Condition of Dharavi Slum area of Mumbai during raining seasons

1. A Study Of The Water And
Sanitation Facilities In Dharavi
Slums Mumbai During Monsoon
And It’s Health ImplicationsPresented by
Angad singh
Aprajit jha
M.Sc. Biostatistics & Demography (2015-17)
International Institute for Population Sciences Mumbai
-400088

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION.
 BACKGROUND
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 NEED FOR STUDY
 METHODOLOGY
 STUDY VARIABLES
 OBJECTIVES
 TRANSIT WALK
 SOCIAL MAPPING
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSION
 LIMITATION.
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 WATER IS A BASIC NECESSITY FOR SUSTAINING LIFE
 CLEAN DRINKING WATER , HYGIENE AND SANITATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE WELL BEING OF A FAMILY
 SANITATION REFERS TO THE PROVISION OF FACILITIES AND SERVICES FOR SAFE DISPOSAL OF HUMAN
URINE AND FACES
 IT ALSO REFERS TO MAINTENANCE OF HYGIENIC CONDITIONS, THROUGH SERVICES SUCH AS GARBAGE
COLLECTION AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION HAS TWO DIMENSIONS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND
SANITATION PRACTICES
 IMPROVED SANITATION AND BETTER SANITATION FACILITIES ARE THE KEY REQUIREMENTS OF A HEALTHY
HYGIENIC LIFE

4. BACKGROUND
 MILLIONS OF SLUM DWELLERS IN MUMBAI LACK ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION, WHICH
NEGATIVELY IMPACTS THEIR HEALTH
 SANITATION IS THE SINGLE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION TO REDUCE CHILD
MORTALITY
“FOR EVERY $1 INVESTED IN SANITATION, ATLEAST $9 IS RETURNED”(UN)
 IN INDIA WATER BORNE DISEASES STILL ACCOUNT FOR MUCH OF THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
 3.3 MILLION PEOPLE DIE YEARLY DUE TO DISEASES RESULTING FROM POOR SANITATION
 RAPID URBANIZATION AND DENSE SLUM POPULATION HAVE POSED MAJOR CHALLENGES IN PROVIDING ACCESS
TO SAFE WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IN INDIA

5.  35% OF INDIA’S POPULATION NOW LIVES IN URBAN AREAS AND OUT OF 300 MILLION URBAN DWELLERS IN INDIA ,
22.6% LIVE IN SLUMS
MUMBAI HAS TWO-TIER SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
ONE IS THE UNDERGROUND EWERAGE SYSTEM THAT DISCHARGES ABOUT 3.5 KM INTO THE SEA
OTHER IS STORM WATER DRAINS THAT CARRY SURFACE AND FLOOD WATER DURING MONSOONS DIRECTLY INTO
THE SEA RIHT IN THE SEA SHORE
HOWEVER THESE FACILITIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO SLUM DWELLERS AND HENCE THEY SUFFER MISERABLY
ESPECIALLY DURING THE MONSOONS

6. NEED FOR STUDY
DHARAVI, MUMBAI , ONE OF THE LARGEST AND OLDEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD THAT HOUSES A POPULATION OF
5000 PEOPLE PER ACRE HAS VERY LIMITED ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND PROPER LAVATORIES
WATER IS AVAILABLE ONLY ONCE A DAY AND IS USUALLY SHARED BY 5 FAMILIES THAT COMPROSIES OF MORE
THAN 20 PEOPLE
HOUSEHOLDS ARE TOO SMALL TO ACCOMMODATE AN IN-BUILT LAVATORY AND THUS THERE ARISES NEED TO
DEPEND ON PUBLIC SANITATION FACILITIES
HOWEVER PUBLIC LAVATORIES ARE HANDFUL AND EITHER FILTHY, BROKEN OR UNUSABLE CONDITIONS
COMBINED EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL AND POOR WASTE AND STORM MANAGEMENT RESULTS IN FLOODED
RIVERS/RESERVOIRS THAT LEAD TO MANY HEALTH RISKS LIKE MALARIA, DENGUE AND PILIA

7. METHODOLOGY
 STUDY AREA :- KUNJUR KORWER NAGAR, DHARAVI (SLUMS) MUMBAI.
 LOCATED :- 60 FEET ROAD, DHARAVI(ADJACENT TO CHHOTA SION HOSPITAL)
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
 TRANSIT WALK
 4 IN-DEPT INTERVIEW
 2 KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW
 1 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
 INTERVIEW OF AAROGYA SEVIKA & WORKERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE(PSM), LOKMANYA
TILAK MUNICIPAL GENERAL HOSPITAL, SION, MUMBAI
 RESPONDENTS SELECTED PURPOSIVELY

