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Abhi cho 353 advanced org synthesis ppt
1. RETROSYNTHETIC APPROCH
TO ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
[CHO- 353] [Part – B]
Prof. Gaikwad Abhijit A.
M.Sc. B.ed. SET, TIFR.
Department of Chemistry
N.V.P. Mandal’s College Lasalgaon
5. DEFINATION
The preparation of a desired
organic compound from a readily
available starting material is known
as organic synthesis
[Synthesis---- singular]
[Syntheses--- plural]
10. Reasons for synthesizing
Organic Compound
1. Proof of structure of a natural
compound
2. To prepare compounds that are
useful to mankind e.g.
pharmaceutical, polymers, dyes etc.
11. Reasons for synthesizing
Organic Compound
3. To prepare specific compounds
to study reaction mechanisms or
biological metabolism e.g. labelled
compounds
4. For the intellectual challenges –
new problems demand new solutions
and can lead to the development of
NEW CHEMISTRY, reagents, etc.
13. BOND POLARITY
(Polar covalent bond)
Most heteroatom are more
electronegative than carbon
i.e. O, N, Br, Cl,
Partial positive charge appears
on carbon (+)
14. BOND POLARITY
(Polar covalent bond)
Si, Mg,Li are electropositive
compared with the carbon
The polarity in these case is
reversed
partial negative charge
appears on carbon (-)
15. ARROW NOTATION
Simple reaction arrow “reacts to give”
Delocalisation arrow
“two different ways to draw the same
Curved arrow
delocalised structures”
Equilibrium arrow
“two structures are interconverting”
Fish-hook arrow
“motion of two electrons”
“motion of one electron”
Retrosynthesis
arrow
“could be made from”
17. RETROSYNTHETIC ANALYSIS
1.The process of WORKING BACKWARD
from the TM in order to devise suitable
synthetic route
2.Retrosynthetic Analysis can be done
bytwo methods
a) Disconnection
b) Functional Group Interconversion
18. DISCONNECTION
1.A paper operation involving an
imagined cleavage of a bond.
2.As a result of disconnection
usually negative ion and
positive ion are formed which
are called ‘SYNTHONS’
3.Disconnection is shown by a
wavy line like ~ or VVVVVVVV
24. SYNTHONS
These are idealized fragments
Synthons are shown by a + or
– sign like anion or cation
(Not real anion or cation)
May or may not be intermediate
in the corresponding reactions
25. 25
1. Introduction
• Synthon term was coined by Prof. E.J.Corey in mid 1960’s
• Elegant and more systematic approach
• .
• Depends on perception of structural feature in the reaction product and manipulation of
structures in the reverse synthetic sense.
• Designate ‘structural units within a molecule which are related to possible synthetic
operations’.
• Helps in eliminations of low probability variants.
26. Target
Molecul
e
Disconnect
ed
Precursors
• This process of analysis produces simple starting material and shows different
pathway.
•From this precursor the cheap starting material has been selected for the synthesis
of the target molecule or desired molecule.
26
Process called
Analysis
27. 27
-
•Synthon can be divided in to following two types – They
are derived from a reagents with functional groups
1. Donor Synthon eg. - C2H5 is ethyl donor synthon from - C2H5Li
2. Acceptor Synthon eg. - C2H5 is ethyl acceptor synthon from – C2H5I+
28. 28
2. Definition of Terms
a. Disconnection :
It is an imaginary process in which the bonds are broken to get simple possible starting
materials. This is also called as "transform". A curred line is used at the pointof
disconnection of bond and a double line arrow (=>) is used for representing
disconnection.
b. Synthon :
It is an idealized fragment obtained by disconnection and may or may not be
involved in the reaction but helps us to work out reagents to be used.
Example – R X => R+ + X- (Synthon)
30. a. Functional Group Identification :
It is the operation of changing one functional group to another either by interconversion,
substitution, elimination, oxidation or reduction, so that the disconnection becomes easier.
Example :
NO2
NH2
FGI
H3C COOH H3C CN
FGI
30
31. 3. Basic Rules In Disconnection
•When one thinks of retrosynthetic analysis of a target molecule, it is a question ‘where
the disconnection is to be done?’. This is generally governed by certain rules:
Rule -1
Disconnection of a bond should be done in such a way that it produces stable fragments.
While carrying out a disconnection the molecule is broken down by one bond at a time.
e.g. O2N
R
-C NO2 +
31
C R+
32. Rule -2
The number of fragments generated by disconnection should be as small as possible. So,
the synthesis of target molecule can be carried out in possible steps.
e.g.
O O O O
32
+
33. Rule -3
A bond joining a carbon to a hetero atom always broken with the electron pair onhetero
atom. e.g
Rule -3
Sometimes a disconnection carried out does not generate sufficient stabilised fragments,
but such fragments can be obtained by using FGI or by introducing an additional electron
withdrawing group and then removing it after synthesis.
