Introduction, Causes. Mechanism in brief, Symptoms, Preventions, Effect on nature, Effect on world Economy and Demography, Use of biotechnology in creation of vaccine, Conclusion, References

1. A
PRESENTATION
On
COVID-19
RAJAT PRATAP SINGH
(Research Scholar)
Session: 2019-20

2.  Introduction
 Causes
 Mechanism in brief
 Symptoms
 Preventions
 Effect on nature
 Effect on world Economy and Demography
 Use of biotechnology in creation of vaccine
 Conclusion
 References
Content

3. Introduction
 COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health
Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease
caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
 It started in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread
worldwide. COVID-19 is an acronym that stands for corona
virus disease of 2019.

4.  What does COVID-19 stand for ?
COVID-19 is the name of the disease caused by the SARS-
CoV2 virus. Viruses and the diseases they cause have different
names. For example, AIDS is the disease caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus, HIV.
 Who named COVID-19?
The coronavirus disease of 2019 was given the abbreviated name
of COVID-19 by the WHO in a press release on February 11,
2020.

5. • Coronaviruses are common human and animal viruses. They
were first discovered in domestic poultry in the 1930s. In
animals, coronaviruses cause a range of respiratory,
gastrointestinal, liver, and neurologic diseases.
• Only seven coronaviruses are known to cause disease in
humans.
• Four human coronaviruses cause symptoms of the ―common
cold.‖ These have catchy names which you‘ll be forgiven for
forgetting: 229E, OC43, NL63, and HUK1.
• Three human coronaviruses cause much more serious lung
infections, also called pneumonia.
What is coronavirus ?

6. • A ―novel‖ coronavirus means that it is a new coronavirus that
has not been previously identified in humans.
• This means it is different from coronaviruses that cause the
common cold, and those that caused SARS in 2002 and MERS
in 2012.
• Like, SARS and MERS, the novel coronavirus is a zoonotic
disease.
• The definition of a zoonotic disease is one that begins in
animals and is transmitted from animals to people.
What is novel coronavirus ?

7. A picture made available by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) shows a
transmission electron microscope image of SARS-CoV-2 - also known as 2019-
nCoV, the virus that causes COVID-19 - isolated from a patient in the USA.
Doctors in China say the virus does not respond to traditional pneumonia treatments
[NIAID- RML/National Institutes of Health via EPA]

8. • The WHO and the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say
it is primarily spread during close contact
Causes
 Transmission
and by small droplets produced when people cough, sneeze or
talk; with close contact being within approximately 1–2 m (3–7 ft).
• Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads. Loud talking
releases more droplets than normal talking.
• These droplets may also be produced during breathing; however,
they rapidly fall to the ground or surfaces and are not generally spread
through the air over large distances.
• The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) suggested on 1 April
that bioaerosol transmission may be possible.

9.  Virology
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is
a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated
from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute
respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.
• All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related
coronaviruses in nature. Outside the human body, the virus is killed by
household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.
 Lobe of lungs filled with fluid and attack on immune system by
viruses and multiplying on them. Needed oxygen not reached to the
lungs then they causes Lobar pneumonia, Broncho pneumonia and
affect many areas of both lungs. And more serious complications like
respiratory failure, breathing become so difficult.

10. Fig.- Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
• It is 96% identical at the
whole genome level to other bat
coronavirus samples (BatCov
RaTG13).
• In February 2020, Chinese
researchers found that there is only
one amino acid difference in the
binding domain of the S protein
between the coronaviruses from pangolins and those from humans;
however, whole-genome comparison to date found that at most 92%
of genetic material was shared between pangolin coronavirus and
SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be
the intermediate host.

11. Mechanism in brief
• Corona Virus infect living cells and reproduce itself because it
have viral genetic material by this make copies, protein shell
which provide hard covering to genetic material, envelope allow
virus to infect cells and envelope have spike proteins.
• Corona virus contact to throat, nose and lungs. Spike proteins
binds to receptor of healthy cells then the receptor allows the
virus to go inside the cell. Virus no need to entering in nucleus
they directly contact with ribosome and use genetic
information of viruses to make viral protein such as spike
proteins then developing new viruses copies in cell membrane.

12. • The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry
cough, and tiredness. Some patients may have aches and pains,
nasal congestion, sore throat or diarrhea.
• Around 1 out of every 5 people who gets COVID-19 becomes
seriously ill and develops difficulty breathing.
• Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like
high blood pressure, heart and lung problems, diabetes, or
cancer , are at higher risk of developing serious illness.
• In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe
acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.
Symptoms

13. Fig.- Symptoms of COVID-19

14. Preventions
• Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based
hand rub.
• Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
• Don‘t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
• Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when
you cough or sneeze.
• Stay home if you feel unwell.
• If you have a fever, a cough, and difficulty breathing, seek medical
attention. Call in advance.
• Follow the directions of your local health authority.
Avoiding unneeded visits to medical facilities allows healthcare
systems to operate more effectively, therefore protecting you and
others.

