_WATER_SUPPLY_AND_DISTRIBUTION.pptx

INTRODUCTI
ON
 SOURCE OF WATER
 USAGE OF WATER
 WATER USE AND QUALITY
 WATER ILLNESS
 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
 STAGES IN TYPICAL MUNICIPAL WATERTREATMENT
 CHEMICAL UTILIZED TO TREAT RAW WATER
 WATER QUALITY
 WATER SUPPLY
 GUIDELINES
 RETICULATION
 WATER SUPPLY IN MALAYSIA
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- EXTERNAL
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL
 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- INTERNAL
 HOT WATER SUPPLY

SOURCE OF
WATER
THREE (3) MAIN
SOURCES:
1. RAIN
2. GROUND WATER
3. SURFACE WATER

SOURCE OF
WATER
• ATMOSPHERIC WATER
GENERATION is a new
technology that can
provide high quality
drinking water by
extracting water from the
air by cooling the air and
thus condensing water
vapour.
• RAINWATER HARVESTING
OR FOG COLLECTION is
the collection and
storage of rain from
roofs or from a surface
catchment's for future
use. It can be used to
irrigate lawn or garden.
RAIN WATER
Atmospheric water generator

SOURCE OF
WATER
• IT ISLOCATED BENEATH THE
GROUND SURFACE IN SOIL
PORE SPACES AND IN THE
FRACTURES OF GEOLOGIC
FORMATIONS
• CONTAIN HIGH
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY
BUT MAY BE RICH IN
DISSOLVED SOLIDS,
ESPECIALLY CARBONATES
AND SULPHATES OF CALCIUM
AND MAGNESIUM.
• THERE MAY BE A REQUIREMENT
TO REDUCE THE IRON OR
MANGANESE CONTENT OF
THIS WATER TO MAKE IT
PLEASANT FOR DRINKING,
COOKING, AND LAUNDRY USE.
• DISINFECTION IS ALSO
REQUIRED. WHERE
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IS
UNDERGROUND WATER
A hand-drawn water well in
Chennai, India

UNDERGROUND WATER
SOURCE OF
WATER

SOURCE OF
WATER
• SURFACE WATER Is water
on the ground or in a
stream, river, lake, sea or
ocean.
• Oceon water (saline water)
need to be converted to
fresh water by
desalinization processes
(distillation and reverse
osmosis).
• The most extensive use is in
the
SURFACE WATER

SOURCE OF
WATER
SURFACE WATER
• UPLAND LAKES AND RESERVOIRS:
Typically located in the
headwaters of river systems,
upland reservoirs are usually
sited above any human
habitation and may be
surrounded by a protective zone
to restrict the opportunities for
contamination. Bacteria and
pathogen levels are usually low,
but some bacteria, protozoa or
algae will be present. Where
uplands are forested or peaty,
humid acids can colour the
water. Many upland sources have
low ph which require
adjustment.
• RIVERS, CANALS AND LOW LAND
RESERVOIRS: Low land surface
waters will have A significant
bacterial load and may also

USAGE OF
WATER
ALGRICULTURAL (70%)
INDUSTRIAL (15%)
HOUSEHOLD (15%)
RECREATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASTHETIC VALUE

WATER USE AND
QUALITY
USE DESIRED QUALITY
POTABLE
POTABLE
SOFT
A. CONSUMED
1.DRINKING AND COOKING
2.BATHING
3.LAUNDERING
4.IRRIGATION AND WATERING
OF LIVESTOCK
5.INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
UNPOLLUTED
AS REQUIRED
6.VAPOUR TO INCREASE THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
NOTE:
WATER FLOW IS OFTEN CONTINUOUS

