Morphology educational

1. Phonemes

2. What is Phonemes
• A phoneme is a unit of sound in speech. A phoneme doesn't have
any inherent meaning by itself, but when you put phonemes
together, they can make words. Think of when adults try to get a
baby to say his or her first word. They often coax him or her to
sound out the beginning of a word by repeating that sound, or
phoneme, over and over by saying something like, 'M, m, m' for
'Mommy.' The 'm' sound, often written as /m/,(mah)sound is an
example of a phoneme.

3. • A phoneme is a smallest unit of sound within a spoken word.
• The world comes from Greek word phonema which means sound.
• Letters are a code of symbols that spell phonemes in words.
• When we read we translate the symbols into sounds and thus we
decode word.

4. • There are 44 phonemes in English (in the standard British model),
each one representing a different sound a person can make. Since
there are only 26 letters in the alphabet, sometimes letter
combinations need to be used to make a phoneme. A letter can
also represent different phonemes. (From A to Z)

5. Phoneme Segmentation
• In Studying speech we divide this stream into small pieces that we
call Segments.
• You can segment, or break apart, any word to recognize the
sounds or phonemes in that word. For example, if you say the
word ‘fun,' you will hear that there are three sound units, or
phonemes, in that word: /f/ /u/ /n/

6. • if we put one of those twenty vowels in the place of one of the
Others, we can change the meaning of a word. For example, if we
Substitute æ for e in the word “bed’ we get a different word:
“bad’.
• The case of two slightly different ways of pronouncing what we
regard As “the same sound”, we usually find that, if we substitute
one for the Other, a change in the meaning of a word does not
result. For example, If we substitute a more open vowel (cardinal
vowel no. 4 [a]) for the a In the word ‘bad’, the word is still heard
as “bad’

7. • In the alphabet we have five letters That are called vowels:
• ‘a’, ‘e, I,’0’, ‘u’.
• If we choose the right context We can show how substituting one letter
for another will change Meaning. Thus with a letter ‘p before and a
letter ‘t’ after the vowel Letter, we get the five words spelt ‘pat’, ‘pet’,
‘pit, ‘pot, ‘put’, each of Which has a different meaning.
• We can do the same with sounds. If we Look at the short vowels we can
see how Substituting one for another in between the plosives p and t
gives us six Different words as follows (given in spelling on the left)
• Pit /Pit/ Pat / paet/

8. Minimal Pair
• A minimal pair is a pair of words that vary by only a single sound,
usually meaning sounds that may confuse English learners, like the
/f/ and /v/ in fan and van, or the /e/ and /ɪ/ in desk and disk.
• Free variation. One can be substituted for the other without
changing the meaning; the Two realisations are said to be in free
variation.
• Allophones The variant of the same phoneme is called allophones.
Example: k in the word kite it is KH. And sky it is k

9. Thank you