Tourism Slide Show Recreation

INTRODUCTION TO
OUTDOOR
RECREATION
FHR 3601
Instructor

Tourism IndustryTourism Industry

Definition of TourismDefinition of Tourism
 80 kms. from home AND at least one overnight stay80 kms. from home AND at least one overnight stay
 WTO: “Tourism comprises the activities of personsWTO: “Tourism comprises the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their usualtravelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environments for not more than one consecutive year forenvironments for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes.”leisure, business and other purposes.”
 Jafari: Tourism is the study of people away from theirJafari: Tourism is the study of people away from their
usual habitats, of the industry which serves them, and ofusual habitats, of the industry which serves them, and of
the impacts that both people and the industry have onthe impacts that both people and the industry have on
the host community and the social/cultural, economicthe host community and the social/cultural, economic
and natural environments.and natural environments.

Factors affecting TourismFactors affecting Tourism
 Political factorsPolitical factors
– weakening of national boundariesweakening of national boundaries
 e.g., countries in the European Unione.g., countries in the European Union
 •• ease of travel between/among themease of travel between/among them
– strengthening of national boundariesstrengthening of national boundaries
 e.g., post Sept. 11, 2001 between Canada and USAe.g., post Sept. 11, 2001 between Canada and USA
– ••travel much more difficult between themtravel much more difficult between them
 civil unrestcivil unrest
 e.g., Jamaica, especially during electionse.g., Jamaica, especially during elections
 tourists frightened offtourists frightened off

Factors affecting TourismFactors affecting Tourism
 Social/economic factorsSocial/economic factors
– economic conditionseconomic conditions
– change in employment trends in tourists’ ownchange in employment trends in tourists’ own
countriescountries
– fluctuations in currency against an internationalfluctuations in currency against an international
standard (US$)standard (US$)
– demographic conditionsdemographic conditions
 impact of an aging society on travel patterns?impact of an aging society on travel patterns?
 technological factorstechnological factors
– changes in transportation technologychanges in transportation technology
 e.g., “jumbo” jets; trainse.g., “jumbo” jets; trains

Drazlizamaziz_fhr3601
2.3 The Tourist
In order to be considered a tourist you must
satisfy the following criteria:
• spatial
• temporal
• purposive
Who is a tourist?

2.3.1 Spatial component
2.3 The Tourist
International tourist
• If the trip occurs outside of the usual country
of residence
• Distance thresholds are not applied

2.3 The Tourist
• INBOUND = those arriving
in a country different from
their usual country of
residence
With respect to international tourism, distinctions can
also be made between ...
• OUTBOUND = those
leaving their usual
country of residence

2.3 The Tourist
Domestic tourist
•travel must occur beyond a person’s usual
environment but within their usual country of
residence

2.3 The Tourist
How important is domestic tourism?
• Globally, domestic tourists outweigh internationalGlobally, domestic tourists outweigh international
tourists (10 to 1 ratio)tourists (10 to 1 ratio)
• WTO estimates that domestic tourists account for 70% ofWTO estimates that domestic tourists account for 70% of
the world demand for commercial accommodationthe world demand for commercial accommodation
• In Australia, every night spent by an international tourist isIn Australia, every night spent by an international tourist is
matched by 3 nights accounted for by Australians (1998 study)matched by 3 nights accounted for by Australians (1998 study)

2.3 The Tourist
Why is so little known about domestic tourism?
• In general, National governments do not consider
domestic tourism to be as important as international
tourism
• Domestic tourists do not bring in foreign exchange
Rationale
• More difficult to quantify due to freedom of mobility

2.3.2 Temporal component
2.3 The Tourist
How long can a tourist stay within a
particular destination before they are not
considered a tourist by the host
government?
WTO Thresholds
• international stayover tourist = max. of 1 year
• domestic stayover tourist = max. of 6 months

2.3.3 Travel purpose
2.3 The Tourist
Purposes that qualify are ...
• business
• sport
• study
• spiritual & health
• leisure/recreation
• visiting friends & relatives (VFR)

TourimsTourism
Leisure Tourism Business Tourism
Holidays
VFR
Health and Fitness
Sport
Education
Culture and Religion
Social and Spiritual
Business meetings
Exhibitions and
Trade Fairs
Conference and
convention
Incentive Travel