WATER USE AND
QUALITY
USE DESIRED QUALITY
B. CIRCULATED
1.HOT WATER FOR HEATING
2.CHILLED WATER FOR COOLING
3.CONDENSER COOLING WATER
4.SWIMMING POOL WATER
5.STEAM FOR HEATING, LATER CONDENSED
NOTE:
MAKE-UP WATER (ADDED SYSTEM) SHOULD BE SOFT OR NEUTRALAND,
FOR SWIMMING SHOULD BE POTABLE.
THE WATER FLOW IS AT LOW RATE

WATER USE AND
QUALITY
USE DESIRED QUALITY
C. GENERALLY STATIC
1.WATER STORED FOR FIRE PROTECTION
2.WATER IN FIRE STAND PIPES NO SPECIAL
3.WATER IN SPRINKLER PIPING
REQUIREMENT
NOTE:
FLOW OF WATER MUST BE ADEQUATE FOR EMERGENCY

WATER USE AND
QUALITY
• THE COST OF PROCESSING RAW WATER IS VERY HIGH DUE TO USAGE
OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS, ELECTRICITY AS WELL AS MAINTENANCE OF
THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM.
• EVEN THOUGH THE COST IS HIGH, WE STILL NEED TO TREAT THE WATER
AS TO ENSURE THAT THE WATER SUPPLIED IS SAFE FOR CONSUMPTION.
• BOTH AN ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF WATER AND ADEQUATE WATER
QUALITY ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
WATERBORNE DISEASES ARE AMONG THE LEADING CAUSES OF
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES,
FREQUENTLY CALLED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• GENERALLY WATER MUST BE CLEAN, COLOURLESS, FREE FROM
SUSPENSION, SMELL AND HARMFULBACTERIA

CONSIDERATI
ON
Wholesome 1. Spring water
2. Deep well water
3. Upland surface water
Very palatable
Suspicious 4. Stored rain water
5. Surface water from
cultivated lands
Moderate Palatable
Dangerous 6. River water to which
sewage gains access
7. Shallow well water
Palatable
Various sources of water supply qualities.
WATER USE AND QUALITY

WATER
ILLNESS
• THE MOST COMMON WATERBORNE
OR WATER WASHED DISEASES ARE
DIARRHEA, TYPHOID AND CHOLERA.
• ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS TRACHOMA,AN
INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE EYE,
WHICH RESULTS IN MANY CASES OF
BLINDNESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY,
WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR
WATER SUPPLY, POOR SANITATION
AND FAILURE TO ADEQUATELY
PROCESS HUMAN EXCREMENT.
• MUCH OF THE INCIDENCE OF THESE
DEATHS IS DUE TO THE LACK OF
ADEQUATE SAFE WATER AND LACK OF
SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY; THE
SEPARATION OF DRINKING WATER
FROM CONTAMINATED SEWAGE IS
ALSO A MAJOR ISSUE.

There are three principal stages in water purification:-
1. Primary treatment - Collecting and screening
including pumping from rivers and initial storage
2. Secondary treatment - removal of fine solids and the
majority of contaminants using filters, coagulation,
flocculation and membranes
3. Tertiary treatment - polishing, pH adjustment, carbon
treatment to remove taste and smells, disinfection, and
temporary storage to allow the disinfecting agent to
work.
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

CHEMICAL UTILIZED TO TREAT RAW
WATER
• CHEMICAL NAME: SULPHATE OF
AL2(SO4)3.H2O OTHER NAME: ALUM
FUNCTION: TO CLARIFY
WATER
• CHEMICAL NAME:
HYDRATED LIME
[ CA(OH)2 ], LIME [ CAO ]
OTHER NAME: LIME
FUNCTION: TO ADJUST THE PH LEVEL OF
WATER
• CHEMICAL NAME: CHLORINE GAS
[ CL ] OTHER NAME: CHLORINE
FUNCTION: TO KILL GERMS
• CHEMICAL NAME: SODIUM
SILICOFLUORIDE
[ NA2SIF6 ]
OTHER NAME: FLUORIDE
FUNCTION: TO STRENGTHEN TEETH AND
WATER TREATMENT ROCESS