C N C
+
+ N
-
33
34. 34
Guidelines For Disconnection :
(i) Make the analysis in such a way that the synthesis become as short as possible.
(ii) Use the only disconnections corresponding to known reliable reaction.
(iii) Disconnect C-X bonds especially two group disconnections.
(iv) Choose the disconnection corresponding to the highest yielding reaction, if known.
(v)Disconnect back to recognisable starting materials or to compounds which can be
easily be made.
(vi) Disconnect C-C bonds according to the functional groups in the molecule , if possible
- disconnect at the middle of the molecule.
35. 35
Guidelines For Good Synthesis :
In retrosynthetic approach, there are usually more than one way to synthesize a
compound. But the selection of a best desirable route is important. Thereafter the
following factors are considered in order to decide which one of the routes is safe and
simple to employ.
(i) Availability of starting material.
(ii) Which route involves the least number of separation operations ?
(iii) Which route gives the highest overall yield ?
(iv) How expensive are the starting materials and reagents ?
(v) Which route includes least time and effort ?
36. Retrosynthetic pathway : Benzocaine from
toluene
4. Use of Synthon In Synthesis of Some Medical or Organic
OEth
O
H2N
C-O
H2N
OH
O
FGI
O2N
OH
O
2O N
Me
C-NMe
Benzocaine :
• Toluene is readily available starting
material
• Me is activating and ortho-/para-
directing
• We know reagents for the synthon NO2
36
40. DESIGNING A SYNTHESIS
Recognize the functional
groups in the target molecule
Disconnect by methods
corresponding to known and
reliable reactions
Repeat as necessary to reach
available starting material
41. SYNTHESIS
Write out the plan according
to the analysis, adding
reagents and conditions
Modify the plan according to
unexpected failure in the
laboratory
66. What is the best
synthesis?
Availability of the reagent
Synthetic step should be
kept minimum unless there
is an advantage of FGI
Disconnection of C-C bond
should be in the center of a
67. Help Tim to get a nibble
of the Birthday Cake!
73. CONTENTS
Definition of Functional Group
Interconversion (FGIs)
Importance of FGIs
Functional group containing
heteroatoms
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Removal of Functional Groups
74. Definition of Functional
Group Interconversion
The process of writing
one functional group
for another to help
synthetic planning is
known as FGI
76. Why FGI is needed?
A TM containing more than
one functional group, one
functional group may interfere
with desired reaction on
second functional group during
a synthesis.
77. Why FGI is needed?
This problem can be solved
into ways
a) Use of protecting group
b) Change in synthetic strategy
(using FGI)
78. Importance of FGIs
It helps in identifying suitable
disconnection.
Consider the synthesis of
ketone containing a double
bond.
Alkenes may be prepared by
the dehydration of alcohol.
79. Importance of FGIs
O
Ph Ph
TM
First step in the retrosynthetic
analysis of TM could be functional
group interconversion to an alcohol
But which alcohol ?
84. a) Carboxylic acid and their
derivatives
Compounds in this class are the highest
oxidation level of organic compounds
It includes
Carboxylic acid (RCO2H)
Esters/lactone (RCOO2R)
Amide/lactam (RCONHR)
They may be interconverted by a series
of simple reactions
85. Transformations of
carboxylic acid derivatives
R OH
O
R Cl
O
SOCl2
or PCl5
H2O
R NH2
ONH3
R OR'
O
H2OH2O
H+/
R’OH
RO-
R C N2H O
R O R'
O O
86. b) Aldehydes, ketones and
their derivatives
Functional groups in this class
are at lower oxidation level
than class (a)
It includes the features C=X in
which the carbon atom is
bonded directly to either
hydrogen or carbon.
87. b) Aldehydes, ketones and
their derivatives
The group includes
Aldehydes (RHC=O)
Ketones (RR’C=O)
Imines (RR’C=NR”)
Hydrazones (RR’C=NNHR”)
Oximes (RR’C=NOH)
89. c) Alcohols and their
derivatives
Apart from Alcohols (ROH)
themselves, this class includes
Amines (RNH2)
Thiols (RSH)
Disulphides (RSSR)
Ethers (ROR)
Alkyl halides (RX)
91. Use of a sulphonic ester
as a leaving group
R OH R OSO2R'
R’SO2Cl
Nu-
R Nu + R’SO3
-
92. Interconversions between
the three oxidation levels
a,b & c above
To move between groups
classified in the previous
section, it is necessary to
perform a reduction or
oxidation at some stage.
93. Oxidation
Many methods have been
developed for the oxidation of
organic compounds.
It is possible to transform a
low oxidation level FG into any
group of higher level.