The microscopic elements present in urine are collected into the form of deposit by centrifugation. A small drop of sediment is examined by making a cover slip preparation under microscope

1. Ms Ankita R Bhatiya
Assistant Professor
Shree P.M.Patel COLLEGE OF PARAMEDICAL
SCIENCE N TECHNOLOGY

2.  1.Preparation of slide
 2.Cells
 3.Cast
 4.Crystal
 5.Other findings

3.  Aim: To perform microscopic examination of urine.
 Requirement: Slide, Plastic centrifugal tube , cover slip,
microscope.
 Sample: Random sample , First voided sample ,
Midstream sample.
 Principle: The microscopic elements present in urine
are collected into the form of deposit by centrifugation.
A small drop of sediment is examined by making a
cover slip preparation under microscope.

4. Procedure:
Take urine sample and pour into centrifuge tube.
 Centrifuge with another balance test tube for 5 min at 2500
RPM.
Pour off supernant quickly.
Resuspend the deposit by shaking tube.
Place 1 drop of deposit on a glass slide.
Cover it with cover slip.
Observe it under 40 x.

5. Observation:
Urine observation done in 4 category.
1. Cells: RBC , Pus cell , Epithelial cell.
2. Cast: RBC cast , WBC cast , granular cast , hyline cast
etc…
3.Crystal :
Two types of crystal re available in urine
1. Acidic crystal: uric acid , calcium oxelate, amorphus urate,
sodium urate, calcium sulphate, hippuric acid etc…
4. Other finding: Hair , oil, bacteria, Fat, spermatozoa,
etc…

6.  1. Pus cell:
 Known as Leucocyte.
 Size: 10 -12 um.
 Normally: 2-3 cell high per field.
 UTI,
 Fungal infection,
 Urethritis
 Pyelonephritis

7.  2. Epithealial cells:
 Three types of epitheali ceels are present.
 Tubular , transitional n squamous
 Normally: 3-5 cell high per field.
 3 to 4 times larger than WBC.
 UTI
 Fungal infection,
 Kidney disease,
 Liver disease
 Bladder cancer

8.  3.RBC:
 Size: 7.5 um, 2 um in thickness
 Pale yellow in clr
 Do not contain nuclei.
 Glomerular damge
 Kidney stone
 Kidney trauma
 Upper n lower urinary tract infection

9.  They are formed by solidification of Tamm
Horsfall protein, a glycoprotein secreted in
the distal convoluted tubules and collecting
tubules.
1. Granular cast:
Indicate significant renal disease.

10.  2. Hyline cast:
 Colorless , transparent with round end.
 Renal disease.
 3. Red cell cast:
 Present in pathological condition.
 Acute n severe glomerulonehritis
 Severe pyelonephritis
 Endocartis

11.  4. WBC cast:
 Polymorphonucler neutriphil
 Glomerular disease
 Actute pyelonephritis
 Inflammatery renal disease.
 5. Epithelial Cast:
 Rarely seen in urine.
 Tubular degeneration , necrosis
 nephrotoxin

12.  6. Waxy Cast:
 Colorless , grey clr , light yellow
 Degeneration of granular cast.
 7.Fatty cast:
 Nephroti csyndrome
 Chronic glomerulo nephritis
 Toxic renal poising

13.  1.Crystal present in acidic urine:
 A) Uric acid:
 Diamond shape
 Yellow or red brown clr
 Gout
 Chronic nephritis
 Acute febrile conditon

14.  B) Calcium oxalate :
 Colorless
 Octahedral
 Envelop shaped
 After ingestion of tomato,
 Spinach, garlic, Orange, vitamin –C.
 Kidney stone. Diabetes mellitus,

15.  C) Amorphus urate:
 Granular form
 Urate of sodium, sulphate,calcium n magesium.
 Yelloe or red in clr
 Pathological condition.
 D) Sodium urate:
 Colorlee or yellow
 Needle shape in cluster
 Pathological condition

16.  E)Calcium sulphate :
 Long, thin n colorless needles
F) Hippuric acid :
Yellow, brown, colorless

17.  G) Cystine :
 Colorless, hexagonal plate.
 Congenital cystisis
 Kidney stone
 H) Tyrosine:
 Needle shape arrange in cluster
 Severe liver disease

18.  I) Leucine:
 Yellow or brown
 Flower in shape
 Waxy in nature
 Sever hepatitis
 Mapple syrup disease
 J) Cholestrol:
 Large, flat, transparent
 Nephritis
 Nephrotic condition
 Chyluria
 Excessive tissue breakdown

19.  K) Sulpha :
 Brown in clr

20.  2. Crystal present in alkaline urine:
 A) Triple phosphate crystal:
 Colorless prism with 3 n 6 sides
 After taking citrus fruit
 Kidney stone
 Chronic cystitis
 Enlarge prostate

21.  B) Amorphus phosphate:
 Granular form
 No pathological condition
 C) Calcium carbonate:
 Rare condition
 Small, granulat type
 No pathological condition

22.  D) Calcium phosphate:
 Like prism
 Long, thin, colorless.
 irregular shape
 No pathological condition
 E)Ammonium biurate:
 Yellow brown spherical bodies with long spicules.
 In fresh urine it is abnormal

23.  1.Starch crystal:
 Long oval shape
 Highly refctile
 2.Fibers:
 They are form clothing,
 toilet paper
 Telcum powder

24.  C) Oil drops:
 Urine mix with lubricant
 Round or oval shape
 D) Hair:
 E) Yeast:
Smooth, colorless
Skin n vaginal infection

25.  F) Bacteria:
 UTI
 G) Spermatozooa:
 Presrent in male urine
 H) Oval fat bodies:
 Nephrotic syndrome
 DM, Glomerulonephritis

26.  Praful D Gokdar,Textbook of medical
laboratory technology, 2nd edition