These notes cover all the powerpoints over cells. Students should watch powerpoints to complete their notes.

1. Cells and Heredity:
Cell Structure and Function
“Discovering Cells”
Chapter 16
Objectives:
Microscopes are used correctly to observe living __________________
Cells—basic units of _________________in living things. (all living things are made of cells)
1 cm of your skin’s surface contains 100,000 cells too tiny to see.
I. FIRST SIGHTINGS OF CELLS
a. ______________—an instrument that makes small objects look larger. 1590
invention of microscope allowed people to look at very small objects. The
microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells.
i. __________ microscope—contains one lens that helps to focus light
ii. _________microscope—a light microscope that has more than one lens.
b. Robert _________—One of the first people to observe cells. In 1663 Hooke
observed a small piece of cork with a compound microscope that he built. Cork
is made from the bark of the cork oak tree, and is made up of cells that are no
longer alive. He saw tiny “rectangular little rooms” that he called cells. He found
that one centimeter of cork had over a thousand cells.
c. Anton van Leeuwenhoek—a Dutch businessman and amateur scientists made
his own lenses to construct a simple microscope. He looked at water from a
pond and found many one-celled organisms which he called “animalcules”
meaning small animals. Also looked at scrapings from teeth and was the first
person to see the tiny single-celled organisms that are now called ___________
Many people began to study cells after his findings.
PASS Strand:
1. Structure and Function in ___________ Systems
Objectives:
A. Cells are the building blocks of all organisms (both ___________ and _____________).
Local extension: The cell theory states:
1. All living things are made up of _____________
2. Cells are the basic __________ of structure and function in all living things.
3. Living cells come only from other _________ cells.
II. THE CELL __________
d. Microscopes led to the discovery that all living things are made up of cells.
e. Schleiden (shly-dun)—scientists who discovered that plants are made up of
cells.
f. Schwann—scientists who discovered that all animals are made up of cells. All
living things are made up of cells.
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2. g. Virchow—(fur koh) new cells are only formed from ___________ cells. All cells
come from other cells.
h. These discoveries led to the CELL THEORY. The CELL THEORY is a widely
accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things It states
i. All living things are composed of cells
ii. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
iii. All cells are produced from other cells.
III. HOW A _____________ MICROSCOPE WORKS
Microscopes use lenses to make smaller objects look larger. Microscopes must include
magnification and resolution.
i. _________________—the ability to make things look larger than they are.
i. Lens—the lens or lenses in a light microscope magnify an object by
bending the light that passes through them.
ii. ____________ lens—curved lens. Center is thicker than edges.
iii. Compound microscopes—use more than one lens, so magnify more
than simple microscopes.
iv. Total magnification is equal to the magnifications of the two lenses
________________ together.
j. Resolution—is the ability to clearly distinguish the __________________ of an
object. It helps the image look “sharper”, “more clear” or “being able to see fine
detail”
II. ____________________ MICROSCOPES
a. Hooke, Leeuwenhoek and others all used light microscopes.
b. 1930s electron microscope was invented.
i. Use a beam of electrons instead of light to examine a specimen.
ii. Resolution is much better than light microscopes.
iii. Continue to learn about the structure and function of cell
Cells and Heredity
“Looking Inside of Cells”
Chapter 16
PASS Strand:
1. Structure and Function in Living Systems
Objectives:
C. Specialized structures perform specific ______________ at all levels of complexity (e.g.,
leaves on trees and wings on birds).
_________________—objects inside a cell, which carry out specific functions within the cell.
I. Cell Wall—a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and
some other organisms.
a. Make of tough, yet flexible material called ________________
b. Helps to protect and ____________ the cell
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3. c. Materials such as water and ____________ can pass through the cell wall
i. Ex. _________on a window. Sturdy, but water and air can pass through.
II. Cell Membrane--
a. Located just inside the cell wall in ______________.
b. Animals, it is the outside boundary that separates cells from its environment.
III. Nucleus
a. Acts as the _____________ of the cell. It directs all the cell’s activities.
IV. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
a. Cytoplasm—
i. area between the cell membrane and nucleus.
ii. _______________ fluid in which many organelles are found.
b. Mitochondria
i. ________ shaped structures
ii. The “powerhouse” of the cell
iii. Produce most of the __________ the cell needs to carry out its functions.
c. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
i. Maze of _____________________
ii. Carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
d. Ribosomes
i. Grainlike _________attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum
ii. Also found floating in the cytoplasm.
iii. Factories to produce proteins.
e. Golgi Bodies
i. Flattened collection of sacs and tubes
ii. Cells ___________
iii. Receive proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum,
package them, and send them off to other parts of the cell.
f. Chloroplasts
i. Large green structures floating in cytoplasm.
ii. Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ________for the cell.
iii. Give plants ____________ color.
g. Vacuoles
i. Large, round, ____________________ sac floating in the cytoplasm.
ii. Storage area of the cell.
iii. Plant cells (mostly) have 1 large vacuole.
iv. Animal cells may or may not have one.
h. Lysosomes
i. Small round structures that contain chemicals that break down large food
particles into smaller ones.
ii. Recycle old cell parts so they can be used again.
V. Bacterial Cells
a. Smaller than plant or animal cells
b. Has a cell wall and cell membrane
c. Has no ________________
d. Genetic material (looks like waded string) is found in cytoplasm
e. Contain ribosomes, but no other organelles
VI. Specialized Cells
a. Cells are suited to the functions they carry out.
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4. b. Ex. Blood cells look different than nerve cells and have different jobs.
