Urine is a waste product that is produced by the kidneys in their process of cleaning the blood and is made up of water and dissolved waste products. The waste products are substances that the body does not need and that can be harmful to our organs if accumulated in the body.

1. Ms Ankita R Bhatiya
Assistant Professor
Shree P.M.Patel COLLEGE OF
PARAMEDICAL SCIENCE N
TECHNOLOGY

2. 1.What is Urine?
2.Indication of urine examination.
3.Collection of urine
4.Different collection method of urine
5.Transpotation
6.Storage
7.Preservation of urine
8.Physical examination

3.  Urine is a waste product that is produced
by the kidneys in their process of cleaning
the blood and is made up of water and
dissolved waste products.
The waste products are substances that the
body does not need and that can be
harmful to our organs if accumulated in the
body.

4. urinary tract infections
 kidney disorders
 liver disorder
 diabetes
 metabolic conditions
kidney damage

5.  1.Suspected RENAL DISEASES like
glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome,
pyelonephritis, acute and chronic renal failure.
 2. Detection of URINARY TRACT INFECTION.
 3. Detection and monitoring of METABOLIC
DISORDERS like Diabetes mellitus.
 4. Differential diagnosis of JAUNDICE.
 Diagnosis of PREGNANCY

6. Improper collection---- may invalidate the
results.
 Containers for collection of urine should
be wide mouthed, clean and dry.

7. 1.First voided specimen: Most concentrated and has acidic
pH, so formed elements (cells and casts) are well
preserved. It is preferred for urinalysis.
2.Random specimen: Single specimen collected at any time
of day and is sufficient for routine urine examination
(though not preferred, it is the most frequently received
specimen).
3. Post-Prandial specimen: (collected 2 hours after a meal
in the afternoon) Sometimes requested for estimation of
glucose or of urobilinogen.
4. About 15 ml of midstream sample (especially in female
patients) is cleanly collected. Collect clean catch sample.
5.24- hour specimen: Quantitative estimation of proteins,
hormones and electrolytes.

8. 6. Catherization method: This method is mainly prefer for
the patient who is bedridden. So in that patient urine is
collected from the catheretar. Perform all urine test.
7.Supra pubic aspiration method: In this method urine is
collected directly from the bladder via needle syringe.
Ex: Patient suffering from prostate inlarge.
Infants Either by attaching a clean plastic bag around
baby’s genitalia and leaving it there for some time or
suprapubic puncture

9.  All urine collection and/or transport containers
should be:
 1. Clean and leak proof.
 2. Break-resistant.
 3. Material of container should not interfere and
 4. Container should not be re-used.
 5. Capacity of at least 50 ml (routine) and at
least 3 litre (24-hour sample).
 6. Amber coloured containers for light sensitive
analyted.

10. Ideally the specimen should be
examined within 2 hours of voiding. •
If delay is expected, it should be
refrigerated at 4-6° Celsius for up to 8
hours.

11.  1. Increase in pH: Due to production of ammonia from
urea by urease producing bacteria.
 2. Formation of crystals: Precipitation of phosphate and
calcium.
 3. Loss of ketone bodies: since they are volatile.
 4. Decrease in glucose: Due to glycolysis and utilization
of glucose by cells and bacteria.
 5. Oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin: false-negative test
for bilirubin
 6. Oxidation of urobilinogen to urobilin: false-negative
test for urobilinogen.
 7. Bacterial proliferation 8. Disintegration of cellular
elements (Especially in alkaline and hypotonic urine.

12.  • Not recommended for routine analysis as they interfere
with reagent strip techniques and chemical test for
protein.
 Preservatives for 24-hour urine sample:
 1. Hydrochloric acid: Used when detecting adrenaline,
noradrenaline, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and steroids.
 2. Toluene: It forms a thin layer and hence physical
barrier against bacteria and air.
 . Boric acid: General preservative (sample can be kept
for 24 hours without refrigeration)
 4. Thymol: Inhibits bacteria and fungi. 5. Formalin:
Excellent for preservation of formed elements.

13. It includes:
1. Volume
2. Appearance
3. Odor
4. Specific gravity
5. Colour
6. PH

14. Total volume can be evaluated only from
24-hour urine sample.
 Main determinant of urine volume is water
intake.
 Normal individual: – 24-Hour urinary
output: 600 to 2000 ml out of which about
400 ml is produced during night
Exceptions: Pregnancy- diurnal variation
may be reversed Young children- 3-4 times
more urine than adults (ml/per body
weight)

15. >2000 ml/ 24 hours- Polyuria
>500 ml during night- Nocturia
Specific gravity- <1.018
•Diabetes mellitus
•Diabetes insipidus
•Chronic renal failure (Loss of concentrating ability of renal
tubules)
•Diuretic therapy
•Polydypsia
•Caffeine/ alcohol intake

16. <500 ml/ 24 hours- Oligouria
>100ml/24 hours or complete cessation-Anuria
 Oliguria: High grade febrile states Acute
glomerulonephritis (decreased glomerular
filtration) Congestive cardiac failure or
dehydration (Renal hypoperfusion) • Anuria:
Acute tubular necrosis Complete urinary
obstruction

17.  Normal : Pale yellow clr or colorless
 Abnormal clr change:
 1.Dark yellow : Due to Urochrome pigment, Fever
n starvation.
 2. Dark yellow to orange : Jaundice
 3. Red: UTI, Hematuria, Mestrunal blood.
 4. Brown: Due to hemolysis.
 5. Dark brown: Leukemia,cancer,Maliganancy
 6. Black: Presence of alkaptonuria
 7. Blue: Typhoid n chloera
 8. Blue green: Pseudomonas infection
 9. Cola: presence of L-Dopa
 10. Milky white: Presence of lumphnode n fat.

18.  Freshly voided urine- Typical aromatic odour (Volatile
organic acids)
 • On standing- Conversion of urea ammonia by urease
producing bacteria – Faint ammoniacal odour.
 Fruity- Ketonuria
 Mousy –Phenylketonuria
 Fishy -UTI by Proteus, Tyrosinemia
 Ammoniacal UTI with E. coli,
 Old standing urine Foul Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
 Rancid- Tyrosenima
 Ordour less – Renal failure

19.  Normal-clear or Transparent
 • Cloudy due to -amorphous phosphate(neutral or
alkaline condition) -amorphous urates (acidic urine)
 Turbid – Presence of crystal,chemical solute,oilments.
 • Which disappear on heating.
 • In disease – urine cloudy due to
presents of WBC
presents of bacteria or fungi -colloidal suspension
of fat or chyle
 Lipiduria:Presence of lipid n fat.

20.  Average - 4.6-8.0
 • Average pH -6.0-presents of sulphates,
phoshate,chloride.
 • Alkaline urine-vegetarian &urine on standing
 Acidic urine: High protein diet, Excesseive fruit,
UTI by E.Coli
• Measurements of pH1.litmus paper 2.pH paper
or nitrazine paper 3.Dip stick method

21.  Normal specific gravity-1.0o3-1.030
 Abnormal:
 1.Low specife gravity:<1.003
polyuria
 2.High specific gravity:> 1.030
Fever,shock,vomitting,diarrhea,heart disease.
3.Fix specific gravity: 1.010
Renal Failure.
 Specific gravity measurement
 Urinometer
 Refractometer
 Dip stick method