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History And Developments In Microbiology
- 1. M.J. Afra I MSc Microbiology TBAKC History and development of microbiology
- 2. MICROBIOLOGY What Is Microbiology? The study of microorganisms. What Is Microorganisms? The organisms which cannot be seen under naked eye And Can Be Seen Through Microscopes History of Microorganisms Discovery Era Golden Era Modern Era
- 3. Aristotle (322-384) Believed that living organisms could develop from non living materials “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 4. Rogen bacon In 13th century, he described that the diseases are caused by a minute called “germ” or “seed” “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 5. Antony van leeuwenhoek • Described protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae • Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology • He observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “Animalcules” (1676) “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 6. frAncesco redi • He showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered. “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 7. John needham • Supported spontaneous theory • Proposed tiny organisms arose in mutton gravy “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 8. Lazzzaro spallanzani • Demonstrated that air carries germs • Boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic creatures “Discovery era” Spontaneous generation
- 9. table of DISCOVERY era YEARS SCIENTISTS 384-322 Aristotle 13th Century Rogen Bacon 1632-1723 Antony Van Leeuwenhoek 1626-1697 Francesco Redi 1713-1781 John Needham 1729-1799 Lazzaro Spallanzani
- 10. Louis Pasteur • Swan neck shaped tube experiment gives no growth of microbes • Proposed the method pasteurization (mild heat at 62.8oC for 30 mins) “golden era”
- 11. Louis Pasteur • Invented the method of fermentation, vaccine for rabies and anthrax • Demonstrated disease of silkworm due to protozoan parasite “golden era”
- 12. Louis Pasteur • He coined the term “microbiology”, aerobic and anaerobic • Disproved theory of spontaneous generation • Developed live attenuated vaccines “golden era”
- 13. John tyndall • He discovered high resistant bacterial structure known as endospore • Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating necessary to kill spores to make sterile and acknowledged this process as Tyndallization “golden era”
- 14. Joseph lister • The father of antiseptic surgery • He concluded wound infections were due to microbes • He initiated the method to destroy microbes by spraying fine mist of carbolic acid in operation theatres “golden era”
- 15. Robert Koch • He demonstrated the role of bacteria in disease • He perforated pure culture technique to isolate bacteria • He used gelatin to prepare solid media but it has few disadvantages “golden era”
- 16. Robert Koch • The gelatin is a protein which can be digested and convert to amino acids by few bacteria (proteolytic exoenzyme) • It melts when the temperature rises above 25oC • He postulates 4 steps of postulations “golden era”
- 17. Fanne eilshemius hesse • One of the Koch’s assistant, first proposed the use of agar in culture media • It was not attacked by bacteria, Agar is better than gelatin (higher melting point =96oC and solidify in 40oC to 45oC) “golden era”
- 18. Richard petri • He developed the petri dish plate used as a container for solid culture media “golden era”
- 19. Edward jenner • First to prevent small pox • He discovered the technique of vaccination “golden era”
- 20. Alexander flemming • Discovered the penicillin from penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria “golden era”
- 21. Paul elrich • Discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic • Studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms “golden era”
- 22. table of golden era YEARS SCIENTISTS 1897 Louis Pasteur 1820-1893 John Tyndall 1827-1912 Lord Joseph Lister 1893-1910 Robert Koch 1850-1934 Fanne Eilshemius Hesse 1887 Richard Petri 1749-1823 Edward Jenner 1881-1955 Alexander Flemming 1920 Paul Erlich
- 23. table of modern era YEARS NOBEL LAUREATES CONTRIBUTION 1901 Von behring Dipth antitox 1902 Ronald Ross Malaria 1905 Robert Koch Tuberculosis 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytosis 1945 Flemming Penicillin 1962 Watson and Crick DNA Structure 1968 Holley and Khorana Genetic Code 1997 Pruisner Prions 2002 Brenner and Hrvitz Genetic Regulation of Organ Development & Cell Death
- 24. Thank you M.J. Afra I MSc Microbiology