EMERGING and RE-EMERGING DISEASES.pptx

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INTRODUCTION EMERGING INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
RE-EMERGING
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
FACTORS
CONTRIBUTING TO
EMERGENCE AND RE-
EMERGENCE OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
CHALLENGES TO
PREVENT THE
EMERGENCE OF
DISEASES

SUB TOPIC Part 1
• Last 20 years, at least 30 new
diseases have emerged
• There is no treatment or appropriate
vaccine
• Death:
• At least 17 million lives every year worldwide
• 7 million people die annually in South-East Asia

SUB TOPIC Part 1
Emergence of new infectious diseases
Re-emergence of old infectious
diseases
Persistence of intractable infectious
Diseases.

SUB TOPIC Part 1
World’s New And Re-Emerging
Diseases_ CellPress
The global extent of newly emerging, re-emerging, and ‘‘deliberately emerging’’ infectious disease from
1981 to 2020.

SUB TOPIC Part 2
• Emerging infectious diseases are "New
diseases; new problem (New threats)"
• An emerging infectious disease is one which
is caused by a newly discovered infectious
agent
• By a newly identified pathogen, which has
emerged and whose incidence in humans
has increased during the last 2 decades and
is threatening to increase in the near future.

SUB TOPIC Part 2 Types
Diseases due to new
agents
1
Diseases due to new
variants of known
pathogens
2
Diseases caused by
infectious agent but
resulting in non
communicable
diseases
3

SUB TOPIC Part 2
Guidance Emerging infections: how and why they arise Updated 5 January 2023
UK Health Security Agency

SUB TOPIC Part 2
HUMAN MONKEY POX
1970
First discovered - Zire, Africa
1996–1997
second outbreak
2003
small outbreak in US with 79
cases
2005
cases reported from Sudan
Sep. 2017 – May 2019
Nigeria
Sep. 2018
UK
May 2019
Singapore
A N O U T B R E A K O F M P O X , A V I R A L D I S E A S E T H E N C O M M O N L Y K N O W N A S " M O N K E Y P O X " , W A S C O N F I R M E D I N
M A Y 2 0 2 2 . T H E I N I T I A L C L U S T E R O F C A S E S W A S F O U N D I N T H E U N I T E D K I N G D O M , W H E R E T H E F I R S T C A S E
W A S D E T E C T E D I N L O N D O N O N 6 M A Y 2 0 2 2 I N A P A T I E N T W I T H A R E C E N T T R A V E L H I S T O R Y F R O M N I G E R I A .

SUB TOPIC Part 2 HUMAN MONKEY POX

SUB TOPIC Part 2
Legionnaires Disease
1976
First discovered - America
(182 cases & 29 died)
1999
second outbreak in
Netherland (318 cases &32
death)
2001
largest outbreak in Spain
(449 cases & 6 died)
2005
Canada (127 cases & 29
died
2014
Portugal (304 cases & 7
death)
2015
Northern California (81
cases)
2019
Western North Carolina
(141 cases & 4 death)
Every year: 8000-18000 cases occur in US.

SUB TOPIC Part 2 Legionnaires Disease

SUB TOPIC Part 2
EBOLA VIRAL DISEASE
• First discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River. Since then, outbreaks have
appeared sporadically in Africa.
• The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest in history.
• Primarily affecting Guinea, Northern Liberia, and Sierra Leone.
• Ebola virus disease (EVD), previous known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever
(Ebola HF)
• Fatality rate of up to 90%
• Transmitted by direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of
infected animals or people

SUB TOPIC Part 2 Ebola Viral Disease

SUB TOPIC Part 2
SARS
The First Emerging
Infectious Disease Of
The 21st Century
No infectious
disease has
spread so fast and
far as SARS did in
2003

