2. Triggers of change:
• Change is constant in the environment and is
triggered by many factors, these factors
generally include (customers, politics,
economic situation, social change),
3. External factors:
• (1) technology and materials,
• (2) consumer’ preferences,
• (3) innovation and competition,
• (4) political changes,
• (5) change in policy,
• (6) economics and social norms or values,
4. Internal factors:
• (1) new production technique(s),
• (2) low performance,
• (3) poor work relations and environment,
• (4) new management,
• (5) relocation,
• (6) innovation,
5. Strategic change:
• Redesigning or refocusing of the
organizational operational direction,
• This may change the structure and the
systems,
• Change by small incremental changes depends
on the situation,
• Continuum b/w fine-tuning up to radical
transformation,
6. Process re-engineering:
• Change should focus on process’s
effectiveness and efficiency rather than using
new technologies,
• Bad division of labor lead to lack of process
orientation,
7. Process re-engineering:
• Customer pathway as one tool,
• We may use other tools analysis of functions,
jobs, pay structure before change,
• Problems: it is old technique, use scientific
management without considerations for the role
and the needs of people,
• To make change you need political skills,
8. Steps:
(1) prepare the organization,
(2) fundamentally you should rethink the way that work
gets done (SOPs),
(3) restructure the organization,
(4) implement new information and management system
