Psycholinguistics

1. slips of the tongue
• slips of the tongue is completely normal, and everyone makes it at
some point. Slips of the tongue occur when a person unintentionally
makes an error in speech production. When they are tired nervous
etc
• it is semantically govern
• They happened when a person is under the pressure or tired
• They are not random and speech error look like a language and not
words that aren’t word in the English language

2. • First to think of something to say( conceptualization)
• Second figured out the idea that you want to say( formation)
• Finally to make a sound wave the listener can preserve ( articulation)
three kinds of mental operations

3. The relationship between slips of the tongue
and speech production stages
• Slips of the tongue also known as speech errors, can relate to both
formation and conceptualization and articulations.
• Slips of the tongue can provide insights into the different stages of
speech production, including language planning, phonological
encoding, and articulation.
• Slips of the tongue can occur during semantics substitution or
language planning when there are errors in word selection or
grammatical structure. For example, a person might say "I'm going to
take the car for a did" instead of "I'm going to take the car for a drive.

4. The relationship between slips of the tongue
and speech production stages
• Slips of the tongue can occur during phonological encoding when
there are errors in the selection or sequencing of speech sounds. For
example, a person might say "shicken" instead of "chicken" or "flim
flam" instead of "film clam".

5. 1. Phonemic substitution:
• This type of error involves substituting one phoneme (speech sound)
for another, such as saying "breen" instead of "green". This type of
error This type of error occurs during the phonological encoding stage
of speech production

6. 2–Semantic substitution:
• This type of error involves substituting one word for another that is
similar in meaning, such as saying "chair" instead of "stool". This type
of error is related to conceptualization, as it involves errors in
selecting or organizing linguistic information at the conceptual level.
• This type of error occurs during the language planning stage of
speech production

7. 4–Morphological substitution
• can take different forms, such as adding, omitting, or substituting
morphemes, using the wrong form of a word, or using an incorrect
word order. These errors can occur at different stages of language
production, such as during word retrieval, language planning, or
articulation.

8. Other types of slips of the tongue
• anticipation : which is an error in which a later sound replaces an earlier sound in an
utterance
• Ex "banana" - A person might say "nabana" instead of "banana" due to anticipation,
where the "n" sound from "ana" is anticipated and produced earlier than intended.
• The process change in this example is phonological

9. Other types of slips of the tongue
• perseveration this is a speech error in which an earlier sound replaces
later sound
• Ex waking rabbits to waking wabbits
• The process change in this example is phonological

10. Other types of slips of the tongue
• spoonerism: such as switching the positions of the first letter of two
different words or sounds
• Ex mad banners spoonerism of bad manners
• The process change in this example is phonological

11. • word exchange word exchange this is an error in which one word
switches positions with another word in an utterance so for example
instead of the phrase
• Ex You're trying to say "I need to make a phone call" but you
accidentally say "I need to make a call phone." In this case, the words
"phone" and "call" have been switched, resulting in a word exchange
error.
• The process change in this example is semantics

12. • blending sounds from different words
• Blending the first letter of the first word with the end with the second
word
• Ex can u pass me the spork
• Blending spoon and fork
• The process change in this example is morphological

13. • Malapropism using an incorrect word that sounds similar to the
intended word
• Ex when you say
• I have drawing instead of dwelling
• The process change in this example is semantics

14. • metathesis is a speech error in which two sounds switch positions
with one another
• Ex You're trying to say "spaghetti" but you accidentally say
"pasghetti." In this case, the sounds "s" and "p" have switched
positions, resulting in a metathesis error.
• The process change in this example is phonological

15. Slips of the ear
• Slips of the ear occur when a person mishears or misinterprets what
someone else is saying.
• The video notes that this can be especially common in casual
conversation, where people might not pay as close attention to what
is being said.
• Ex You're at a party and someone tells you they're a "cat lover," but
you mishear it as "bat lover." This is an example of mishearing or
misinterpreting what someone else is saying.