice
Domesticated
Aromatic
2 AP
Aswina
Floating
Ryda
drought ,flood, cold, cold,
long duration
Aus
Red Rice
Credit : Austroasiatic tribes : Munda, Ho,
Santhal, Juang, Bonda, Saora, Gadaba, Khasi and
Indian Tribes Kondh,Maria, Muria, Gondh , Oraon
etc. Tibeto-Burman - Naga, Apatani, Metaei etc
Characters of dwarfness, photo insensitivity,
partial photosensitivity, glutinousness, red
pericarp and stress tolerance, aromatic- white,
red and Black. (Tibeto Burman)
18. Migration of People and Crossing
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 18
Chaolung Sukaphaa (1228-1268)-the
first Ahom (Assam) King introduced
Wet Rice Cultivation in India.
600 Years of Reign .
They also developed the No Boiling
Komol Saul or Boka Saul.
19. Chola Kingdom 300s BCE–1279 CE
Recross of Indica and Japonica
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 19
Severe Drought in 1012 CE
Yangtze Valley and Huai Ho
Short Duration rice Variety from
Champa Kingdom of present day
Cambodia Vietnam were sent as
relief
Originally taken from India
Now Maplai Samba rice of
Chennai , From Champa to Samba
Karupu Kavuni, Scented Black
Rice from South East Asia used
during marriage in TN
The Chettiar trader Community
of Chola kingdom
From : Asian Agri History Foundation
20. Rethink
• Green Revolution began with
Japonica X Indica in 60s
•For the First Time ?
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 20
21. Industrial Agriculture
• The Interference of the logic of industrial Economics in the
Agricultural world in humanity’s biggest mistake of the century.
Quantity and productivity have become the two teats of
agriculture.
• Destruction of environment and the poor quality of food will be
become the recipe of our ruin.
• Prior to industrialization of agriculture people used to consume
more than 100 types of animal (protein) and vegetables that
fulfils their nutritional requirements.
• 1984 FAO study 90% of people the figure comes down to 40
and five thousand chemicals as residue and additives .
• Reduction of food diversity with chemical diversity
• Colossal Loss of crop Diversity - key to sustainability
21@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
22. The Crisis of Indian Agriculture
• The Legacy of British Rule
• Blind Emulation of the dictates of US corporate like
Rockefeller
• Criticism of Vietnam aggression of US by then PM
Lal bahadur Shastry
• Staggering of Food by US under Public Law 480
• Conditional Signing of Agricultural Reform treaty with US
Rome Treaty in 1965
• US Coined Green Revolution in 1968
22@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
23. The Myth of Food Production and Availability of Food
@400 g/ day
@ Soumik Banerjee, Independent Researcher
23@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
24. Public Law 480
To address the urban population of the North with wheat
To make buffer stock of food
• The passage of PL-480 in 1954, India paid for the Wheat
in Rupees which were held by the American Embassy in
New Delhi.
• These PL-480 payments gave US control of a third of
money supply in India in the 1970s.
• The huge supplies of cheap American Wheat
• Indian farmers could not compete and grain production
stagnated and then dropped.
24@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
25. Productivity in terms of US $
Country Agricultural
Productivity
( US $)
Per capita land in ha
( city)
Per Capita land in ha
( village)
USA 494 0.13 0.7
UK 901 0.28 2.8
Netherlands 6110 0.13 0.7
China 974 0.26 0.46
Bangladesh 2333 0.05 0.072
Srilanka 1234 0.11 0.13
Pakistan 1321 0. 14 0.22
Japan 3379 0.04 0.11
India 938 0.14 0.20
After Basu et al, 2013
25@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
26. Our Culture, Civilization and Food and Agriculture
are at Stake
• Robbery of the Soil : Rabindranath Tagore (1922)
• Crisis of Civilization : Rabindranath Tagore ( 1941)
• Poverty and Famines: Amartya Sen (1989)
• The Violence of the Green Revolution : Vandana Shiva (1991)
• Regenerating the Soil : Claude Bourguignon (1991)
• The Vulnerable Planet: A Short History of Economic
History of Environment. John Bellamy Foster (1991)
• The Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India,
Madhab Gadgill and Ramchandra Guha (1992)
26@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
27. Daseriya Paddy
Khaggaria, Bihar 10th Nov,2019
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 27
Flood And Drought Tolerant
Multiple Nodal; Tillers
Broadcasting with Mung in April
10-15 tillers / plants
Kneeing Habit
Long duration 5.5 months
28. @ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 28
How many new crophave been
introduced during the last 4000
years of civilization
What is AgriculturalDevelopment?