WATER
QUALITY
PARAMETER WHO
pH 6.5-8.5
Turbidity <5 NTU
Colour <15 Hazen
Free Residual Chlorine 0.2-2.0 mg/L
Residual Aluminium <0.1 mg/L
Fluoride <0.7 mg/L
What standards does our quality of water conform to?
National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (revised 2000) by Ministry of
Health, Malaysia, which are based on WHO* guidelines
*WHO : WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

WATER SUPPLY-
GUIDELINES
WATER SUPPLY GUIDELINES ARE UNDER LOCAL
AUTHORITIES AND STATE CONTROL
A L L WATER SUPPLY DEMAND REQUIRE SUBMISSIONT
O
AUTHORITIES TO LEGALIZE COLLECTION OF WATER
CHARGES
EACH STATE REQUIRE DIFFERENT GUIDELINES
RETICULATION CALCULATION BASE ON ‗DEMAND‘ &
‗SUPPLY‖
ARCHITECTS ROLE IS TO ENSURE GUIDELINESA
N
D
PROCEDURES ARE MET
■ ARCHITECTS MAY REQUIRE TO COORDINATE WITH M&E
CONSULTANTS

WATER SUPPLY-
RETICULATION
WATER RETICULATION IS DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL
CATEGORIES:
▪DOMESTIC
▪COMMERCIAL
▪INDUSTRIAL
INTERNAL RETICULATION (ARCHITECTS & M&E
ENGINEERS)
EXTERNAL RETICULATION (C&S, M&E ENGINEERS)

WATER SUPPLY-
RETICULATION
EXTERNAL RETICULATION REFERRING TOAREA OUTSIDE
BOUNDARY OF ABUILDING
COVERS AREA FROM WATER RESERVOIR, EXTERNAL
METER, EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION PIPING,AND SUPPLY TO
INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS
ARCHITECTS RESPONSIBILITIES;
▪LIAISE/COORDINATE WITH OTHER CONSULTANTS
▪PROVIDING INFORMATION
▪CFO
■ AUTHORITIES COORDINATION

WATER SUPPLY-
RETICULATION
 INTERNAL RETICULATION REFERRING TO AREA
WITHIN BOUNDARY OF A BUILDING
 COVERS AREA FROM WATER INTAKE, WA
TER
METER, PIPING, WATER TANK AND SUPPLY TO
INDIVIDUAL UTILITIES
 DOMESTIC METER AND BULK METER
 DOMESTIC SUPPLY AND FIRE EQUIPMENT SUPPLY
 ARCHITECTS RESPONSIBILITIES;
 ▪ PROVIDING INFORMATION
 ▪ DRAWINGS ANDAPPROVAL
 ▪ CFO
 MAY REQUIRE TO LIAISE WITH ENGINEERS (FIRE
TANK SUPPLY)

WATER SUPPLY IN
MALAYSIA
• SYARIKAT BEKALAN AIR SELANGOR SDN BHD ( SYABAS )
OFFICIALLY COMMENCED OPERATION ON 1 JAN 2005
• SYABAS SUPPLIES WATER TO STATE OF SELANGOR AND
THE FEDERAL TERRITORIES OF KUALA LUMPUR AND
PUTRAJAYA
• TOTAL NUMBER OF CONSUMERS : 7.1 MILLION
• SYABAS SUPPLIES CONTINUOUS WATER SUPPLY (24X7) TO
ALL DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
CONSUMERS
• THE COVERAGE OF WATER SUPPLY IN URBAN AREAS IS
100% AND 95% IN NON-URBANAREAS
• CONCESSION PERIOD: 30 YEARS (1 JAN 2005 TO 31 DEC
2034)

