2. GROUP MEMBERS
S/N NAMES MATRIC NO
1. Bankole Olukemi M. 170482
2. Ubogwu Joshua *179018
3. Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo 185416
4. Adeoye Adejuwon 185425
5. Babalola Khadeejah A. 185446
6. Fakeye Mojola 185460
7. Jacobs Tolulope 185464
8. Lawal Sodiq 185470
9. Olatunji Adebowale 185487
10. Rufai Basirat O. 185503
3. INTRODUCTION
The disease is also known as RUBEOLA.
The virus is known to infect only humans, especially young children below the
age of 2 years in developing countries.
Measles occurs worldwide and is still a significant cause of childhood
morbidity and mortality despite the availability of vaccines.
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Major epidemics occur every 2-3 years.
Measles causes an average of 2.6 million deaths each year.
89780 measles mortalities were recorded in 2016.
After the introduction of measles vaccine, an appreciable drop of 84% in the
mortality rate worldwide was recorded.
5. VIROLOGY OF MEASLES
Measles virus is the prototypic member of the morbillivirus genus of the
family Paramyxoviridae.
The viral genomic RNA is single-stranded, non-segmented and of negative
polarity. It encodes 6 major structural proteins.
Attachment to the host cells by the virus is mediated by HEMAGLUTININ.
The human CD46 molecule has been identified as a cellular receptor for
measles virus.
Antibodies raised against either viral glycoprotein neutralize measles virus in
vitro and protect against infection.
6.
7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The virus is transmitted via respiratory droplets which remain contagious up
to two hours after release.
Measles infection in Nigeria is promoted by heat.
Initial infection and replication occurs 2-4 days after release.
Immunosuppression may predispose individuals to secondary opportunistic
infections, particularly bronchopneumonia.
Measles virus causes a progressive and often fatal giant cell pneumonia.
After replication, the virus infects local lymphatic tissues where they are
amplified in population.
The virus causes a delayed type hypersensitivity interleukin-12 production.
8. SYMPTOMS
These do not appear until 10-14 days after exposure.
Symptoms include the following: cough; runny nose; sneezing; inflamed
eyes, sore throat; fever; red botchy skin rash; malaise; fatigue; loss of
appetite; and head ache.
9.
10.
11. TREATMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
The following drugs are used in the management of measles symptoms:
Generic Name Symptom Contraindications Possible Side Effects
Acetaminophen
{Paracetamol}
Pain
Fever
Liver failure or damage
Hypersensitivity
Nausea
Ibuprofen Pain
Fever
Ulcer in the gastrointestinal
tract
Gastrointestinal pain
Antibiotics Secondary
infections
Varies Varies
12. HOME REMEDIES THAT ASSIST
Bed rest
Drinking a lot of water
Turmeric
Garlic
Lemon juice
Orange juice
Coconut flesh and water
Eggplant
Butter
Food rich in vitamin A (e.g. carrot,
13. PREVENTION OF MEASLES
Measles vaccine
This is given in doses, the first one is given between 12-25 months after
delivery and the second, 4-6 years after delivery.
Human immunoglobulin.
Vitamin A.
Ribavirin
14. COMPLICATIONS
Miscarriage and premature delivery.
Febrile seizure.
The following secondary infections could develop
Infection Name Areas of Infection
Conjunctivitis Eye
Otitis media Middle ear
Laryngitis Voice box
Pharyngitis, Bronchitis, etc. Airways and respiratory tracts
15. REFERENCES
Emedine.medscape.com
McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps,
2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013; 62:1-34
Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and
rubella in children.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (2): CD004407.