8.  SNEHA(SOCIETY FOR NUTRITION EDUCATION AND HEALTH ACTION) HELPED IN LOCATING
THE HOUSEHOLDS AND INITIATING CONVERSATIONS
 KEY INFORMANT PROVIDED DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE EXISTING GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES IN THE AREA
 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION, COMPRISING OF PARTICIPANTS OF BOTH SEX AND ALL
AGES(YOUNG – OLD) HELPED IN UNDERSTANDING THE SLUM SITUATION FROM ALL
DIFFERENT AGE PERSPECTIVES
 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS :- DATA IS ANALYSED USING CONTENT ANALYSIS

10. STUDY
VARIABLES
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE :-
 WATERLOGGING
 PULLULATED WATER
 HEALTH FACILITY
 WORKING AND LIVING CONDITION
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE:-
 HEALTH CONDITION.

11. OBJECTIVES
 TO IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF WATER FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES.
 TO STUDY ABOUT THE PROBLEMS ARISING DUE TO MONSOONS.
 EXAMINE THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS REGARDING SANITATION AND DISEASES.
 TO ENQUIRE ABOUT THE AVAILABLE HEALTH AND SANITATION FACILITIES.
 TO STUDY THE HEALTH CONDITIONS

12. WALK
OBSERVATIONS
 HUGE GARBAGE AREA AT THE ENTRANCE OF KUNJUR KORWER NAGAR
 QUITE A NUMBER MEDICAL STORES AND DOCTORS CHAMBERS
 LANES ARE VERY NARROW AND VERY CONGESTED
 MAIN ROAD IN SLUM ARE RATHER CLEAN BUT THINE INNER LANES ARE STINGINGLY DIRTY
 THE ELECTRIC METER BOARDS ARE ALWAYS KEPT OF OPEN THERE BY POSING DANGER TO THE KINDS PLAY AROUND
 SMALL KIDS PLAY AROUND THE SOILED LANES BAREFOOTED
 THE MASJID HAS SEVEN WATER TAPS FOR PUBLIC USE

14. SOCIAL MAPPING

15. RESULTS
SOURCES OF WATER AVAILABLE FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES
 BMC WATER PIPES PROVIDE WATER THAT IS USED FOR DRINKING AND CLEANING PURPOSES
 WATER IS AVAILABLE IN 2 SHIFTS FROM 4:30- 7:30 AM & 4:30-7:30PM
 WATER IS NOT AVAILABLE TO ALL HOUSEHOLDS IN TWO SHIFTS, HALF OF THE HOUSEHOLDS GETS IN THE MORNING
AND THE OTHER HALF IN THE EVENING
 WATER THAT COMES IN THE BEGINNING IS USUALLY VERY DIRTY AND FOUL SMELLING
 WATER FROM THE TAPS IS FILTERED USING A CLEAN CLOTH OR A SMALL FUNNEL TYPE DEVICE AND THEN USED.

16.  DRINKING WATER PIPES PASS THROUGH AND OVER GUTTER LINES TO REACH THE HOUSEHOLDS
 WATER FROM THE WATER PIPES ARE STORED IN DIFFERENT CONTAINERS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSE
 A BIG DRUM IS USED TO STORE WATER IN EACH HOUSE FOR CLEANING AND BATHING PURPOSE AND THIS DRUM
IS USUALLY KEPT LID-OPEN
 SOME HOUSEHOLDS MAINTAIN SYNTAX TANKS AND STORE WATER IN IT
 WATER IS NOT BOILED BEFORE DRINKING

18. RESULTS
PROBLEMS ARISING DUE TO MONSOONS
 WORK LOAD ON SWEEPERS INCREASES AS ROADS GET MORE DIRTY DUE TO RAINS
 HEAVY RAINS CAUSE DRAINS TO CLOG AND EVEN OVERFLOW
 INCREASED MOSQUITOES AS WATER STARTS ACCUMULATING IN AREAS
 ROADS GETS WATERLOGGED
 WATER TRIPPING TAKES PLACE FROM THE ROOFS
 WATER ACCUMULATES IN THE GUTTER LINES AND SOMETIMES SEEPS INTO THE DRINKING WATER LINES , THEREBY
POLLUTING IT

20. RESULTS
LEVEL OF AWARENESS REGARDING SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN THE AREA
 LACK OF ANY AWARENESS PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED BY GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS OR NGOS
 LACK OF PROPER EDUCATION
 PEOPLE ARE UNAWARE OF THE FACT THAT THEY HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF MALARIA AS THE SYMPTONS OF
THE FEVER THAT THEY REPORT ARE CLEAR SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
 LACK OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DIFFERENT DISEASES
 MOST ARE BMC OFFICIALS OR ARE HIRED BY PRIVATE CONTRACTORS TO DO BMC WORK, YET DO NOT HAVE
ANY AWARENESS OR PROPER HYGIENE HABITS

