Credit seminar on the production technology of garlic rvskvv r.a.k. college of ag. Sehore

1. RVSKVV GWALIOR
CREDIT SEMINAR
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF GARLIC (Allium
sativum L.)
GUIDED BY SUBMITTED
BY
DR. S.A. ALI ABHINAY
NAGORI
DR. R.K. JAISWAL ROLL No.
17131401

2. INTRODUCTION
Clade : Monocots
Order : Asparagales
Family : Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily : Allioideae
Genus : Allium
Botanical name : Allium Sativum
Chromosome number : 2n = 16
Origin : Central asia
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the
onion genus, Allium. Garlic is native to Central
Asia and north eastern Iran, and has long been a
common seasoning worldwide, with a history of
several thousand years of human consumption and
use. It has been used both as a food flavoring and as
a traditional medicine. China produces some 80% of
the world supply of garlic.

3. VARITIES
 Garlic varieties, Agrifound White, Yamuna Safed, Yamuna Safed
2 and Yamuna Safed 3 have been notified by the Government. of
India.
 NHRDF has developed nine garlic varieties i.e. Agrifound White
(G-41), Yamuna Safed (G-1), Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50), Yamuna
Safed-3 (G-282), Yamuna Safed-4 (G-323), Yamuna Safed-5 (G-
189), Agrifound Parvati (G-313), and Agrifound Parvati-2 (G-
408) and Yamuna Safed-8 (G-384)
 Out of these, Govt. of India has already released seven garlic
varieties i.e. Agrifound White (G-41), Yamuna Safed (G-1),
Yamuna Safed-2 (G-50), Yamuna Safed-3 (G-282), Yamuna
Safed-4 (G-323), Yamuna Safed-5 (G-189) and Agrifound Parvati-
2 (G-408) have released by Government of India for commercial
cultivation.
 The Agrifound White (G-41) is the first variety developed by
NHRDF and released by Govt. of India at National level for
commercial cultivation.

4. FIRST GARLIC VARIETY FOR KHARIF AND EARLINESS
“G-389” GENOTYPE REGISTERED WITH NATIONAL
BUREAU OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES, NEW DELHI
ON DATED 31ST JANUARY 2014
New early maturing
garlic variety G-389 : -
Generally garlic varieties
take about 130-270 days
to attain physiological
maturity.
The National Horticultural
Research and
Development Foundation
( NHRDF) has identified
a new garlic genotype “G-
389” which can be
harvested within 72-80
days during Kharif, late
Kharif and 85-95 days in
the Rabi season, about
40-50 days earlier than
other garlic varieties
grown in India.
YIELD : 6-7 t/ha

5. NEWLY RELEASED GARLIC VARIETY AGRIFOUND
PARVATI 2 (G 408) THROUGH CENTRAL SUB-
COMMITTEE ON CROP STANDARD NOTIFICATION AND
RELEASE OF VARIETIES OF HORTICULTURE CROPS,
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Agrifound Parvati-2 (G-
408): Bulbs are bigger
size 5.0-6.0 cm in
diameter, creamy white
colour, 12-14 cloves/bulb.
Suitable for growing in
Himalayan hills
of Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Jammu
Kashmir and high altitude
of North eastern state like
Sikkim etc
Colour- Creamy white
Days to maturity – 165-
175
Yield – 17-22 t/ha

6. Agrifound White (G-
41): Bulbs are compact,
silvery white with creamy
flesh bigger elongated
cloves with 20-25 in
number and diameter 3.5
to 4.5 cm. Recommended
for Maharashtra, and
Madhya Pradesh.
Days to maturity : 130-135
Colour : white
Yield : 12-14 t/ha

7. Yamuna Safed (G-1): -
Bulbs are compact,
silvery white skin with
creamy flesh, diameter 4.0-
4.5 cm. Sickle shaped
cloves with 25-30 in
number. Recommend to
cultivation in all over the
country.
Days to maturity : 120-130
Colour : white
Yield : 15-17 t/ha

8. Yamuna Safed-3 (G-282):-
Bulbs are creamy white
and bigger sized about 4.5-
6 cm in diameter. Number
of cloves/bulb is 15-16.
best for
export, Recommended
for Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Haryana,
Gujarat, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh.
Colour : creamy white
Days to maturity : 120-130
yield : 17-20 t/ha

9. Yamuna Safed-4 (G-
323):- Bulbs are silvery
white and average
diameter is 3.5- 4.0 cm.
Number of cloves 20-
25/bulb. Recommended
for North and central India
Colour : white
Days to maturity : 165-175
Yield : 16-17 t/ha

10.  Godavari
Developed by : MPKV (Mahatma Phule Krishi
Vidyapeeth)
Colour : Purple
Region : Maharashtra
Days to maturity : 140-145
Yield : 10-11 t /ha
 Phule Baswant
Developed by : MPKV
Colour : White
Region : Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
Days to maturity : 135-140
Yield : 10-11 t/ha