Difference in Plant and Animal Cells; Make a venn diagram:
Plants Animals
Cell walls no cell walls
Cell membrane Cell membrane
Chloroplasts No chloroplasts
PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS
DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
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5. CELL NO 5 SING-A-LONG
I’ve got a story to tell A little bit of Golgi to package them
it’s about all the organelles in a cell All these organelles are in your cells
the tiny organs that make it run
so that we can still learn and have a some Inside the nucleus is DNA
fun Made up of genes,
but that’s okay
Look at your hands while I sing
they’re made up of cells like Cells have mitochondria for energy
all living things stored in the form of ATP
The cell Vacuoles to store more stuff
is and though there’s more organelles,
the basic I think that’s enough
unit of life A little bit of nucleus controls it all
if you understand And if it’s a plant cell it has a cell wall
You’re gonna be alright
A little cell membrane for in and out
Cells are small Cilia and flagella to move about
You really can’t visualize
but a microscope helps you to A little bit of ribosomes to synthesize
see a surprise the proteins that travel on an ER ride
Inside a cell A little bit of Golgi to package them
there’s a whole lotta things All these organelles are in your cells
these are organelles
of which I sing A little bit of nucleus controls it all
And if it’s a plant cell it has a cell wall
A little bit of nucleus controls it all
And if it’s a plant cell it has a cell wall A little cell membrane for in and out
Cilia and flagella to move about
A little cell membrane for in and out
Cilia and flagella to move about A little bit of ribosomes to synthesize
the proteins that travel on an ER ride
A little bit of ribosomes to synthesize
the proteins that travel on an ER ride A little bit of Golgi to package them
All these organelles are in your cells
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6. Human Biology and Health
“How the Body is Organized”
PASS Strand:
1. Structure and Function in Living Systems
Objectives:
B. Living systems are organized by levels of ____________________, i.e. cells, tissues,
organs, and/or systems, organisms, and ecosystems.)
The levels of organization in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
Organism systems together make organisms. Organisms create ecosystems.
Levels of Organization
1. ____________—basic unit of structure and function in a living thing.
a. Unicellular—organism which only has one cell
b. Multicellular—complex organism made up of ________________ cells
2. Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform the same function. Perform a specific
job.
a. Muscle tissue—cells can ___________or shorten
b. Nerve tissue—carries messages between brain and __________
c. Connective tissue—Support for body, connects all parts of body
d. Epithelial tissue—Covers the surfaces of your body, inside and out
3. Organs—a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue. Performs a specific
job.
a. Heart—is an organ. Function: pumps _________through your body. Is made up
of 4 kinds of tissue. Each helps with the overall job.
b. Kidneys-- two bean-shaped organs. Helps keep water volume in body
constant. Helps remove wastes from body and helps regulate blood pressure
c. Skin—largest ___________. Covers and protects body.
4. Organ System—a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
a. Circulatory—carries materials to body cells, carries wastes away from body
cells helps fight ____________
b. Digestive—takes food into the body, breaks food down, and absorbs the
digestive materials
c. Immune—Fights ___________
d. Muscular—Enables the body to move, moves food through the ___________
system, keeps the heart beating
e. Nervous—detects and interprets information from the environment outside the
body and from within the body, controls most body ______________
f. Respiratory—Takes oxygen into the body and eliminates _______________
g. Skeletal—Supports the body, protects it, and works with muscles to allow
movement, makes blood cells and stores some materials.
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7. h. Skin—Protects the body, keeps water inside the body, and helps regulate body
temperature
EXAMPLES:
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN THE BODY
BONES:
a) Bone cell—responsible for bone growth and repair.
b) Bone tissue—consists of living cells that are separated from one
another by a hard non-living material that gives bones their strength.
c) Bone organ—Ex. Thigh bone or femur consists of different kinds of
tissues. (also contains blood and nerve tissue)
d) Organ system—Skeletal system. Made up of over 200 bones.
Includes cartilage and ligaments.
5. Organism—Organ systems come together to produce a ________________. An
individual form of life, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, protist, or fungus;
6. ____________________—A community of plants, animals, and microorganisms that
are linked by energy and nutrient flows and that interact with each other and with the
physical environment.
 _______________________—depending on other things to get a job done.
Working together.
TEXTBOOK: HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEATH
“Keeping the Body in Balance”
PASS Strand:
4. Behavior and Regulations
Objectives:
B. Living organisms strive to maintain a constant internal environment (i.e., temperature regulation).
Local extension: Stable internal conditions are related through homeostasis.
Homeostasis
_________________—the body’s tendency to maintain an internal balance. Process by
which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of the changes to the
external environment.
Homeostasis
1. Stress “threatening, challenging or disturbing events”
a. More blood goes to brain
b. Hearing ability increases
c. Sweating increases
d. Muscles tense
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8. e. Pupils of eyes widen to take in more light
f. Heart rate increases
g. Digestive system slows
2. Being startled “_________________” –adrenaline reactions
a. Respiratory system provides more oxygen
b. Muscular and Skeletal system are ready for fight or flight
3. __________ Balance
a. Thirst
b. Urination
4. ________________
a. __________________ organisms—an animal whose body controls and
regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces.
Temperature does not change much.
i. Homeostasis—controls its own environment
ii. Mammals and birds
iii. It is hot outside, your temperature is about 98.6 F
iv. It is snowing outside, your temperature is about 98.6 F
b. ___________________ organisms—an animal whose body does not
produce much internal heat. Its body temperature changes depending on
the temperature of its environment.
i. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles
ii. A turtle lies in the sun, its body temperature rises
iii. A turtle lies in the snow, its body temperature lessens
A ___________________ feedback loop works in the opposite direction from what it is
trying to accomplish. An example of a negative feedback loop involved in homeostasis is
maintenance of body temperature. As a person’s body gets too hot, (s)he begins to sweat in
an attempt to lower the temperature. If someone’s body is too cool,(s)he will begin to shiver in
an attempt to increase the temperature. Example: Air conditioning
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