Provides an overview of general telecommunication main trends into mobile broadband and data traffic demands in large crowd concentrations. Analyzes the system capacity for capturing the high density traffic: SmallCells. Brings the main related concerns for SmallCells deployment.

1. LTE Latin America 2013
16-17 April 2013
Windsor Barra Hotel,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
4G for Upcoming Mega Events
Alberto Boaventura
Diretoria de Tecnologia e Plataformas
alberto@oi.net.br
+55 21 8875 4998

2. Telecom is Changing
Fixed & Mobile Broadband (Millions)
Fixed & Mobile Accesses (Millions)
Mobile devices are
Telecom becomes mobile ... preferred in the younger 1000
Fixed telephone lines
Mobile cellular subscriptions 200
generations for the
establishment of Fixed broadband subscriptions
80,0% 18 a 24 telecommunications Mobile broadband subscriptions
25 a 34 services.
60,0% 500 100
40,0% 35 a 44
45 a 54 In Latin America, it is
20,0% expected that the number
0,0% 55 a 64 of mobile broadband
Local LD access to overcome the 0 0
65 ~
2007
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: SmallCell Forum fixed in 2012.
The significant growth forecast for the mobile Source: ITU/ICT/MIS
World Device Shipments (Millions)
Mobile Internet is justified by the integration of
Internet features (for personal use) in a single device, 1.000 Smartphones
making it in some years, the primary device Tablets
Internet from the desktop. 800
Desktop Netbooks
Mini 600 Notebooks
Mainframe Total smartphone subscriptions reached 1.1 Desktops
10 B+ billion by the end of 2012 and are expected to
grow to 3.3 billion in 2018. 400
1 B+ It is estimated that the demand for Tablet and 200
Smartphone will surpass 1 billion shipments by
100 MM+ 2013. 0
1 MM+ 10 MM+ Smartphones represented only 18 percent of 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
total global handsets in use in 2012, but Source: Morgan Stanley & Nomura 2012
1960 1970 1980 1990 2020+ represented 92% of all handset traffic.
LTE
and mobile becomes data …
World Mobile Subscriptions (Billions)
According to Ericsson, mobile data traffic UMTS/HSPA
doubled between Q3 2011 and Q3 2012. 10
GSM;EDGE
Total (UL+DL) traffic (PetaBytes)
1000 The average smartphone will generate 2.7
Data GB of traffic per month in 2017. Aggregate TD-SCDMA
smartphone traffic in 2017 will be 19 times CDMA
Voice greater than it is today – Cisco VNI 2012. Other
6
400 It has influenced by rapid technology
network lifecycle.
The LTE will quickly represent the most
expressive growth, representing CAGR
around 75% for 2012-2018 against -10% for
2G and 25% for 3G in the same period-
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ericsson 2012. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Ericsson 2012 Source: Ericsson 2012
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3. Telecom is Changing
and data becomes video … 12
Mobile File Sharing
At the same time, it is expected that
América Latina the average grows exponentially. In Mobile M2M
Exabytes per month
6 Mbps Brazil, the growth is 82% year-on-
America do Norte year by 2015 according to Cisco Mobile Web/Data
5 Mbps
Europa Ocidental Mobile Video
4 Mbps 6
Brazil
3 Mbps
Mobile video will grow at a CAGR of
2 Mbps 75% between 2012 and 2017, the
1 Mbps highest growth rate of any mobile
application category. Of the 11.2
0 Mbps exabytes per month crossing the
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 mobile network by 2017, 7.4 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
exabytes will be due to video –
Source: Cisco VNI 2010 Cisco VNI 2012. Source: Cisco VNI 2012
and video becomes social & cloud …
 Facebook has over 1 billion users and monthly 850 million are active.  More than 1 billion unique users visit YouTube each month
A half of them use mobile access (488 million users) regularly.  Over 4 billion hours of video are watched each month on YouTube
 Every day are uploaded over 250 million photos and, in 2012,  72 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute
210,000 years of music have been played on Facebook.