34. Dr R H Richharia, Unsung Hero of Indian Agriculture
Ex-Director (1956-1966) ,Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack: Odisha
Renowned rice scientist
He was supposed to be the DG of ICAR
Lost his job as he warned the consequences of importing Japonica
rice varieties without plant quarantine.
He opined for multi-location trial of his folk rice varieties.
This is an example of Indian scientific development!
The contradiction stemmed from the fact
that bureaucrats and politicians have little
grounding in genetics: they did not seem
to understand that seed tested after
numerous adaptive trials over many
seasons, and then selected and multiplied,
is radically different from seed imported in
bulk from abroad. The latter, because of
its mixed population, will contain seed
carrying disease and which might be
susceptible to pests.
34@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
43. Main 4 Sp of Cotton
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 43
G arboreum- Indian Sub
Continent, Tree Cotton and Shrubs (
Indus Valley)
G barbadense-South America (
Peru 4200 BC) , longest staple length
G harbaceum-Middle East and
Africa ( Levant Cotton)
G hirsutum – Central America-
Mexico ( 3400BC)
Upto 1947 3% G hirsutum cotton
Upto 1970 10%
After 1990 Bt cotton Hybrids 99 %
G hirsutum
47. Silk, Muslin and Cotton Cloth
• Futi - Lost for ever
• Norma
• Bariyati
@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 47
Muslin was made in 22 places
Export of Silk and cotton, Muslin Cloth
From Bengal 1500 – 1800 AD
Kasim bazar
Hugli
Dacca
Yearly 2 crores prior to Battle of Plessey
MAL MALE KHAS – Current price 80K
49. @ A paul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
Pictures from Net
49
Cattle Diversity
Red Sindhri
Gir
50. Dwindling Cattle Population and Global Warming
The straw of modern varieties are not suitable for cattle feed
Dearth of cattle manure
Introduction of power tiller
For tilling the agricultural land of West Bengal 4337 lakh liter
diesel and 48 lakh liters of Mobil
Imagine the pollution out of it apart from the pollution due to
manufacturing of fertilizers and pollution after application
For country plough we need 50 lakh cattle
Bio gas for 11 lakh farm families
Replacing LPG worth of Rupees 375 crores
Milk production and social security
Source : SUSTHAYEE KRISHI SAKHYAMATA, Sampad Ranjan Patra, 2011
50@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
55. The world is not meant for us only
• Do we address our future generation? If so how?
• Do we care for human beings only?
55@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
56. Conservation of More than 400 FRVs at ATC Fulia
Under Natural Mode, not organic farming
Distribution of FRV seeds
Characterization
Analysis of Nutritional Qualities of rice under way
RKVY 16 Blocks of 16 Districts
Major Achievement of ATC-Fulia
Introduction and Popularization Various FRVs
Kalabhat , the most nutritive rice in the world and highest production in WB 2018
Siliguri Sub Division - More than 5000 ha with 5 folk varieties , Chamatkar covers the
major area
Nayagarm Block of Jhargarm 4 Varieties Covers 500 ha Kerala Sundari being the major
56@ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019
57. @ Apaul ATC 13th Nov, 2019 57
Largest Publications on Folk Rice In India by ATC Fulia