22. RESULTS
ENQUIRE ABOUT AVAILABLE HEALTH & SANITATION FACILITIES :-
 NUMBER OF SMALL CLINICS IN THE LOCALITY
 BMC HAS GIVEN THE DRAINAGE WORK TO A PRIVATE CONTRACTOR WHO INSTEAD OF ASSIGNING 10 WORKERS TO THE
AREA , USUALLY ASSIGN ONLY 4
 “SWACHA MUMBAI PRABODHA YOJANA” IS PRESENT IN THE AREA AS CONTRARY TO “DATTA KOSTI YOJANA”
 EXISTENCE OF ANGADWADI IN THE AREA
 EXISTENCE OF AROGYA SEVIKA IN THE LOCALITY WHO VISITS THE LOCALITY ON A REGULAR BASIS

23.  MALARIA DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS WHO ADD MEDICINES TO STORED WATER IN ALL
HOUSEHOLDS VISIT ON A REGULAR BASIS
 SWEEPERS COME ONCE IN A DAY TO CLEAN THE ROADS
 DRAINS ARE CLEANED ON A REGULAR BASIS
 A SMALL “MOURI” IN THE HOUSES FOR BATHING PURPOSES
 2 PUBLIC TOILETS IN THE AREA WITH ONE UNDER RENOVATION
 KIDS NOT ALLOWED IN PUBLIC TOILETS AND HENCE OPEN DEFECATE
 2 MAJOR HOSPITALS ARE CLOSE BY CHHOTA SION HOSPITAL AND BADA SION HOSPITAL

25. RESULTS
STUDY THE HEALTH CONDITIONS
 ACCORDING TO AAROGYA SEVIKA, NO CASES OF MALARIA OR DENGUE IN THE LAST MONTH
 SYMPTOMS OF VOMITING AND DIARRHOEA ARE RAMPANT
 DURING MONSOONS INCREASED AMOUNT OF MOSQUITOES IN THE LOCALITY
 MOST PEOPLE ARE UNAWARE THAT THEY ARE VICTIMS OF MALARIA
 MOST PEOPLE SUFFER FROM MALARIA SYMPTOMS OF NIGHT FEVER AND SHIVERING
 JAUNDICE(PILIA) IS VERY COMMON IN THE AREA

26. CONCLUSIONS
 OUR RESEARCH HAS YIELDED THAT HOUSEHOLDS IN KUNJUR KORWE NAGAR DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO PROPER AND
HYGIENIC WATER
 AS A RESULT MOST PEOPLE ARE VICTIMS OF MAJOR DISEASES LIKE MALERIA , DIARRHOEA , DENGU, TYPHOID, JAUNDICE
 A KEEN OBSERVATION HAS HELPED US TO ASSUME THAT MALARIA MIGHT BE A REGULAR DISEASE IN THE AREA WITHOUT
THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PEOPLE AS THEY REPORT TO HAVE EXPERIENCED MALARIA SYMPTOMS
 INSUFFICIENT AND DIRTY TOILET FACILITIES MAKE OPEN DEFECATION A MUCH EASIER YET HIGHLY UNHYGIENIC OPTION
 DUE TO NARROW LANES AND CONGESTED HOUSEHOLDS , DRINKING WATER LINES AND SEWAGE DRAINS RUN TOGETHER
THEREBY MAKING THE POPULATION IN THE AREA HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEADLY DISEASES
 PEOPLE IN THE AREA ARE NOT ONLY UNEDUCATED BUT ALSO UNAWARE OF THE VARIOUS DISEASESAND THUS DO NOT
TAKE THE REQUIRED PRECAUTIONS

27. LIMITATIONS
 UNABLE TO INTERVIEW THE PRIVATE CONTRACTOR HANDLING THE BMC DRAINAGE WORK DUE TO HIS/HER
OCCASIONALLY VISITING THE AREA OF STUDY
 HOUSEHOLDS WERE SELECTED SUBJECTIVELY WITH THE HELP OF THE KEY INFORMANT, SINCE NOT EVERY
HOUSEHOLD FEELS SAFE WITH A STRANGER QUESTIONING REGARDING DETAILS OF THE HOUSE
 UNABLE TO VERIFY OUR ASSUMPTION OF PEOPLE BEING VICTIMS OF MALARIA ,AS SEEMED OBVIOUS BY
THE SYMPTOMS , DUE TO TIME CONSTRAINT
 MOST OF THEM WERE BMC EMPLOYEES OR WORKED AS TEMPORARY EMPLOYEE OF THE PRIVATE
CONTRACTOR THAT WORKED FOR BMC, HENCE EVERYONE WHERE CONSCIOUS WITH THEIR RESPONSES

28. REFERENCE :-