 In 2011, YouTube had more than 1 trillion views or around 140
views for every person on Earth
 11 accounts are created every second on Twitter.  25% of global YouTube views come from mobile devices
 50% of Twitter users are using the social network via mobile.  People watch one billion views a day on YouTube mobile
 YouTube is available on hundreds of millions of devices
 The average Instagram user spent 257 minutes accessing the photo-
sharing site via mobile device in August 2012, while the average  Traffic from mobile devices tripled in 2011
Twitter user over the same period spent 170 minutes viewing.
 More than 5 million photos are uploaded to Instagram every day.  In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated
 Nearly 4 billion photos have been shared on Instagram since its consumer mobile service with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer
beginning. mobile users - Cisco 2012
and mobile, data, video, social, cloud & games become crowd density traffic …
On the market demand in dense urban areas during The Convention Industry Council
business hours, it has been calculated that 800 Manual guidelines recommend 10
Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G square feet per person. It represents
Projects). 1 Million persons per km2. If all
This is an order of magnitude higher than the persons upload video with 64 kbps, it
forward looking current state of the art, such as LTE. represents 64 Gbps/km2!
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4. We need to be prepared!
1000 x Traffic
Concentrated
10 x Usage
10 x Average
Throughput
1000 x
1000 x
10 x More
devices
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5. System Capacity
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑲 𝟏 ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑲 𝟐 ∙ 𝑺𝑵𝑹
More Spectrum New Split Cells
Technologies
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6. Frequency Requirements for MBB
ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in Spectrum Requirements per Operator
order to accomplish the IMT-2000 future development, IMT- (Rysavy Research – February 2010):
Advanced, in 2020:
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 The expectation is to be needed over
than 200 MHz per operator in 2016.
1027 971 MHz 997 MHz
587 MHz MHz 531 MHz 557 MHz
693 MHz 693 MHz 749 MHz 749 MHz 723 MHz 723 MHz
Low High Low High Low High
Licensed spectrum New spectrum New technologies
 ITU-R forecasts a need of 1280 to 1720  FCC: Make 500 MHz of spectrum newly  Spectrum Aggregation
MHz in the medium term for IMT available for broadband within 10 years  Sensing and Cognitive radio
(before 2020)  European Comm.: 1200 MHz (incl. exist. 625 technologies for spectrum sharing
 Global IMT spectrum of 715 MHz MHz) to be allocated to mobile broadband  Offloading with fallback techniques to
currently available, plus <300 MHz on by 2015 exclusive global bands, e.g. for
a regional basis  Need to consider shared spectrum: mobility/roaming.
 WRC’12 confirmed the intention to Unlicensed spectrum, unlicensed secondary
allocate more spectrum to IMT in the usage or Licensed Secondary Access (LSA)
700 MHz band (~90 MHz) e.g. in TV white space,
Band UL DL Width WRC 3GPP (LTE) Anatel
(MHz) (MHz) (*)
 450 MHz 451-457 461-468 14 MHz 2007 Not defined Res 558/2010 In Brazil, the total
amount of frequency
 700 MHz 703-748 758-803 90 MHz 2007 Bands 12, CP 12/2013
is 330 MHz (Res 454)
13, 17 & 28
850 MHz 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 MHz 2000 Band 5 Res 454/2006 and recently 204 MHz Capacity : >2 GHz
900 MHz 898,5 - 901; 907,5 - 915; 10 MHz 2000 Band 8 Res 454/2006 have been available
with LTE auction. Coverage or Capacity : > 1 GHz & <2 GHz
943,5 - 946 952,5 - 960
1800 MHz 1.710-1785 1805-1880 150 MHz 1992/ Band 3 Res 454/2006 But due CAP
2000 constraint, only 120- Coverage: < 1 GHz
140 MHz per operator
2100 MHz 1920-1975 2110-2165 110 MHz 2000 Band 1 Res 454/2006
is allowed. Combined usage for LTE Advanced
 2600 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690 140 MHz 2007 Band 7 Res 544/2010
 3500 MHz 3400-3600 (TDD) 200 MHz 2007 Band 43 Res 537/2010
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7. LTE Advanced
3GPP 3GPP
Release 8 Release 10 ITU-R M.2034
Spectral Efficiency
DL 15 bits/Hz
UL 6.75 bits/Hz
Latency
User Plane < 10 ms
ADVANCED Control Plane < 100 ms
3GPP TR 36.913 Bandwidth
ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz
ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz
Carrier Aggregation High Order DL-MIMO Colaboration MIMO Multihop Relay
Intra & Inter Band & Advanced UL-MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet
Smallcells Heterogeneous
Network
Multihop
Band X Relay
Band y
LTE Roadmap High order MIMO
Carrier Aggregation
Hetnet/CoMP
Release 8/9 Release 10/11 Release 12/13 SmallCells
20 MHz OFDM Carrier Aggregation Small Cells Enh.
SC-FDMA UL 4x4 MIMO CoMP Enh.
