Solar and terrestrial radiation, dissipation and distribution in soil-crop systems; aerodynamic and canopy temp-based models; infra-red thermometer; advances in soil physics
Solar and terrestrial radiation measurement stands as a fundamental component of soil physics research. Instruments like pyranometers and pyrgeometers are employed to quantify incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. These measurements are pivotal for deciphering the energy balance within soil-crop systems, enabling researchers to gauge how much energy is absorbed, reflected, or transmitted by the soil surface. Various soil properties, such as texture, moisture content, and organic matter, play significant roles in influencing radiation behavior, while the structure and density of crop canopies impact how radiation is intercepted and distributed within the crop. Predicting evapotranspiration, the amalgamation of water evaporation from soil and plant surfaces with transpiration, is of paramount importance in agriculture and water resource management. Soil physics researchers have developed models to forecast evapotranspiration, relying on either aerodynamic or canopy temperature-based models. These models take into account factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation to compute water loss from the soil-crop system accurately. Canopy temperature serves as a vital indicator of plant water status. When plants experience water scarcity, they tend to exhibit higher canopy temperatures due to reduced transpiration. The concept of leaf diffusion resistance is closely intertwined with canopy temperature; it denotes the resistance to water vapor movement through leaf stomata and is intimately related to plant water deficit. To measure canopy temperature and explore its connection to plant water stress, infrared thermometers are frequently employed by researchers. Infrared thermometry, often referred to as infrared radiometry or infrared guns, is a pivotal tool in soil physics. These devices facilitate non-invasive temperature measurements of various surfaces, including soil, plants, and objects. By analyzing the temperature of these surfaces, researchers can make informed inferences about their moisture content and water status. This technology is particularly advantageous in precision agriculture, where it aids in determining the optimal timing and location for irrigation. The realm of soil physics is experiencing a rapid evolution, characterized by several recent trends and innovations. Remote sensing technologies, such as satellites and drones, are increasingly utilized for data collection related to soil and crop conditions. Machine learning algorithms are being harnessed to analyze vast datasets, enhancing predictions in soil physics, such as crop yield forecasting and soil moisture estimation. Soil physicists are also diligently investigating the effects of climate change on soil properties and processes to develop adaptive strategies for agriculture. Precision agriculture, empowered by advances in soil physics, focuses on precise soil, water, and crop management for enhanced yields and sustainability.