11. AGRO - TECHNIQUES
Garlic is frost hardy plant requiring cool and moist period during
growth and relatively dry period during maturity of bulbs. Bulbing
takes place during longer days and at high temperature, exposure
to low temperature subsequent to bulb formation, favours the
process. The critical day length for bulbing of 12 hrs along with,
temperature also affects bulbing. Exposures of dormant cloves or
young plants to temperature of around 200C or lower depending
upon varieties for 1-2 months hasten subsequent bulbing.
 SOIL :-
Garlic can be grown on a variety of soils but it thrives better on
fertile,Rich in organic matter, well-drained loam soils. The pH of
soil between 6 and 7 is suitable for good crop. Highly alkaline and
saline soils are not suitable for garlic cultivation.

12. Land Preparation
Loose and well-drained soil is a must in garlic cultivation since
moisture is one of the pre-requisites of garlic plant. Therefore,
the land to be used for plantation must be well-ploughed, free
of clods and other debris. It is advisable to use a moldboard
plough since it enhances the drainage property of the soil and
also pushes the crop residue deeper down the earth to
enhance better decomposition. In order to get rid of the soil
clod, the land is tilled 3-4 times with organic manure being
incorporated at the last time. For rabi crops, flat beds of 4-6 m
length and 1.5-2 m width are formed. However, flat beds are
avoided during the kharif or rainy seasons so as to prevent
water logging. In case of kharif crops, broad bed furrows
(BBF) with a height of 15 cm are made. The top width is about
120 cm and each furrow is 45 cm deep. Broad Bed Furrows
are suitable for drip and sprinkler irrigation. The rows must be
made at a distance of 15 cm from each other

13. Climate :-
Garlic cultivation needs a combination of different types
of climate. It needs a cool and moist climate for bulb
development and vegetative growth while for maturity
the climate must be warm and dry. However, it cannot
tolerate extreme cold or hot conditions. Exposing the
young plants to temperatures lower than 20⁰C for 1 or 2
months would hasten the bulb formation. A prolonged
exposure to lower temperature would however reduce
the yield of the bulbs. Bulbs maybe produced at the axil
of the leaves. A cooler growing period gives higher yield
than warmer growth conditions. The optimal day length
requirement for bulb formation is 13-14 hours for long
day garlic and 10-12 hours for short day garlic.

14. How to Plant Garlic
Individual cloves used for planting garlic must be separated.
However, the basal plate of the clove must be undamaged as
that is the place from where roots develop. Typically, bigger
cloves are used for garlic planting while smaller cloves are
rejected. Some people use the smaller, rejected cloves for
pickling. Cloves to be used for planting must be dipped in 0.1%
carbendazim solution just before sowing. This reduces the
incidence of fungal diseases. They are then planted
perpendicular to the ground. The distance between two garlic
plants must be at least 10 cm.

15.  PLANTING : -
The time of planting differs from region-to-region. It is planted
from August to October in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and from September to
November in Northern plains of India. In Gujrat, planting is done
during October-November. Proper season for planting in higher
hills in Northern part is March-April. It can also be, however,
planted during September-October. In West Bengal and Orissa,
October-November is best time for planting.
Cloves of 8-10 mm diameter since give increased yield of better
quality, care should be taken to select bigger cloves from outer
side of bulbs. About 500 kg cloves of 8-10 mm diameter are
required to plant one hectare.
 MANURES AND FERTILIZERS : -
Garlic responds very well to organic manures. For a normal soil
50 tonnes of farmyard manure, 100 kg N, 50 kg P, and 50 kg
K/ha and 40-50 kg S through chemical fertilizer has been
recommended. Micronutrients also increase its yield potential.

16. IRRIGATION
In general, garlic needs irrigation at 8 days intervals during vegetative
growth and 10-15 days during maturation. As the crop matures (when the
tops first begin to break over or become dry) stop irrigation to allow field to
dry out first. Continued irrigation as the crop matures causes the roots and
bulb scales to rot. This discolours the bulbs and exposes outer cloves and
decreases the market value of bulbs. Irrigation after long spell of drought
results in splitting of bulbs. Excessive irrigation results in sprouting.
INTERCULTURE
First weeding is done one month after planting and second one month
after first weeding. Hoeing the crop just before the formation of bulbs
(about two-and-a-half months after sowing) helps in setting of bigger sized
well filled bulbs. Pendimethalin @ 3.5 litres or Goal @ 0.25 kg/ha + 1
hand-weeding gives good control of broad leave weeds.