DL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP LTE –A
Capacity
FD-MIMO (x3.53)
SON, HeNB HetNet (x4.33) DiverseTraffic Support
MU-MIMO (x1.14) LTE
Coverage
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8. Access Network Dimensioning
Traffic
Exceeded Traffic 𝑨𝒄 System Growth
Capacity
More Spectrum
New technologies
Coverage Cell Range Split Cells
𝑪𝒕
#𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆; 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 Where:
A: Coverage Area
Ac: Base Station Coverage Area
𝑨 𝑫
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = D: Traffic Demand
𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒕 Ct: Base Station Traffic Capacity
Capacity
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 Investment
𝑨 > 𝑫 𝑪𝒕 > 𝑫 ↑ 𝑪𝒕
< <
D/A: Traffic Demand Density (Traf/km2) 𝑫
𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒕 𝑨𝒄 𝑨 Ct/Ac: System Offering Dens. (Traf/km2) 𝑨𝒄
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑨 ↓
Coverage
Traffic Demand Density System Offering Density
System Rural Suburban Urbao
GSM 1800 MHz (5) 0,1 Erl/km2 3,2 Erl/km2 45,3 Erl/km2
𝑫 𝑪𝒕 𝑫 𝑪𝒕 𝑫 𝑪𝒕 UMTS 2100 MHz (5) 8,0 Erl/km2 41,7 Erl/km2 264,2 Erl/km2
> < =
𝑨 𝑨𝒄 𝑨 𝑨𝒄 𝑨 𝑨𝒄
No No HSPA+ 2100 (10) 10,4 Mbps/km2 21,5 Mbps/km2 35,3 Mbps/km2
LTE 700 MHz (10) 1,4 Mbps/km2 3,0 Mbps/km2 5,4 Mbps/km2
Yes Yes Yes LTE 1800 MHz (10) 9,2 Mbps/km2 19,4 Mbps/km2 32,3 Mbps/km2
LTE 2600 MHz (10) 16,4 Mbps/km2 33,6 Mbps/km2 53,3 Mbps/km2
Higher Cell Optimized LTE 2600 MHz (20) 32,8 Mbps/km2 67,2 Mbps/km2 106,6 Mbps/km2
Capacity SmallCell 2600 MHz (10) 8584,7 Mbps/km2
Investment Range, lower Investment
investment SmallCell 2600 MHz (20) 17169,3 Mbps/km2
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9. Handling High Density Traffic
Traffic Density Effect in Access Network Plan
100000,0 Mbps/km2
 Bands below 1 GHz, such as 700 MHz is applicable
HSPA+ 2100 (10) for low density traffic, like: product in initial
10000,0 Mbps/km2 LTE 700 MHz (10) lifecycle; suburban and rural areas;
LTE 1800 MHz (10)
1000,0 Mbps/km2  When traffic is becoming more density, there is no
LTE 2600 MHz (10)
LTE 2600 MHz (20) difference between high and low spectrum band
100,0 Mbps/km2
SmallCell 2600 MHz (10)  For crowd density traffic, SmallCells has higher
10,0 Mbps/km2 SmallCell 2600 MHz (20) capacity than macro cells with very cost effective
Artists  Qualcomm estimates the gain for 32 SmallCells
1,0 Mbps/km2 Crowd Traffic
Rural Suburban Urban increase the network capacity in 37 x macro cells.