WATER SUPPLY IN
MALAYSIA
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
 SUPPLY TREATED WATER TO CONSUMERS
 PURCHASE TREATED WATER FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS
 TAKE OVER, UPGRADE, OPERATE, MAINTAIN AND SAFEGUARD ALLEXISTING
WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURETO
MEET THE INCREASING WATERDEMAND
 THE RIGHT TO BILL AND COLLECTGAZETTED WATER TARIFF CHARGES
 FOR THE SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF TREATED WATER TOCONSUMERS
 THE RIGHT TO COLLECT OTHER GAZETTEDCHARGES

WATER SUPPLY IN
MALAYSIA
(a) Physical Assets:
(i) Pipelines
(ii)Reservoirs and water tanks (iii).
Vehicles
(iv) Booster pump stations
(v) District offices
(vi) Stores
(vii) Workshop
22,000km
841
285
362
10
16
1
(b) Total WaterDemand 3,900 mld
Total Water SupplyCapacity 4,255 mld
Spare capacity 355 mld
Metered Consumption 2,553 mld
(c) Total number of connections ( 6% growth p.a. )
( 85% Domestic + 15% Non domestic )
1.5 million
(d) i. Domestic consumption
ii. Industrial & Commercial consumption
69%
31%

WATER SUPPLY IN
MALAYSIA
MAJOR WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
OPERATIONAL
OUTPUT
1. Sg. Langat 386 mld
2. Sg. Semenyih 545 mld
3. Bukit Nanas 136 mld
4. Sg. Batu 114 mld
5. Sg. Selangor Phase 1 760 mld
8. Sg. Rasa 250 mld
9. 26 nos. of Minor WTP 314 mld
TOTAL 4,255 mld

WATER SUPPLY IN
MALAYSIA
No Dams
Year
Completed
Effective Storage
Capacity ( ml )
1 Klang Gates
Dam
1959 25,300
2 Sg Langat Dam 1979 34, 000
3 Sg Semenyih
Dam
1986 59, 000
4 Sg. Batu Dam 1986 30, 480
5 Sg. Tinggi Dam 1997 114, 500
6 Sg. Selangor
Dam
2003 230, 000
TOTAL CAPACITY 493,280

DAM
S
SG LANGAT DAM SG BATU DAM
KLANG GATES DAM SG SELANGOR DAM

DAM
TO ENSURE
SUFFICIENT RAW
WATERATALLTIMES
RAW WATER
CHANNELLEDTO
INTAKE
TREATMENT PLANT
COAGULATION,FLOCCULATION,
& CHEMICAL DOSING TO
PRODUCE TREATED WATER
TREATEDWATER
CHANNELLEDTO
BALANCING
RESERVOIR
PUMP HOUSE
BOOST PRESSURE
BEFORE DISTRIBUTION
SERVICE RESERVOIR
WATER STORED BEFORE
DISTRIBUTION
WATER
DISTRIBUTEDAT
SPECIFIED
PRESSURE
WATER
DISTRIBUTED
TO CONSUMERS
WATER SUPPLY IN MALAYSIA
BALANCING RESERVOIR
WATER STORED BEFORE
DISTRIBUTION
RESPONSIBILITY OF CONCESSION COMPANIES(WTOS)
RESPONSIBILITY OF SYABAS

SCHEMETIC LAYOUT OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
( Overall Water Quality Management Framework )
Parties
Responsible
State
Govt
Water Treatment Operators’(WTO)
PNSB
ABASS
SPLASH
KPSB
Monitoring
JKAS - monitoring
MOH - sampling
SYABAS
a) Routine maintenance and cleaning of
reservoirs and pipeline
b) In-house water quality sampling and
monitoring
- monitoring
- sampling
Consumers
 Replacementof
old internal
plumbing
system and
storage tanks
and
communication
pipes.
 Clearing of
storage tanks
 No modification
of internal
plumbing
without
approval.
SYABAS
Role
Authority
Involved
In Water
Quality
RAW
WATER
TREATED WATER PRODUCTION &TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION & SERVICERESERVOIRS
INTERNAL
PLUMBING &
STORAGETANKS
JKAS
MOH
Note:
JKAS - Jabatan Kawalselia Air
- Ministry of Health
Selangor
MOH
Malaysia
Bulk Meter
River
Trunk Distribution Mains
DOE
LUAS

WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
• GRAVITY SYSTEM
• DIRECT PUMPED
SYSTEM
• GRAVITY AND
PUMPED
COMBINATION
The choice of type of distribution system depends on:
• Topography
• Location and extent of the distribution area
• Elevation and site conditions
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- External

• The most preferred type of
distribution
• Bukit Nenas, Kuala Lumpur
High
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- External
GRAVITY SYSTEM
•Higher ground level to low ground
level
•Pressure need supervision
•Head loss will reduce water pressure
at end point. Improve by increasing the
water quantity.

WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM- EXTERNAL
• No need to have service reservoir
• Suitable for same level of land topography
DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM
•User location higher than water
sources
•Suitable to accommodate user
needs
•Water supply disconnected if
energy supply is off.

WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM- EXTERNAL
The most commonly used system
GRAVITY AND PUMP
COMBINATION SYSTEM
•Water being pump to the
water storage at high level
tank and distributed
through gravity
•Users location is lower
than the water storage/
tank level
•Need only small pump
with flat rate performance.

System Advantages Disadvantages
1. Gravity • Most reliable
• Low operational
costs
2. Pumped and
Gravity
Combination
• Least cost option
under certain
topographical
conditions
• Problems
associated with
operation and
maintenance of
pumping systems
3. Direct pumped • Pressure and flow can
be easily regulated
• Remedial action can
speedily taken
• Problems
associated with
operation and
maintenance of
pumping systems
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM- External

Type of building Storage in litres
Dwelling houses & flats per resident 91
Hostels per resident 91
Hotel per resident 136
Offices without canteen per head 37
Offices with canteen per head 45
Restaurants per head/ per meal 7
Day school per head 27
Boarding school per head 91
Nurses homes and medical quarters per
resident
114
WATER SUPPLY-
CAPACITY
PROVIDED
• ESSENTIAL TO KNOW
RESPECTIVE LOCAL
AUTHORITIES
REQUIREMENT
• CAPACITY CALCULATION
DEPENDING THE LOCAL
DEMAND
• CONSULTANTS
RESPONSIBILITIES TO
LIAISE AND COORDINATE
Note: Provision of cold water to cover 24 hours
interruption of supply.
WATER DISTRIBUTION-External to Internal System

* Calculation may vary
with project type and
complexity
Appliance Volume required in liters
Wash basin
i. Hand wash 5
ii. Hand & face wash 10
iii. Hair wash 20
Shower 40
Bath 110
Water Closet (W.C) 20
Washing machine 150
Sink
i. Wash up 15
ii. Cleaning 10

WATER
SUPPLY
Rule Of Thumb
• WATER TANK – SIZE DEPENDING ON GALLONS
• ALL WATER TANK MUST HAVE ACCESS &APPROPRIATE
―RESIDUALHEAD‖
• DOMESTIC
350- 500 GALLONS
250 GALLONS
200 GALLONS
20 – 40 LITERS
• BUNGALOW
• PER UNIT HOUSING
• APARTMENTS
• SANITARY FITTINGS
• PER CAPACITY POPULATION 40 GALLONS

CALCULATION OF WATER STORAGE TANK CAPACITY
* BASED ON 45.46 LITRES PER PERSON (ONE DAY CONSUMPTION)
= 4 NOS.
= 35 PERSON PER CLASS
• NUMBER OF CLASS ROOM
• NUMBER OF PERSON
ROOM.
• TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSON
• TOTAL CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANK
= 35 PERSON X 4 NOS.
= 140 PERSON.
= 140 PERSON X 45.46 LITRES
= 6,364.40 LITRES AS
REQUIRED.
• HOWEVER, CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANK PROVIDED = 10, 910.40 LITRES
(MORE THAN 6,364.40 LITRES)