SUB TOPIC Part 2
SWINE FLU (HIN1)
Apr. 2009
Pandemic outbreak since April
2009
15 Apr. 2009
April 15th, 2009, CDC identifies
H1N1 (swine flu)
25 Apr. 2009
April 25th, 2009, WHO declares
public health emergency
5 May 2009
By May 5, 2009, more than
1000 cases confirmed in 21
countries
16 May 2009
May 16, 2009, India reports
first confirmed case
Mar. 2015
Cases of swine flu have been
reported in India, with over
31.156 positive test cases and
1.841 deaths up to March 2015

SUB TOPIC Part 2 Swine Flu (H1N1)
SWINE FLU (H1N1)

SUB TOPIC Part 2
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1)
• Since Nov 2003, avian influenza
H5N1 in birds affected 60 countries
across Asia, Europe, Middle-East &
Africa
• More than 220 million birds killed
by this virus or culled to prevent
further spread
• Majority of human H5N1 infection
due to direct contact with birds
infected with virus

SUB TOPIC Part 2
ZIKA VIRUS
1947: First discovered in a monkey, Uganda.
In 1952: First human cases detected.
Before 2007: 14 human cases documented.
June 2015:- First case in Brazil.
2016:- In U.S., over 3,000 cases.
January 22, 2016, CDC activated its
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
On February 8, 2016, CDC elevated its EOC activation to a Level 1, the highest level.

SUB TOPIC Part 2
Malaysian Nipah virus epidemic 1998-1999
• An outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia &
Singapore
• Overcrowding results in viral transmission to pig
handlers
• The virus persists in low numbers in the island
flying fox, a type of fruit bat and Malaysian flying
fox.
• Of the 269 human cases of viral encephalitis
associated with Nipah virus infection reported in
Malaysia in 1999, 108 were fatal (Ministry of
Health Malaysia, 2001).

SUB TOPIC Part 2
COVID- 19
• December 2019, Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in
Wuhan, China
• On December 14th, 2020. a new strain of COVID-19 virus was reported
from UK. the new strain is highly contagious, about 70 per cent more
transmissible than highly contagious, about 70 per cent more transmissible
than the old variant. The UK variant is now referred to as SARS-CoV-2
VOC 2020 12/01. As of 30th December 2020.
• Another variant. 5 01Y.V2. was reported on 18th, December 2020. in South
Africa.

SUB TOPIC Part 2
COVID- 19
• Spread to over 200 countries/territories. COVID-19 was declared a
Pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020, resulting in shift of focus
from China to Europe and North America and later to the world.
• The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 are currently unknown, but it is
speculated that it has an animal origin.
• The virus is distinct from both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS) coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) coronavirus, although closely related.

SUB TOPIC Part 2
COVID- 19 IN INDIA
• For expanding the infrastructure, COVID-19 Dedicated Hospitals were
created.
• They are as follows :
1. 1,054 Dedicated COVID Hospitals of about 1.81 lakh beds;
2. 2,681 Dedicated COVID Health Care Centres with 150 lakh beds;
3. 7,292 COVID Care Centres with 6.62 lakh beds. There were 9.96
lakh dedicated beds as on 29.5.2020
• Maharashtra, Delhi, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
were the worst hit states of the country.

SUB TOPIC Part 2 COVID- 19 IN INDIA
Aarogya Setu App :
• Launched by the Government of
India on the 2nd April 2020,
• Available in 11 languages
including Hindi and English.
• Location-based surveillance app.
to let the users check whether
they have been in contact with
infected people by using location
and Bluetooth data from
smartphones.

SUB TOPIC Part 2 COVID- 19 In India

SUB TOPIC Part 2
Emerging Food borne & water borne disease
• Accounts for 20 million cases in the world annually
(T.D. Chugh-2008)
• Incidence is increasing
• Half of all known food borne pathogens discovered during the past 25
years
• Most common associated organisms are: Entero
hemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae,
Campylobacter sp.

