An argumentative essay is a type of academic writing that presents a clear and well-structured argument or stance on a specific issue. It requires the author to provide evidence, support their position with logical reasoning, and address counterarguments. The goal of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's point of view or take action on the discussed topic
5. OPINION ESSAY PERSUASIVE
ESSAY
ARGUMENTATI
VE ESSAY
PURPOSE THE AIM IS TO EXPRESS
THE WRITER’S
PERSONAL OPINION OR
PREFERENCE.
THE AIM IS TO PERSUADE
THE READER/S TO AGREE
WITH THE WRITER’S
PERSPECTIVE.
THE AIM IS TO LET THE
READER/S ACCEPT THE
“SIDE OF THE TRUTH”
PRESENTED BY THE
WRITER.
TECHNIQUE THE OPINION OF THE
WRITER IS EXPLAINED.
THE WRITER’S STAND IS
JUSTIFIED WITH FACTS.
THE WRITER’S CLAIM
OR ARGUMENT IS
VALIDATED THROUGH
REASONS AND DATA.
POINT OF
VIEW
THE WRITER USES THE
FIRST PERSON. (i.e. I)
THE WRITER USES THE
FIRST PERSON (i.e. I)
AND SECOND PERSON. (i.e.
YOU)
THE WRITER USES THE
THIRD PERSON. (i.e. HE,
SHE, IT)
CONTENT THE WRITER’S OPINION
AND FEELINGS
COMPRISE THE
SUBSTANCE.
THE WRITER’S OPINION
SUPPORTED BY FACTS
COMPRISE THE SUBSTANCE.
THE WRITER’S
LOGICAL REASONING
AND FACTS COMPRISE
THE SUBSTANCE.
7. 1. CONVINCES THE READER BY MEANS OF
. Appeal to Emotions (Pathos)
This strategy is used to persuade the audience by targeting their feelings.
Let us say, you would like to convince your audience to stop smoking as in
the example given in appeal to reason, telling them a story of how a father
and his child got sick because of smoking and both developing lung
disease the father from first hand smoking, and the child, being exposed to
the smoke.
2. MOVES THE READER THROUGH
Appeal to Reason (Logos)
This is a rhetorical strategy used to lead the audience in making a
conclusion based on facts presented by the speaker. For example, if you
would like to convince your audience to stop smoking, you would be
presenting facts or proofs that smoking can make people sick and kill them.
8. SRUCTURES OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
•An argumentative essay is fundamentally composed of
four sections, namely, introduction, argument
development, refuting opposite argument, and
conclusion. Specific information can be found in each
section of an argumentative essay.
9. I. Introduction
Similar to a persuasive essay, the introduction of an argumentative essay
made up of a hook, background information, and a thesis or thesis
statement.
A hook is a sentence which grabs the reader's attention.
The background information tells about the issue at hand. It also
indicates the person/s concerned with the issue, and more importantly,
it states the relevance or significance of addressing the issue.
The thesis or thesis statement points out your argument or stand on the
given issue. It is usually positioned as the last sentence of the
introductory paragraph.
10. • lI. Argument Development
This section functions as the supporting details. It is composed
of the claim and evidence.
• The claim is the statement supporting your argument, which is
expressed in the introduction. The evidence, on the other
hand, pertains to the factual information, which is utilized to
support the claim/s. It is imperative that you present pieces of
evidence that come from reliable sources, Typically, two to
three claims are necessary in order to come up with an
insightful argumentative essay.
11. Ill. Refuting the Opposite Argument section
•This is where a persuasive essay and an argumentative
essay are set apart from one another. In an
argumentative essay, the two sides of the issue must
be presented. If you are in favor of the thesis
presented, find ways to counter or refute each of them.
Commonly, two opposites arguments should be
presented and later on refuted in order to enrich the
argumentation.