Travel Purposes:
Tourists and Tourism Places
• what is the connection between tourists
and the places (landscapes) they visit?
• Plog’s “psychocentric” and “allocentric”
categories of tourists
– polar opposites, but a lot of tourists are
between these poles (Pigram & Jenkins, p.
240)

Allocentrics are people who enjoy travel and cultural exploration, are in above-average
income groups, independent in mind and body, and adventurous.
Psychocentrics tend to be mainstream in their behaviour, rather unadventurous when
it comes to travelling, prefer familiar surroundings and have below-average income
levels.
Plog’s

Purpose of
Trip
Inbound Tourists
Number3
Number3 %
Domestic Tourists2
%
2.3 The Tourist
Leisure and recreationLeisure and recreation
Table 2.1
Main reason for trip by inbound and domestic tourists, Australia, 19991
Holiday
VFRVFR
Business-relatedBusiness-related
OtherOther
TotalTotal
32 49932 499
23 81323 813
3 7023 702
74 78274 782
4343
3232
2020
55
100100
2 2962 296
795795
441441
612612
4 1444 144
5555
1919
1515
100100
14 76814 768 1111
Footnote: 1
All visitors 15 years of age and older 2
1999-2000 3
In thousands
Source: BTR (2000a, 2000b)

2.3 The Tourist
Visiting friends and relativesVisiting friends and relatives
• 2nd most important tourist purpose at the global level
• destination choice is predetermined by place of residence of
friends or relatives (“less discretion”)
• affiliated with migration systems
e.g., ~ 50% of all inbound visitors to Australia from the UK
state their primary purpose as VFR

2.3 The Tourist
BusinessBusiness
• 3rd most important tourist purpose at the global level
• destination choice is predetermined by the nature of your
business (“less discretion”)
• business travel is only a form of travel if the traveler is not
paid from within the destination

2.3 The Tourist
• largest subcategory of business tourism involves ...
MMeetings
IIncentive travel
CConventions
EExhibitions
• Australia’s MICE tourism industry generates ~ 7 billion
per year in direct expenditure

2.3 The Tourist
SportSport
• periodic high profile
events (e.g., Olympic
Games, World Cup) give
the destination visibility,
involve participants &
generate tourism-related
‘spin-off’ effects
Spirituality and healthSpirituality and health
• e.g., pilgrimage, spas

2.3 The Tourist
StudyStudy
• despite magnitude, many tourism
organisations in various countries fail to
acknowledge students as a distinct type
of tourist
• 3% of all inbound tourists to Australia,
but ~20% of all expenditures and
visitor-nights

2.3 The Tourist
Multipurpose tourismMultipurpose tourism
• most trips involve multipurpose travel, which causes data
classification and analysis problems
• in Australia, departing visitors are asked to state their
primary and subsidiary travel purposes
(e.g., Primary - 3 day convention,
Subsidiary - 8 days pleasure & 3 days VFR)
• further complication is that people in the same group may
have different purposes for their trip

Butler’s Destination Lifecycle

• Tourism is not just holidays!
• Tourism is not just about going
abroad!

Can we sub-divide tourism into
smaller units
• We can sub-divide tourism and
recreation in many ways
• One way to subdivide the industry is to
think of it in sectors (a distinct part of
society or the economy)

You may also see other
subdivisions such as
• Agro tourism
• Community tourism
• Ecotourism
• Sex tourism
• Adventure tourism
• Cultural tourism
• Heritage tourism

‘One-of-its kind’ tourism
• Space Tourism War Tourism

Guilty TourismSports Tourism
‘One-of-its kind’ tourism

Where does
tourism and
recreation
happen?

Conclusions . . .
• Leisure is the opportunity and time outside of
working hours to choose and take part in
activities or experiences which are expected
to be personally satisfying.
• Leisure time has many constraints
• Recreation is activities that individuals carry
out in their leisure time

• There are many types of leisure activities
• Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of
people to destinations outside the places where they
normally live and work, and activities during their stay
at these destinations; it includes movement for all
purposes, as well as day visits or excursions.
» Tourism Society 1982

• In reality there is no boundary between
recreation and tourism
• There are many ways to sub-divide the
tourism and recreation industry

Tourism Slide Show Recreation

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