Coverage Capacity Capacity
2015 2016  The blue line shows the system density capacity (Ct/Ac) for
500,0 Mbps/km2 LTE with 50 RBs in function of Cell Range (km);
2016
400,0 Mbps/km2  The coverage plan of (Cell Range = 640 m) meets the
156% demands of 2013 and 2014;
156%
300,0 Mbps/km2  However in 2015, the Cell Range must reduce to 400 m to
200,0 Mbps/km2
accommodate all demand this year. The impact is the need
to increase the number of sites by 156% ;
2015
100,0 Mbps/km2  In 2016, the Cell Range reduction is 250 m., the new
0,0 Mbps/km2
impact is the increase of 156%;
2014
2013 0,7 km 0,6 km 0,5 km 0,4 km 0,3 km  At this moment Small Cells can be an alternative;
Cell Site CapEx Small Cell, existing
fiber CapEx/Mbps
New Cell Site
23% 17% 15% 8-year OpEx/Mbps
represents a huge Small Cell, NLOS
38% 35% impact in Wireless
52%
Operation total cost. Owned Tower
45% 50%
25% And infrastructure is
one of the main part. Leased Tower
Rooftop 30m Tower 50m Tower
Infra BTS Transport $2K $4K $6K
Source: Planning Area, Oi, 2012 Source: Mobile Experts, 2012
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10. Indoor Application
Nearly 50% of mobile communications Building Penetration Loss
occur in indoor environment
2600 MHz
4% 11% In Car 2100 MHz
39%
14% At Home 1800 MHz
At Work 900 MHz
Travelling
700 MHz
32% Others
0,0 dB 5,0 dB 10,0 dB 15,0 dB 20,0 dB 25,0 dB
Source: SmallCell Forum
Average Sector Throughput vs Cell Range Additional Percentage of Macro Cells for
60 Mbps Indoor SLA assurance
100%
40 Mbps
50% 80%
20 Mbps
60%
0 Mbps 40%
0,0 km 0,3 km 0,6 km
20%
2600 MHz(10 MHz) - Indoor 2600 MHz(10 MHz) - Outdoor
0,0 k Usrs/km2 0,8 k Usrs/km2 1,5 k Usrs/km2
Based on simulations, DL loses Due high level of investment in
around 50% of average throughput macro cells, SmallCells is applicable
in indoor coverage. for indoor coverage, even in low
density traffic.
In 3G, femtocells have a successful history for traffic offload and gap coverage.
Besides providing a solution for high density traffic, LTE SmallCells is a cost
effective solution for indoor coverage, even for low traffic density.
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11. SmallCells Topology Alternatives
Residential and Enterprise (SME) Application - Indoor & Hotspots
Mini POP Core Network
Aggregation S1-APPL
SEG MME
(ONT/DSLAM/BRAS)
Local Breakout Internet
Video Cache (LIPA/SIPTO)
Metro Cell & HetNet – Outdoor (eventually indoor) & HetNet
Inter-Cell Interference
Coordination (ICIC )
Coordinated Multi-Point
(CoMP) BBU
Hotel Core Network
BBU 1 MME S/PGW
BBU 2
Video Cache
BBU N
Internet
CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)
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12. SmallCells vs DAS
SmallCells
CPRI
 Limited to the throughput of the air interface and backhaul BBU Hotel
 Is a mini Base Station in itself BBU 1
 Capable to accomodate high density traffic Core
Newtork
 Not geared toward neutral host operation BBU N
DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) 1 Sector
 Limited to the throughput of 1 sector and the air link eNB/DAS
 Engineered for coverage BBU
 Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission Core
Newtork
(“neutral host”) RRU
$ 3,00 According to Infonetics 2012, 73% of operators
Indoor
SmallCell admitted to having deployed small cells, most
$ 2,50 of deployments were of the femtocell variety
that typically are limited in coverage to a
Cost/m2
$ 2,00 single residence. By comparison, 80% had
$ 1,50 deployed a DAS system to bolster their cellular
Carrier coverage, with a majority of those
Wi-Fi
$ 1,00 deployments at venues expected to be the
Macro primary home for macrocell support.
$ 0,50
Stadium The operators interviewed believe DAS will
DAS remain a fundamental tool for malls, airports,
Repeater 0,01 0,02 0,03 stadiums and the like.