12. • lV. Conclusion
• Like the introduction, the conclusion of an argumentative essay also
states the relevance of addressing the issue. Although it is made to
reiterate or emphasize the thesis statement, the conclusion should still
be paraphrased or rephrased in order to avoid obvious redundancy.
• In the conclusion of an argumentative essay, you must also let your
reader accept the truth you have presented but not in an outright
manner. This means that your tone should not be dictating and didactic.
Rather, you can simply describe the possible ramifications if your
argument is/is nit considered. It is an indirect way of letting your reader
believe in the validity of your argument.
17. Due to the inability of opposing groups to provide new substantial reasons, the Supreme Court (SC) has lifted
the temporary restraining order (TRO) it issued on CHED Memorandum no. 20, dated April 21, 2015. This is as per the
unanimous en banc decision made on October 9, 2018. The memorandum excludes Filipino, Panitikan, and Constitution
as required subjects in college. This, according to the SC, would help avoid the duplication of subjects in grades 1 to 10,
senior high and college.
The implementation of CMO no. 20 would promote Filipino “to be properly cultivated,” as stated by CHED
Chairman Prospero De Vera. “Filipino cannot be merely taught as a subject, but must be used in oral and written forms,
across academic domains.” In addition to that, the removal of the said subjects would insure a more comprehensive
foundation for all learning.
Also, Filipino, Panitikan, and Constitution subjects are not being completely removed; these are only being
moved down to the SHS curriculum. “The subjects were transferred to the Senior High School level since these are
important building blocks in the preparation of senior high school graduates to be university-ready when they graduate,”
CHED Chairman Prospero De Vera said.
The CMO no. 20 will not limit the academic freedom that universities have; the memorandum is only a
minimum standard, SC says. This means that universities still have the freedom to put additional requirements that could
include the subjects being discussed.
Despite these justifications, students, teachers, and pro-Filipino groups still have qualms about the
memorandum. The possible adverse impacts toward national values weren’t considered by the involved parties; also, this
could cause further divide between Tagalog-speaking “imperial Luzon” and non-Tagalog speaking Visayas and
Mindanao.
Filipino in college is not important?
18. The same groups also claim that the removal of Filipino as well as Panitikan under the pretense
that the subject is being duplicated in different levels is questionable because college-level Filipino and
Panitikan are more advanced. As UP professor Vim Nadera stated, “it must still be taught because
Filipinos still struggle to properly use the language orally.”
Moreover, many teachers who teach the subjects on the college level would either move down to
the Senior High School level which has less salary or lose their jobs. Many teachers who were moved to
the SHS level when the K-12 curriculum was implemented had similar complaints; having less salary
than what they had in the college level, they had to make drastic adjustments to their financial accounts
in order to properly adjust to the aftermath.
Alyansa ng mga Tagapagtanggol ng Wikang Filipino also claimed that the Constitution
mandates the inclusion of the study of Filipino and the Constitution in the curriculum in all levels. By
removing the requirement to have Filipino as a core subject in the college level, the CMO no. 20
apparently fell short to comply with the provision.
As the SC has ruled, the decision to remove Filipino as a requirement is justified, and claims of
the memorandum violating the Constitution are invalid. Again, it is not a complete removal;
universities still have the option to add the subjects as an extra requirement. Looking at the perspective
of college students, it would be beneficial because they would be able to focus more on the subjects
strongly related with their courses.
19.
20. Parts of an Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay, like any other essays, has three parts: body,
introduction, and conclusion.
Introduction. The first part is the introductory paragraph. It presents
the problem and gives the background information needed for the
argument and the thesis statement or the main idea of the essay.
Body. The body of the argumentative essay contains the reasons.
Each paragraph talks about one reason which includes facts or
opinions. The reason is included in the topic sentence and is supported
by details or materials. These supporting materials can be examples,
statistics, personal experiences, quotations, etc.
Conclusion. The conclusion restates the main claim and gives one or
two general statements that exactly summarize the arguments and
support the main premise.
