The document discusses COVID-19 from a risk assessment perspective. It describes how COVID-19 spreads via droplets from coughing or sneezing and falls to the ground within a few feet. The virus is classified as a high risk due to its rapid global spread and impact on health. Older adults and those with preexisting conditions are at higher risk of serious illness. While most COVID-19 cases are mild, its case fatality ratio is estimated at 6.86%, higher than for SARS or MERS. Risk can be mitigated through measures like social distancing, increased sanitation, testing and contact tracing, and use of personal protective equipment in healthcare settings. Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic must result in improved

1. COVID-19: A Risk
Assessment
Perspective
Aniket Raj

2. CONTENTS
How does it spread ?
WHAT IS COVID-19 ?
01
Sars-cov-2 virus
CAUSE OF CORONA VIRUS
02
Covid-19 risk factors03
Case fatality ratio of Covid-19, Sars and Mers
CASE FATALITY RATIO
04
Administrative controls, self care and testing
RISK MITIGATION
05
CONCLUSION
06
RISK ASSESSMENT OF SARS-COV-2

3. WHAT IS COVID-19 ?
• A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in
your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses aren't
dangerous.
• COVID-19 is a disease that can cause what doctors call a respiratory
tract infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses,
nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). It's
caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2.
• It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through
person-to-person contact. Infections range from mild to serious.

4. • The new coronavirus is spread through droplets released into the
air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
• The droplets generally do not travel more than a few feet.
• They fall to the ground (or onto surfaces) in a few seconds — this
is why social and physical distancing is effective in preventing the
spread.
2m
Social Distancing
HOW DOES THE NEW COVID-19
SPREAD?

5. CAUSES OF THE NEW
CORONAVIRUS
• Researchers aren’t sure what caused it.
• Similar coronavirus found in animals and human.
• Common in bats, camel, cats and cattle.
• Sars-cov-2 the virus that causes covid-19 is similar to
MERS and SARS.
• They all came from bats.
• The first case may have come from animals sold in the
wet markets in Wuhan city of china.

6. SARS-COV-2 VIRUS
• Sars-cov-2 is the causative agent of the
coronavirus disease.
• It is an enveloped RNA virus.
• It stores genetic information.
• The envelope is composed of the host cell’s
membrane and is decorated with viral proteins.
• The spike protein gives it a crown like appearance.
• The spike protein serves to recognize and attach to
the host cell’s receptor to enter into the cell.
• It is related to SARS-cov-1 which causes SARS.

7. RISK ASSESSMENT OF SARS-COV-2
• It is classified as risk
group 4 pathogen by
WHO.
• It has High risk to the community
based on the rapid, global spread of
virus and it’s impact on the health of
a person.
• The infection dose of the SARS-
cov-2 is currently not known.
• Studies on early cases in china
indicated R0 in range of 2 to
2.5;more recent estimates have
placed it as high as 6.6.
• Based on R0 it was established that
the SARS-cov-2 is highly contagious
as compared to SARS-cov-1 and

8. COVID-19 RISK
FACTORS
• Anyone can get COVID-19, and most infections are usually
mild, especially in children and young adults. But if you aren’t
in an area where COVID-19 is spreading, haven’t travelled
from an area where it’s spreading, and haven’t been in
contact with someone who has it, your risk of infection is low.
• People over 65 are most likely to get a serious illness, as are
those who live in nursing homes or long-term care facilities,
who have weakened immune systems, or who have medical
conditions including:
• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Lung disease, Asthma
• Kidney disease that needs dialysis
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy
• Liver disease, Cigarette smoking

9. CASE FATALITY RATIO
It is the ratio of deaths
per total confirmed
infected cases.
CFR for covid-19 is
estimated at 6.86% (as
of may 15).
CFR of SARS was
11% and 34% for
MERS.

10. RISK MITIGATION
Engineering controls provide a physical separation from infected
individuals through mechanical means.
Using ventilation controls with HEPA filter in hospitals can help in
mitigating risk.
By providing PPEs to the healthcare workers and training them to use it
securely can protect them from getting infected.
Even opening windows show significant decrease in the
infection rates.
Administrative controls must be put into place in anticipation of an outbreak.
Using disinfectants that contain bleach, detergent, soap and alcohol to sanitize
can help as the virus is very sensitive to above mentioned things.
By doing effective testing, contact tracing and isolating.

11. CONCLUSION
• Human proximity to farm and wildlife animals that facilitates interspecies
transmission leads to outbreaks like covid-19.
• COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that can easily spread
undetected in a society with high population density.
• It is only a matter of time for new disease to emerge or re-emerge and
cause pandemic.
• It appears that coronavirus associated disease have been underestimated
thus far and governments and institutions like WHO didn’t take any lesson
from the previous SARS and MERS outbreak.
• Risk assessment is essential to employ for the detection of emerging
disease.
• The lesson learned from COVID-19 pandemic will only be valuable if they
result in actions to prepare our society for the next pandemic to come.

12. REFERENCES
• https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coronavirus-cfr
• https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.0c00035
• https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-total-tests-for-covid-19

13. THANK YOU