Mbps/m2
Source: Mobile Experts, 2012
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13. Challenges for SmallCells
Backhaul Mobility Management Interference Mitigation
 IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) ,  Mobility device in idle state impacts the  Downlink: Terminal camped on in macro
Giga-Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS relative load between layers and battery is interfered by a small cell. And
 Required necessarily optical fiber, but consumption and frequency of terminal served by a small cell to
Radio NLOS can be alternative for handovers. connect the edge of cell will be
higher capillarity  Increase in handovers due to the small interfered by the macro cell.
 New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, size of the cells increases the risk of  Uplink : one terminal connected in
SyncE) dropped calls (Dropped Call Rate), macro and close to the cell border
 For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms  Devices in connected state may need to creates strong interference in a small
HO to a small cell and, if they are on cell next. And large number of
 New interface other than IP: CPRI connected terminals in small cells
different frequencies, will need efficient
scheme discovery of small cell that generate uplink interference in the
minimizes the impact on battery macro cell.
consumption.  They both are addressed with
 Traffic/Capacity balancing with several sofisticated mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC
resources and frequencies and CoMP
Core Network
MME S/PGW
BBU DSLAM
SmallCells increases Interferences need to be
mobility and impact in addressed by ICIC , e-ICIC Backhaul is IP and requires synchronism,
battery consumption and CoMP latency throughput. For CoMP the
and DCR. latency must be below 1 ms.
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14. Challenges for SmallCells
Planning Traffic
Capacity
 Small cell radius of coverage is reduced compared to macro, it is
necessary to locate accurately the traffic sources;
 The installation of small cell (site acquisition) occurs with small
error regarding the location planned. Coverage
 Heterogeneous RF planning requires how traffic will be handled by Smallcells
each layer. SON with Automatic Inventory
and Automatic Neighbor
 For maximum result from the limited range making the reuse of the Relations in conjunction with
spectrum. CoMP and ICICI can minimize the
 Reuse requires a plan of distribution of the cells very well done. planning impact issue
Deployment and Rollout
 Site aquisition: Given the limitation on the scope of the small cell,
you have to know exactly where the traffic is generated and get the 
rights to install that exact spot.
 New types of leases should be developed.
 The expectation for the installation of Small scale is Cells that are an
order of magnitude greater than the macro cells .
 Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format
may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.  
Operational
 The range in the number of radio stations in the layer of Small Cells
should be an order of magnitude larger than the current one.
 The way to optimize and operate should fit depending less manual
intervention. Resources SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be
important to maintain a good performance.
 Service Availability: Internal battery must be required for
accomplishing service SLA requirements.
 The licensing cost (TFI/TFF) was a recent issue but still exist for TFI+TFF Nx(TFI+TFF)
SmallCells with higher power
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15. SmallCells and Future
New Technologies & Improvements New Architecture
LTE baseline 100% 70M bps 2x2M IMO, conf.1, CFI=3, DwPTS=102 Macro Cell
CRS Reduction 109,50% Reduced 2-port CRS overhead
C-plane (RRC) F1
Multi-TTI scheduling 126% Only 1 OFDM reserved every 5 ms F2 F2>F1
Traffic Adaptation 173% Maximum 4 DL subframe every 5 ms
256 QAM 230% Improved 33%compared to 64QAM
Carrier Aggregation 5CC 1150%
U-plane
838 Mbps Phantom Celll
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine Feb, 2013; “Trends in Small Cell Enhancements in LTE
Advanced”; Takehiro Nakamura et All
White Space & Spectrum Sharing RAN Sharing
 Accelerate harmonization and potential re-farming.
 Access underutilized spectrum
 TV white spaces (TVWS) spectrum spans roughly 450 MHz to Operator 1
850 MHz, with the actual swath within that range varying by
country. MME S/PGW
 New technologies and industry opportunities
 Qualcomm: Authorized Shared Access (ASA)—Suited for Small
...
Cells
8,2% 3,6% 1,4% 0,9% Defense Other Commercial Operator N
15,0% 27,2%
Aeronautical Mobile MME S/PGW
17,1% Broadcasting Maritime
26,7% Other Public Public Safety
Source: Qualcomm
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16. ¡Gracias!
Thanks!
Obrigado!
Alberto Boaventura
alberto@oi.net.br