16. Effect on nature
• The ramping down of human activity appears to have had a positive
impact on the environment. Industrial and transport emissions and
effluents have reduced, and measurable data supports the clearing of
pollutants in the atmosphere, soil and water.
• Further, sources suggest that there has been a 25 percent drop in
energy use and emissions in China over two weeks which is likely to
decrease the overall annual carbon emissions of the country by 1
percent.
• In India the results were similar too; March 22 was the ‗Janata
Curfew‘, following which, a significant dip in air pollution levels was
measured across the country. Cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, Kolkata and
Lucknow saw their average Air Quality Index (AQI) staying within two
digits.

17. • Another example of cleaner air was seen when, on April 3rd, residents
of Jalandhar, a city in Punjab state, woke up to a view of the Dhauladhar
mountain range.
• Water bodies have also been clearing and the rivers Yamuna and Ganga
have seen significant improvement since the enforcement of a
nationwide lockdown. According to the real-time water monitoring data
of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the average water
quality of 27 points of the Ganga seen in recent days, is suitable for
bathing and propagation of wildlife and fisheries.
• In conclusion, the takeaway from this is that once nations come to
grips with the coronavirus, better implementation of the environmental,
transport and industry regulations should be considered a priority to ease
the detrimental impacts of human activity on the environment.

19. Effect on world economy
• The global economy could shrink by up to 1 per cent in 2020 due to the
coronavirus pandemic, a reversal from the previous forecast of 2.5 per
cent growth.
• The analysis by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(DESA) said the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting global supply chains
and international trade. With nearly 100 countries closing national borders
during the past month, the movement of people and tourism flows have
come to a screeching halt.
• The Economic Damage Is Already Mounting 75% of the Indian
economy is in a 21-day lockdown. State borders are closed, labor
movement is curtailed and schools and training courses are suspended
across the country. Major companies in India have temporarily suspended
or significantly reduced operations in a number of manufacturing
facilities.

20. • The Asian Development Bank estimates that the lockdown would
take about 2.3% of GDP. The cost of the 21-day lockdown in India
could be $120 billion.
• All the airlines except Air India have grounded their domestic and
international flights, the loss of which is estimated to be $600
million.
• In India, the service sector accounts for 55% of GDP. It is
estimated that the loss to the tourism and hospitality industry will
be $2.1 billion for March and April alone.
• Crude oil prices had fallen below zero for the first time in history.
A negative price suggests sellers were paying buyers to take
deliveries in a bid to avoid incurring of storage cost, as oil demand
crashed globally.

21. Effect on world demography
Demography : The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income,
or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of
human populations.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports of whole world
(Till 1st May 2020)

22. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports of India
(Till 1st May 2020)

23. Use of biotechnology in creation of vaccine
• In addition to governments, scientists and doctors are at the forefront of
the battle against the novel coronavirus. Many researchers and medical
professionals are toiling constantly to find a solution to this potentially
fatal disease.
• Viruses are chemical entities (non-living infectious agents) that need
a cell to multiply and survive. SARS-CoV-2, the virus which
causes COVID-19 has single-stranded RNA as its genetic material. Its
genome is very small, containing only 15 coding genes and
~30000 nucleotides. In contrast, humans have approximately 30,000 genes
and over 3 billion nucleotides in their genome.
• One approach to devising therapeutic strategies is to unveil the biology
of the virus — its structure, how it causes disease (pathogenesis), how it
infects people, and how the disease progresses.

24. • For the development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, a similar
approach is under consideration by Serum Institute of India and Sanofi
Pasteur, France.
• An alternative strategy is also to generate antibodies against the spike
proteins of the virus, which is being followed by Moderna
Inc., MA, USA. Additionally, a German Enterprise, CureVac, aims to
design an RNA-based vaccine against the virus.
• In this approach, RNA that codes for some of the viral proteins is
introduced into the body. This RNA can be used to produce viral proteins,
against which the body can then synthesize antibodies, thus preparing for
the virus‘s attack.
• Vaccines stimulate the immune system of an individual to prepare it
against a future pathogen attack. This is done by pre-exposing the person
to either killed or weakened pathogens, or some of the pathogen‘s
structural parts, which leads the body to mount a defence response.

25. Conclusion
• The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an enormous amount of
financial and social burden.
• Research has accelerated, but is still in infancy and will require
time and funds to translate into therapies and vaccines. Pandemics
like the current outbreak disrupt developing countries that have
inadequate financial capabilities or a fragile healthcare system.
• However, there is hope in the fact that countries across the world
have been uniting to fight this challenge. As a citizen, our obligation
is to follow official advisories, not believe in myths, and educate
ourselves.

26. References
• https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019#Cause
• https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/how-covid-19-
impacting-environment-around-us
• https://www.brinknews.com/will-covid-19-devastate-the-indian-
economy-recession-modi-coronavirus/
• https://indiabioscience.org/columns/general-science/covid-19-vaccine-
development-and-therapeutic-strategies