SUPPLY MAINS
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MAINS:
1. TRUNK MAIN
- DIRECTLY FROM THE RESERVOIR
- ON GROUND AND AT ISOLATEDAREA
- ON CONCRETE PEDESTAL WITH WIND VALVE ON TOP OF
THE MAIN
- SIZE > 300MM
1. SECONDARY MAIN
- SMALLER IN SIZE (225MM TO 300MM)
- UNDER SOIL (>75CM)
- CAN HANDLE PRESSURE FROM ABOVE THE GROUND
2. SERVICE MAIN
- PLANTS AT THE SIDE OF THE ROAD (>75CM)
- SIZE ABOUT 100MM

PIPING CONNECTION EXTERNAL TO
INTERNAL
http://www.syabas.com.

PIPE MATERIALS
• COPPER, POLYETHYLENE, PVC, POLYPROPYLENE
• ONLY UNDER ROAD SURFACE CAST IRON OR STEEL PIPES CAN
BE USED
• ONLY REGISTERED CONTRACTORS CAN PROVIDE WATER
WORKS
• MUST BE APPROVED BY SYABAS (AUTHORITY)
PIPE SIZES
• DEPENDS ON DEMAND AND THE PRESSURE AVAILABLE OR BEING
PROVIDED
BACKFLOW PREVENTION
• PREVENT WATER SUPPLY FROM GETTING CONTAMINATED
ESPECIALLY DURING MAINTENANCE
• AN AIR GAP BETWEEN THE TAP OUTLET AND THE OVERFLOW LEVEL
OF THE FIXTURES IS ONE METHOD TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF
LIQUIDS BACK INTO THE WATER SUPPLY PIPES

PIPE INSTALLATION
• PIPES WHICH ARE INSTALLED IN THE GROUND MUST HAVE A
MINIMUM OF 300MM COVER, TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE PIPE
(I.E. GARDENING WORK).
• PIPE WHICH ARE ABOVE GROUND ARE TO BE RESISTANT TO ULTRA
VIOLET ATTACK.
• PIPES ARE GENERALLY RUN UNDERGROUND TO PREVENT THE
COLD WATER BEING HEATED BY DIRECT SUNLIGHT.
• WATER PIPES DISTRIBUTION PIPES MAY BE RUN UNDER CONCRETE
FLOORS ON FILL, AND IN WALLS, OR IN A ROOF SPACE.
• PIPING IS TO BE SECURED CORRECTLY OR ELSE WATER HAMMER
MAY OCCUR. (WHEN A TAP IS SHUT OFF SUDDENLY)
• UNDERSIZE PIPES MAY CREATE NOISE DUE TO HIGH VELOCITIES
WITHIN THE PIPE.

WATER
METER
• WATER TRAVELS
UNDER PRESSURE
THROUGH A
SYSTEM OF PIPES
TO YOUR HOME
• THE WATER
COMPANY
DELIVERS WATER
TO THE METER
THROUGH SERVICE
MAIN, WHICH
OFTEN PARALLELS
THE STREET.
Helix Meter
Picture : showing the 50mm thick stainless steel meter position for domestic used

WATER METER
• A MAIN SHUTOFF VALVE IS OFTEN LOCATED ON EACH SIDE OF
THE WATER METER.
• THE ONE ON THE STREET SIDE IS THE WATER COMPANY'S VALVE-
THE ONE USED TO SHUT OFF THE SYSTEM WHEN THEY WANT TO
WORK ON OR CHANGE YOUR METER.
• THE OTHER ONE CONTROLS WATER THAT FLOWS TO YOUR
HOUSE. THIS IS YOUR MAIN SHUTOFF; TURNING IT COMPLETELY
CLOCKWISE WILL STOP ALL WATER FLOWING THROUGH YOUR
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM-BOTH INDOORS AND OUTDOORS.

VALVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
FULL WAY ISOLATION
-PROVIDE A FULL BORE OPENING IN A LINE AND ARE
MAINLY USED TO ISOLATE SECTIONS OF THE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FROM MAINTENANCE
GLOBE (UNDER/OVER) VALVE
-USED FOR ISOLATION AND FOR CONTROL OF FLOW
CERAMIC DISK TAP
- USED ON TAPS TO FIXTURES SUCH AS SINKS AND BASINS
BALL FLOAT VALVE
- COMMONLY USED IN CISTERNS
-OPERATED BY A FLOAT ON A LEVER ARM WHICH OPENS
THE VALVE WHEN THE WATER LEVEL IN THE TANK DROPS,
AND CLOSES AS THE WATER LEVEL RISES

WATER DISTRIBUTION-
INTERNAL
THERE ARE TWO (2) TYPES:
1. DIRECT SYSTEM
2. INDIRECT SYSTEM

WATER DISTRIBUTION- DIRECT
SYSTEM
• COLD SUPPLY
DIRECT OFF
MAINS
• NEATER CISTERN
(HOT ONLY) AND
PLUMBING
• ALL COLD TAPS
FOR DRINKING
• GREATER PEAKS
ON MAINS
• RISK OF BACK-
SIPHONAGE

WATER DISTRIBUTION- INDIRECT
SYSTEM
• COLD AND HOT
SUPPLY OFF
STORAGE CISTERN
• REDUCED PEAK
DEMAND ON MAINS
• BUILDING
CUSHIONED FROM
MAINS FAILURE
• MORE PLUMBING,
BIGGER CISTERN
• COLD TAPS NOT
FOR DRINKING

HOT WATER
SUPPLY
CHOICE OF WATER HEATERS DEPENDS ON:
1. TYPE OF FUEL AVAILABLE
2. CAPITAL
3. OPERATING COSTS
4. OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE HEATER TO
SUIT USE AND EXPECTATIONS

HOT WATER
SUPPLY
TYPES OF HEATER:
1. INSTANTANEOUS (TANK LESS)
2. STORAGE – A. DIRECT HEATED – DOMESTIC WATER
HEATER
B. INDIRECT HEATED - COMMERCIAL
INSTALLATION
- SEPARATE BOILER
OR HEAT SOURCE

HOT WATER
SUPPLY
INSTANTANEOUS WATER HEATER (TANK LESS
WATER HEATER)
• Provide hot water only as it is
needed
• No need for storage
• They don't produce the standby
energy losses associated with
storage water heaters, which
can save you money
• High energy input required
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/water_heating

HOT WATER
SUPPLY
STORAGE WATER HEATER
• A single-family storage water heater offers a ready
reservoir— from 20 to 80 gallons—of hot water
• It operates by releasing hot water from the top of the
tank when you turn on the hot water tap.
• To replace that hot water, cold water enters the bottom
of the tank, ensuring that the tank is always full
• Electric water heaters have one or two electric elements,
each with its own thermostat. With two electric elements,
a standby element at the bottom of the tank maintains
the minimum thermostat setting while the upper demand
element provides hot water recovery when demand
heightens.
• Because water is constantly heated in the tank, energy
can be wasted even when a hot water tap isn't running.
This is called standby heat loss.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/water_heating

• VERY COST EFFECTIVE
• SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
INCLUDE STORAGE TANKS AND SOLAR
COLLECTORS.
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SOLAR WATER
HEATING SYSTEMS:
• ACTIVE, WHICH HAVE CIRCULATING
PUMPS AND CONTROLS,
• PASSIVE, WHICH DON'T.
• MOST SOLAR WATER HEATERS REQUIRE A WELL-
INSULATED STORAGE TANK.
• SOLAR STORAGE TANKS HAVE AN
ADDITIONAL OUTLET AND INLET
CONNECTED TO AND FROM THE
COLLECTOR.
• IN TWO-TANK SYSTEMS, THE SOLAR
WATER HEATER PREHEATS WATER
BEFORE IT ENTERS THE CONVENTIONAL
WATER HEATER.
• IN ONE-TANK SYSTEMS, THE BACK-UP
HEATER IS COMBINED WITH THE SOLAR
STORAGE IN ONE TANK.
SOLAR WATER HEATER – HOT WATER
SUPPLY