SUB TOPIC Part 2 Emerging Food borne & water borne disease

SUB TOPIC Part 3
• Re-emerging infectious diseases are "old diseases
new problem. (New threats)".
• A re-emerging infectious disease is a one which was
previously controlled but once again has risen to be a
significant health problem.
• This term also refers to that disease which was
formerly confined to one geographic area, has now
spread to other areas.

SUB TOPIC Part 3
Polio
Yellow Fever
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Kala- azar
Dengue Fever
Plague

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Controlling the reservoir
• Interrupting the transmission
• Protecting the susceptible host
• Strengthening of the disease surveillance system
• Encouraging research initiations for treatment
regimens and diagnostics
• Encouraging research for new methods of control
measures
• Establishment of drug resistance

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Increase knowledge and skill; Educate the
public
• Encourage partnerships with consumers and
other disciplines
• Support health care legislation
• Involve in research
• Encourage using multidisciplinary efforts.
• Influence local and National economic and
political options
• Continue to advance nursing concern

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• National program for prevention and control of
vector borne diseases
• Legislations for elimination
• Communities' awareness of the disease
• Minimizing transmission of infection: By
• Risk communication to the family members
• Minimizing vector population
• Minimizing vector - individual contact
• Reporting to the nearest public health authority

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Develop guidelines for surveillance,
prevention & practice.
• System to monitor infections-assess
effectiveness.
• Continuous training programs for healthcare
workers.
• Facilitate access to materials for hygiene &
safety.

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Safe water
• Sewage treatment and
disposal
• Food safety program
• Animal control program
• Vaccination program
• Public health organization
DEVEX
WHO
WHO

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Developing global and regional strategies
• Appointing Task Force
• Generous grant from WHO regular budget
• Support the World Bank grant
• GOARN (Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network)
• Mechanism for combating international disease
outbreaks
• Ensure rapid deployment of technical assistance,
contribute to long-term epidemic preparedness &
capacity building

SUB TOPIC Part 5
• Surveillance at national, regional, global level
• Epidemiological,
• Laboratory
• Ecological
• Anthropological
• Investigation and early control measures
• Implement prevention measures
• Behavioral, political, environmental
• Monitoring, evaluation

SUB TOPIC Part 5
Factors SOLUTION
Migration Proper health screening, vaccination
Travel Immunization, infection control measure
Urbanization Proper sanitation, adequate housing, good
infrastructure
Human Behaviour Education. behaviour modification
Antibiotic Usage Judicious use of antibiotic
Correct antibiotic for correct pathogen (with right
dosage and route).
Strengthen infection control measures

Fact
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Summary / Info
Fact ~ Fact ~ Facts
Summary / Info
Fact ~ Fact ~ Facts
Summary / Info
Fact ~ Fact ~ Facts
95% Match 2023 5 Seasons
• The true prevalence of many diseases is not known. Since we live in
a global village, we cannot afford to be complacent about the
tremendous economic, social and public health burden of these
diseases. Effective surveillance is the key to their early containment.
• There is a need to develop epidemiology improved diagnostic
facilities, a strong public health structure, effective risk
communication, epidemic preparedness and rapid response.

Review
Play More Info
• Guidance Emerging infections: how and why they arise Updated 5 January 2023_ UK
Health Security Agency
• HIV / AIDS by Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie- last revised in November 2019.
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome by J S M Peiris, Y Guan & K Y Yuen
• Park .k, " Park textbook of Preventive and social medicine "26th edition ,2015 ,
• Suryakantha . AH ," Community medicine with recent advances",4th edition, 2017 ,
Jaypee Brother medical publishers ,(p)ltd, 4th edition,
• Dash Bijayalaskhmi, A Comprehensive Textbook of Community Health Nursing, 1st
edition, Jaypee Brothers, Publisher, 2016
• Cell press article on Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19 By
David M. Morens1,* and Anthony S. Fauc

100% Done 20+ 5 Members
Reporters: Allen, Diya, Lubna, Meharuniza, Praveen
Subject: Community Medicine
Guide: Dr. Chitra
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