17. PLANT PROTECTION
 DISEASE:-
Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor)
Symptoms
Pale spots or elongated patches on
leaves; gray-purple fuzzy growth on
leaf surface; leaves turning pale then
yellow; leaf tips collapsing
Cause : Fungus
Comments
Disease emergence favored by cool temperatures and leaf
wetness
Management
Avoid planting infected sets; rotate crops to non-allium species
for 3-4 years; plant in well-draining areas and do not overcrowd
plants; destroy all infected crop debris; apply appropriate foliar
fungicides taking care to apply thoroughly to waxy leaves

18.  Purple blotch Alternaria porri
Symptoms
Small water-soaked lesions lesions on
leaves or stalk with white centers;
which enlarge to become zonate and
brown to purple in color with red or purple
margin surrounded by yellow zone; large
lesions may coalesce and girdle leaf,
killing any tissue between the lesions
and the leaf tip; severely infected foliage
may die
Cause : Fungi
Comments
Disease emergence favored by wet foliage, with sporulation occuring
during the night during periods of high humidity
Management
Cultural controls include long rotations with non-hosts and the reduction
of leaf wetness by planting in well-draining soil and timing irrigation to
allow plants to dry adequately during the day; some fungicides are
effective at controlling the disease but should be rotated for optimal
control

19.  Rust Puccinia porri
Symptoms
Small white flecks on leaves
and stems which develop into
circular or elongated orange
pustules; severe infestations
can cause leaves to yellow
and die
Cause Fungus
Comments
Favors high humidity but low rainfall; spores can be transported
over long distances by wind
Management
No resistance known; use only disease-free seed and plant in
well-draining soil; control weeds around crop; apply appropriate
protective fungicide

20.  Mosaic Garlic mosaic virus (GarMV)
Symptoms
Mosaic patterns on leaves
chlorotic mottling or streaks
on leaves; stunted plant growth
and reduced bulb size
Cause Virus
Comments
Transmitted by aphids; infections can be latent and
produce no symptoms; infection in garlic are often found
alongside other viruses such as onion yellow dwarf
Management
Plant virus-free cloves that were produced from meristem
tip culture in virus-free conditions

21.  Bulb mites Rhizoglyphus spp.
 Symptoms
Stunted plant growth; reduced stand; bulbs rotting in
ground or in storage; pest is a cream-white, bulbous mite
<1 mm in length, which resembles a pearl with legs
Cause Arachnid
Comments
Damage to plants by bulb mites allows secondary
invasion by other pathogens and can cause bulb rots
Management
Do not plant successive crops of onion or garlic in same
location; allow field to fallow to ensure that any residual
organic matter decomposes completely - crop residues
can harbor mite populations; treating garlic seed cloves
with hot water prior to planting may help reduce mite
populations

22.  Leafminers Lyriomyza spp.
Symptoms
Thin, white, winding trails on leaves;
heavy mining can result in white
blotches on leaves and leaves dropping
from the plant prematurely; early infestation
can cause yield to be reduced; adult leafminer
is a small black and yellow fly which lays its eggs
in the leaf; larvae hatch and feed on leaf interior
Cause Insects
Comments
Mature larvae drop from leaves into soil to pupate; entire lifecycle can
take as little as 2 weeks in warm weather; insect may go through 7 to 10
generations per year
Management
Check transplants for signs of leafminer damage prior to planting;
remove plants from soil immediately after harvest; only use insecticides
when leafminer damage has been identified as unnecessary spraying
will also reduce populations of their natural enemies

23.  Thrips (Onion thrips, Western flower thrips) Thrips tabaci
Symptoms
Discolored, distorted tissue; scarring
of leaves; severly infected plants may
have a silvery appearance; insect is
small (1.5 mm) and slender and best
viewed using a hand lens; adult thrips
are pale yellow to light brown and the
nymphs are smaller and lighter in color
Cause Insect
Comments
Onion thrips and western flower thrips have an extensive host range and
can be introduced to garlic from other plants
Management
Natural enemies include some species of predatory mite, pirate bugs
and lacewings; avoid planting onion in close proximity to grain fields as
thrips populations build up on these plant in the spring; overhead
irrigation of plants may help reduce thrips numbers; apply appropriate
insecticides at first sign of thrips damage

24. Harvesting:-
Garlic is crop of 4 ½ to 5 months duration. When the leaves
start Turing yellowish or brownish and show signs of drying up
(usually about a month or so for the emergence of seed stalks,
the crop is ready for harvest. The plants are then pulled out or
uprooted with a country plough and are tied into small bundles,
which are then kept in the filed or in the whade for 2- 3 days for
curing and drying so that the bulbs become hard and their
keeping quality is prolonged. The bulbs may be started by
handling them on bamboo sticks or by keeping them on dry
sand on the floor in a well ventilated room on dry floor.
Yield:-
In garlic 50 to 70 quintals / ha yield is obtained.