REFEREN
CE
• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/water_heating
• http://www.syabas.com
• Building Science 322 -Teaching Notes, CURTIN University of Technology
• Ir. V. Subramaniam (2007) ―BalancingConsumers‘ Concerns With Producers‘
Capacity‖, in ‗Managing Challenges Towards Sustainable Water Resources &
Environment‘ conference,Grand Bluewave Hotel, Shah Alam, 26-27 March 2007

PRE-OXIDATION/
DISINFECTION
• MICROBES AND MINERALS
ARE REDUCED WITH
CHLORINE DIOXIDE.
• THE QUALITY OF THE
WATER IS MONITORED
DURING ALL OF THE
VARIOUS STAGES OF
TREATMENT.

AERATIO
N
CONFIGURATION OF AERATORS

FLOCCULATI
ON
• WHEN PARTICLES ARE SLOW TO SETTLE OR
ARE NON SETTLING,CHEMICALS
(COAGULANTS), SUCH AS ALUM,ARE
ADDED TO THE WATER.
• ALUM AND IRON SALTS ARE GENERALLY
USED TO PROMOTE COAGULATION.
• THESE REACT WITH THE UNWANTED
PARTICLES TO FORM LARGER PARTICLES,
CALLED FLOC.
• FLOCCULATION REFERS TO WATER
TREATMENT PROCESSES THAT COMBINE OR
COAGULATE SMALL PARTICLES INTO
LARGER PARTICLES, WHICH SETTLE OUT OF
THE WATER AS SEDIMENT.
• SETTLING OR SEDIMENTATION OCCURS
NATURALLY AS FLOCCULATED PARTICLES
SETTLE OUT OF THE WATER.
An employee surveys
one of the flocculation
settling tanks.
COAGULATION FLOCCULATION SEDIMENTATION

SEDIMENTATI
ON
• THE CHEMICAL COAGULANTS, AND SILT FROM THE WATERARE
REMOVED IN THE SETTLING BASIN

FILTRATIO
N
• FILTRATION CLARIFIES
WATER AND ENHANCES
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
DISINFECTION
• IT REMOVES PARTICLES
INCLUDE CLAY AND
SILTS, NATURAL
ORGANIC MATTER, IRON
AND MANGANESE AND
MICROORGANISMS.

DISINFECTI
ON
• AFTER FILTRATION THE PH
OF THE WATER ISADJUSTED
TO PREVENT SCALING AND
CORROSIVENESS.
• FLUORIDE IS ADDED TO
HELP PREVENT TOOTH
DECAY,AND THE WATER IS
DISINFECTED WITH
CHLORINE.

TREATED WATER PUMP
STATION
TREATED WATER PUMP STATION, BANGI, MALAYSIA
JABATAN BEKALAN AIR SELANGOR (JBAS)

STORAGE
TANK
• THE FILTERED WATER
IS STORED IN LARGE
TANKS CALLED
CLEAR-WELLS.
• STORING THE WATER IN
THESE TANKS PRIOR TO
DISTRIBUTION ALLOWS
THE FINAL DISINFECTANT
CONTACT TIME WITH THE
FRESHLY FILTERED
WATER.

READY FOR
CONSUMERS
• THE DISINFECTION
RESIDUAL IN MUNICIPAL
DRINKING WATER HELPS
TO INSURE THE SAFETY OF
THE DRINKING WATER AS IT
IS PUMPED AWAY FROM
THE TREATMENT PLANT
AND THROUGHOUT THE
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM.
• THIS STAGE IS CALLED
FINISHED OR DRINKING
WATER.

_WATER_SUPPLY_AND_DISTRIBUTION.pptx

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