2. 4.1. Memory
The Meaning of Memory
Memory is an organism’s mental ability to receive, retain,
store and recall information over time
everything we do or say depends on memory systems
significant to put information into our mind and to retrieve to
perform all of our life’s activity
4.1.2. Dimensions (stages) of memory
Memory is more than a single process and the corresponding
processes are encoding, storage and retrieval.
2
3. I. Memory Encoding
It is the process of converting information
into a form that can be stored in memory,
and it requires the following efforts:
Rehearsal- a conscious repetition of
information without imparting any meaning
deep processing- an intense and higher level
of information processing
3
4. Encoding (contd)
elaboration- an extensive processing at any depth with
examples, concepts, and self-references
imagery- storing of information as verbal or as an image code
Organizing- an arrangement of information in some
retrievable manner such as alphabetical order, hierarchically,
or chunking
4
5. II. Memory Storage
is the process whereby an encoded information is
held/kept in memory system for future use
memory storage can be distinguished by different time
frames and its contents
Time FrameTheory 0f Memory
This theory assumes that memory has three stages:
Sensory memory, working (short term) memory
(STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
5
6. Memory Storage (contd)
1. Sensory Memory (very short) 0-25 seconds
2. Working (short term) Memory (STM)
short span - about 30 seconds
also known as working memory
holds the data used for conscious cognitive activities
is the problem-solving area
6
7. Memory Storage (contd.)
some of STM contents are lost after 30
seconds, but some are converted to LTM
its capacity is 7±2 bits of information
contains input from two sources:
contents of sensory memory that we
are paying attention
information recalled from LTM for
retrieval
7
8. Memory Storage (contd)
3. Long-Term Memory (LTM) (potentially for a
lifelong)
holds what we usually think
limitless in capacity & duration but limited by encoding &
retrieval.
Memory’s contents
LTM contents are divided into 2 types: declarative & non-
declarative
8
9. Memory Storage (contd)
1)Declarative ((or explicit) memories - memories that can
be consciously recalled and described information
This further subdivided in to semantic and episodic memory
semantic memory - a person’s field of expertise,
academic knowledge about facts, meanings, figures,
concepts, places, persons and things
episodic memory - events in the past that include
information about what happened along with when and
where it occurred
9
10. Memory Storage (contd.)
Non-declarative ( (or implicit or procedural)
memories
Are previous experience memories that can be
accessed without our conscious (or verbal)
involvement
tell as how to perform particular activities
their contents cannot easily describe in words,
hence, they are considered to be implicit memories.
10
11. III. Memory Retrieval
is the process whereby a stored memory is
brought in to consciousness through recall
is the process of putting the contents of LTM
in to working memory
11
12. …
some concepts used in retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT): is
characterized by being able to retrieve
quite a lot of information about the target
word without being able to retrieve the
word itself.You know the meaning of the
word.You may know how many syllables
the word has, or its initial sound or letter.
12
13. …
Serial position effect: is the tendency of a
person to recall the first and last items in a
series best, and the middle items worst.
13
14. …
Retrieval cues and retrieval tasks:
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help you
retrieve a certain memory. Learn more
about retrieval cues and retrieval failure
from examples, and test your knowledge
with a quiz.
14
15. …
Retrieval tasks is an information search
task that requires a ranked list of
information items that are relevant to a
specified.
15
16. …
Emotional memories: are the storage and
recall of events and details that are couple
with the physiological response that was
present when the event occurred.
I. Flashbulb memories is a detailed and vivid
memory that is stored on one occasion and
retained for a lifetime. Usually, such
memories are associated with important
historical or autobiographical events
16
17. …
II. Personal trauma. Trauma is often the
result of an overwhelming amount of
stress that exceeds one's ability to cope,
or integrate the emotions involved with
that experience. Disability Compensation for
Sexual or Personal Trauma. Print. Some veterans
(women and men) suffered sexual or other
personal trauma while serving on active military
duty.They might still struggle with fear, anxiety,
embarrassment, or profound anger as a result of
these experiences.
17
19. 4.2. Forgetting
Meaning and concepts of forgetting
it s the apparent loss of information stored in LTM or
it is the inability to retrieve and use information stored in
memory system
4.2.2. Reasons of forgetting (theories)
Theory of Decay: fading with the passage of time
Motivated Forgetting (Repression): pushing
information to the unconscious part of mind purposefully
19
20. Reasons of forgetting (contd)
Theory of interference: intervening activities
Retroactive interference - if a new learned material
disrupts recall of an older
Proactive interference - when an older memory
interferes with the recall (encoding) of newer
Retrieval Failure: non-availability of appropriate events
for retrieval
20
21. Reasons of forgetting (contd)td)
Abnormal or pathological Forgetting: also called amnesia -
a complete block of memory as a result of damage of brain
beyond repair
it takes two forms:
1.anterograde amnesia - a memory disorder preventing
retention of new information
2.retrograde amnesia - memory loss for a segment of the past
21
22. 4.3. improving memory
Improvement of memory
improvement can be achieved in two
ways: 1) by improving the health of
your brain, and 2) using memory
skills.These are easier to do than you
might think, but you have to make
the effort.
A non-threatening atmospheres
free from cut throat competition
Organization of the subject matter
22
